0:00:00.320,0:00:01.600
[EDUCATOR] Capitalization.

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The rules of capitalization[br]in the English language

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can seem overwhelming,[br]but really there are only

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three things that we capitalize,[br]and those would be proper

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nouns, titles and headings,[br]and the first word in a

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sentence and the pronoun I.

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We're going to cover each one[br]of these cases in a little

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more detail, and the goal of[br]this lesson is by the end of it,

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you'll be much better at knowing[br]when to capitalize letters

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in the English language.

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The first case of[br]words that are always

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capitalized are proper nouns.

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A noun is a person,[br]place, or a thing.

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Proper nouns refer to[br]specific people, places,

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things, and brands.

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We always capitalize proper[br]nouns, and some examples of

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proper nouns are Matthew,[br]Chicago, and Kleenex.

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Whenever these words appear in[br]any sentence you're writing,

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you should always capitalize[br]the first letter of those words.

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However, there are[br]also common nouns.

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Common nouns refer to general[br]people, places, and things.

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We never capitalize common[br]nouns nouns unless they're

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the first word in the sentence.

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Here are some examples of[br]common nouns, kid, city, tissue.

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Now if you notice my examples[br]for proper nouns and my examples

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for common nouns align.

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Matthew is the proper[br]noun version of kid.

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Chicago is a proper[br]noun version of city.

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And Kleenex is a proper[br]noun version of the

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common noun tissue.

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Notice Matthew, Chicago,[br]and Kleenex are always

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capitalized because they're[br]proper nouns, and kid, city,

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and tissue are never capitalized[br]unless they are the first

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word in a new sentence.

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Since understanding proper nouns[br]is essential to capitalization,

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we're going to stop right here[br]and do a quick practice.

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What I'm going to do[br]is show you a noun.

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You will, either on a separate[br]sheet of paper or in your head

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right now decide whether each[br]is a common or proper noun.

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If you know that[br]the noun is proper,

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I would like you to[br]find a common noun

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version of that proper noun.

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And if the word word[br]is a common noun,

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I'd like you to find[br]a proper noun version

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of that common noun.

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Let's try it out.

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Eiffel Tower.

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Is Eiffel Tower a common[br]noun or a proper noun?

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If it's a common noun, think[br]of the proper noun version.

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If it's a proper noun, think[br]of the common noun version.

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Teacher.

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Again, decide whether it's[br]a common or proper noun.

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If it's a common noun,[br]think of a proper noun

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version of teacher,[br]and if it's a proper noun,

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think of a common noun[br]version of teacher.

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Car.

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Africa.

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If I'm moving too quickly,[br]feel free to pause this video.

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Language.

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Okay, I'm going to show[br]you the answers that I got.

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Your answers are quite[br]likely to be different

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than the ones I thought of,[br]but the answers I came up

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with should give you some[br]guidance as to whether you're

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on the right track or not.

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Eiffel Tower.

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Eiffel Tower is a proper noun.

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The common noun version I[br]thought of was monument.

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You might have also came up with[br]landmark, or sculpture, or some

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other common noun version of[br]Eiffel Tower, the proper noun.

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Teacher.

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Teacher is a common[br]noun and I chose Mr.

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Morton to represent the[br]proper noun version of

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the common noun teacher.

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Car.

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Car is a common noun.

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I chose Ford Escort,[br]my first car to represent

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the proper noun version[br]of the common noun car.

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Africa.

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Africa is a proper noun.

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Continent is the the[br]common noun version

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that I chose to represent[br]the proper noun Africa.

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Language.

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Language is a common noun,[br]and I chose English as the

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proper noun representative[br]of the common noun language.

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We always capitalize proper[br]nouns no matter where they

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appear in the sentence.

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This is the first case of things[br]that we always capitalize in

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the English language.

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The second case is[br]titles and headings.

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We always capitalize words in[br]title or heading, except we

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don't capitalize little words.

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By little words,[br]I'm talking about

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articles like[br]the, a, or an,

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conjunctions like[br]and or but,

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or prepositions[br]like in, with.

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We don't capitalize those words[br]when they appear in a title,

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unless they are the first[br]word in the title.

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Here are some examples of how we[br]capitalize titles and headings.

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We read Lord of the Flies.

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Lord of the Flies,[br]the title of a book.

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As a title,[br]we always

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capitalize Lord[br]of the Flies.

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But you will notice the words[br]of and the are not capitalized.

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The reason why we don't[br]capitalize of and the in

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this title is because[br]they are little words.

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Of is being used as[br]a preposition and

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the is an article,[br]so we don't capitalize

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those in this title.

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I listened to The Marriage[br]of Figaro by Mozart.

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Here we have the[br]title of a song.

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As with titles of novels[br]or shows or movies,

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we capitalize every[br]word in the title.

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Again, as with Lord of[br]the Flies, we do not

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capitalize the word of[br]because it's a little word,

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but we do capitalize the[br]word the in this case,

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and that's because it's[br]the first word in the title.

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Like when we start a sentence,[br]when we start a title, we always

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capitalize the first word,[br]even if it's a little word.

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And here's one more example of[br]capitalizing the first letter

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of all the words in a title.

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Many presidents have met[br]with Prime Minister May.

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Here, we're not talking[br]about the title of a book,

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or the title of the song,[br]but rather a professional title,

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the title that a person holds.

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And when we're giving that[br]title to a specific person

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and it's attached to that[br]person's name, we capitalize

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every word of that title.

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That is why Prime Minister[br]May is capitalized.

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However, if you look[br]at the word presidents,

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presidents here is being[br]used as a common noun,

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a general group of presidents,[br]not a specific or proper noun.

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If we were referring[br]to President Lincoln,

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for example, we would always[br]capitalize the word president,

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because it's used as a title[br]attached to a person's name.

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One thing to consider when[br]you're capitalizing titles

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that can be complicated is class[br]titles or titles of courses.

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We're talking about[br]specific course titles.

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Knowing when and which words[br]to capitalize on the title of a

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class can be really complicated.

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But again, it sort of just[br]points back to our first rule

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about capitalizing proper nouns.

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So when we have a[br]specific course title,

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that's a proper noun.

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Here are some examples where we[br]capitalize course titles because

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they refer to specific courses.

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I am in Earth Science 101.

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Here we capitalize both the E[br]in Earth and the S in science.

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And the reason we do this[br]is because we're referring

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to a specific course called[br]Earth Science 101.

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I take Algebra 1 and[br]English Literature 2.

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In this sentence,[br]we see the words

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algebra, English,[br]and literature

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all capitalized.

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And the reason why we[br]capitalized all of these

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words is because they are[br]the titles of specific

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courses, proper nouns,[br]which are always capitalized.

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We also have general[br]course titles,

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and those are[br]common nouns.

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Here are some examples[br]of course titles being

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used as common nouns.

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I like Earth science.

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Here we do not capitalize[br]the S in science.

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The reason why is because[br]science is a common noun.

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We never capitalize the word[br]science unless it appears as

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the first word in a sentence[br]or is attached to a course

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title and refers to a specific[br]course as a proper noun.

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However, the E in Earth[br]is always capitalized.

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Any time we use the word[br]Earth, even as an adjective,

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such as here describing a type[br]of science, we always capitalize

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Earth, because Earth is a proper[br]noun, even in adjective form.

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I like English literature[br]more than algebra.

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We do not capitalize[br]the words literature or

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algebra because they are[br]common nouns, but we still

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capitalize the word English.

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Though it is being used as[br]an adjective to describe

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the type of literature,[br]we always capitalize the

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names of countries or languages[br]no matter where or how they

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are used, because they are[br]rooted in a proper noun.

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We capitalize proper[br]nouns everywhere.

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So far we have talked[br]about two cases where

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you capitalize words.

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Those would be, number 1, proper[br]nouns, always capitalized,

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and number 2, titles.

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Whether it's the title[br]of a book, class,

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or professional title,[br]we capitalize every word in the

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title unless it's a little word.

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We still have one more case of[br]capitalization to look at, and

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that would be first word and I.

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We always capitalize the[br]first word in a sentence

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and the pronoun I.

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You probably already know[br]this, but since we're

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covering capitalization,[br]let's take a look at it.

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We left.

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Since we is beginning the[br]sentence, we capitalize it.

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Then Tim said, do you get it?

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In this sentence,[br]we have three capitalizations.

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First, we have the word then,[br]which is capitalized because

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it's starting the sentence.

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Next, we have the word Tim,[br]which is capitalized because

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it's a proper noun.

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But thirdly,[br]we have the word

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do, which is also[br]capitalized because

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it's starting a sentence.

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So well, it seems like a[br]continuation of the first

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part of the sentence,[br]it's actually treated

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as a whole new sentence.

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So we capitalize the first[br]letter in any dialogue

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the moment it begins.

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So I said, yes, I get it.

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So here you see we're not[br]only capitalizing so and yes,

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because they are words that[br]are beginning sentences,

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we also see that we are[br]capitalizing the pronoun

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I every time we use it[br]no matter where in the

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sentence it appears.

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In review, capitalization rules[br]in the English language can be

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explained in very complicated[br]ways, but really there are only

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three cases where we capitalize.

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We capitalize these[br]things, proper nouns,

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including brand names,[br]are always capitalized.

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Titles and headings,[br]except little words

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are always capitalized.

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And the first word in a[br]sentence and the pronoun

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I are always capitalized.

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Okay, that's all the[br]instruction I'm going

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to offer you for today,[br]but I do have a short

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practice activity if[br]you'd like to review

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what you've learned.

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You can complete this activity[br]on your own with a piece

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of paper or in your head,[br]we'll cover the answers,

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or if you're doing this[br]with your teacher, just do

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whatever your teacher says.

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Now here's some practice[br]problems to help you

0:10:02.320,0:10:03.520
review capitalization.

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Here's what I want you to do.

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I'm going to show you sentences.

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You will write down the[br]sentences and while you are

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doing so, you will correctly[br]capitalize each sentence.

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While you are doing so, you[br]will also write a letter under

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each capitalization you make.

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Put the letter A if[br]it's a proper noun.

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Put the letter B if you're[br]capitalizing the word because

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it's a word in a title, or put[br]the letter C if you're making

0:10:25.360,0:10:27.920
the capitalization because[br]it's the first word in a

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sentence or the pronoun I.

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So again, write the sentences[br]down, fix the capitalization

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while you write them down,[br]and then note why you are

0:10:36.400,0:10:38.320
capitalizing, either[br]because it's a proper

0:10:38.320,0:10:40.960
noun, a word in a title,[br]or the first word in a sentence

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with the pronoun I. Let's begin.

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Tom ran to the Harold[br]Washington Library.

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You may want to pause[br]these examples if I'm

0:10:55.040,0:10:56.560
not giving you enough time.

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He met with Chief[br]Librarian Roberts,

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the woman who ran[br]the whole library.

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Tom was good at math,[br]but was getting a low grade

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in his Reading 101 course.

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Get ready for a curveball.

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The Chief Librarian[br]helped Tom research Apple

0:11:21.840,0:11:23.520
iPhones for his report.

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Ooooooooh!

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Apple iPhones!

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How do you capitalize that?

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Why do you capitalize[br]it like that?

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And lastly, Tom said,[br]'Thanks for the help

0:11:39.120,0:11:44.240
with my reading class.'

0:11:45.200,0:11:46.959
Okay, let's look[br]at some answers.

0:11:47.200,0:11:49.520
Tom ran to the Harold[br]Washington Library.

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In this sentence,[br]we capitalize Tom

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not only because[br]it's the first word in

0:11:52.720,0:11:54.880
the sentence, but also[br]because it's a proper noun.

0:11:54.960,0:11:58.000
We also capitalize[br]Harold Washington Library

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because Harold Washington[br]Library is a proper noun.

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It refers to a specific library,[br]and library would be the common

0:12:04.640,0:12:07.040
noun version of Harold[br]Washington Library.

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He met with Chief[br]Librarian Roberts.

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Here we capitalize the[br]word he because it's the

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first word in a sentence,[br]but we also capitalize

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Chief Librarian Roberts.

0:12:18.400,0:12:20.640
We capitalize Roberts[br]as a proper noun because

0:12:20.720,0:12:23.440
that's a person's name,[br]but we also capitalize Chief

0:12:23.520,0:12:26.800
Librarian because it's attached[br]to Roberts as part of her title.

0:12:26.960,0:12:29.440
Tom was good at math but[br]was getting a low grade

0:12:29.520,0:12:31.440
in his reading 101 course.

0:12:31.440,0:12:34.160
Again we capitalize Tom[br]as a proper noun and the

0:12:34.240,0:12:35.440
first word in the sentence.

0:12:35.520,0:12:37.440
I also capitalize Reading 101.

0:12:37.440,0:12:39.760
And the reason why I do this[br]is because it's a proper noun.

0:12:39.840,0:12:41.760
It's the title of[br]a specific course.

0:12:41.760,0:12:44.240
Had you put A or B there, that[br]would have been fine for me.

0:12:44.320,0:12:45.439
Continuing on.

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The chief librarian[br]helped Tom research Apple

0:12:48.640,0:12:50.400
iPhones for his report.

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This one was a[br]little bit trickier.

0:12:52.080,0:12:53.360
It's kind of fun thinking about.

0:12:53.360,0:12:56.160
So we capitalize the word the as[br]the first word in the sentence,

0:12:56.160,0:12:59.360
and we should capitalize[br]the word Tom and Apple.

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I see I did neither.

0:13:02.000,0:13:03.280
I'm going to have[br]to work on that.

0:13:03.360,0:13:06.640
But yeah, Tom and Apple should[br]both be capitalized.

0:13:06.640,0:13:08.719
I'm not about to go[br]re-record this whole

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thing because I didn't[br]capitalize those two words.

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But know that yours should[br]be capitalized unlike mine

0:13:14.240,0:13:18.079
because Tom is a proper noun[br]and Apple is also a proper noun,

0:13:18.080,0:13:19.600
brand name, name of a company.

0:13:19.760,0:13:23.040
The word iPhones we spell[br]in that way because that's

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how they say it's spelled.

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It's their product.

0:13:25.520,0:13:28.000
They can break all the[br]conventions of English

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language and spell it[br]however they want as

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they have done here,[br]and we just sort of

0:13:33.040,0:13:34.160
have to respect that.

0:13:34.240,0:13:39.040
So well, you should spell[br]iPhones with a i and a P,

0:13:39.200,0:13:42.000
the only reason we do that is[br]because we respect that company.

0:13:42.080,0:13:44.800
They determine how to spell[br]the name of their product.

0:13:45.280,0:13:47.920
Lastly, Tom said,[br]'Thanks for the help

0:13:48.080,0:13:49.760
with my reading class.'

0:13:49.920,0:13:53.040
And here we see we capitalize[br]Tom, not only as a proper noun,

0:13:53.040,0:13:54.400
but the first word[br]of the sentence.

0:13:54.480,0:13:56.880
We also capitalize thanks,[br]because while it seems like

0:13:56.960,0:14:00.160
a continuation of Tom said,[br]that's actually treated

0:14:00.320,0:14:02.160
as a whole new sentence.

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Thanks for following[br]along with me today.

0:14:05.280,0:14:07.840
Take a look at that link in[br]the description of this video.

0:14:07.840,0:14:09.600
That's going to lead you[br]right to my website where

0:14:09.600,0:14:12.800
I got a bunch of great free[br]resources on capitalization.

0:14:12.800,0:14:15.199
That includes worksheets,[br]PowerPoint lessons,

0:14:15.280,0:14:17.200
online tests, paper tests.

0:14:17.280,0:14:18.079
You're going to love it.

0:14:18.160,0:14:19.680
Click on through, stop by.

0:14:19.760,0:14:22.480
Thanks for listening[br]to me today.