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[EDUCATOR] Capitalization.

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The rules of capitalization
in the English language

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can seem overwhelming,
but really there are only

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three things that we capitalize,
and those would be proper

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nouns, titles and headings,
and the first word in a

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sentence and the pronoun I.

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We're going to cover each one
of these cases in a little

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more detail, and the goal of
this lesson is by the end of it,

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you'll be much better at knowing
when to capitalize letters

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in the English language.

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The first case of
words that are always

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capitalized are proper nouns.

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A noun is a person,
place, or a thing.

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Proper nouns refer to
specific people, places,

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things, and brands.

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We always capitalize proper
nouns, and some examples of

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proper nouns are Matthew,
Chicago, and Kleenex.

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Whenever these words appear in
any sentence you're writing,

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you should always capitalize
the first letter of those words.

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However, there are
also common nouns.

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Common nouns refer to general
people, places, and things.

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We never capitalize common
nouns nouns unless they're

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the first word in the sentence.

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Here are some examples of
common nouns, kid, city, tissue.

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Now if you notice my examples
for proper nouns and my examples

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for common nouns align.

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Matthew is the proper
noun version of kid.

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Chicago is a proper
noun version of city.

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And Kleenex is a proper
noun version of the

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common noun tissue.

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Notice Matthew, Chicago,
and Kleenex are always

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capitalized because they're
proper nouns, and kid, city,

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and tissue are never capitalized
unless they are the first

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word in a new sentence.

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Since understanding proper nouns
is essential to capitalization,

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we're going to stop right here
and do a quick practice.

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What I'm going to do
is show you a noun.

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You will, either on a separate
sheet of paper or in your head

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right now decide whether each
is a common or proper noun.

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If you know that
the noun is proper,

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I would like you to
find a common noun

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version of that proper noun.

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And if the word word
is a common noun,

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I'd like you to find
a proper noun version

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of that common noun.

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Let's try it out.

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Eiffel Tower.

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Is Eiffel Tower a common
noun or a proper noun?

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If it's a common noun, think
of the proper noun version.

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If it's a proper noun, think
of the common noun version.

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Teacher.

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Again, decide whether it's
a common or proper noun.

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If it's a common noun,
think of a proper noun

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version of teacher,
and if it's a proper noun,

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think of a common noun
version of teacher.

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Car.

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Africa.

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If I'm moving too quickly,
feel free to pause this video.

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Language.

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Okay, I'm going to show
you the answers that I got.

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Your answers are quite
likely to be different

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than the ones I thought of,
but the answers I came up

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with should give you some
guidance as to whether you're

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on the right track or not.

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Eiffel Tower.

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Eiffel Tower is a proper noun.

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The common noun version I
thought of was monument.

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You might have also came up with
landmark, or sculpture, or some

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other common noun version of
Eiffel Tower, the proper noun.

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Teacher.

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Teacher is a common
noun and I chose Mr.

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Morton to represent the
proper noun version of

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the common noun teacher.

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Car.

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Car is a common noun.

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I chose Ford Escort,
my first car to represent

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the proper noun version
of the common noun car.

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Africa.

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Africa is a proper noun.

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Continent is the the
common noun version

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that I chose to represent
the proper noun Africa.

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Language.

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Language is a common noun,
and I chose English as the

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proper noun representative
of the common noun language.

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We always capitalize proper
nouns no matter where they

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appear in the sentence.

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This is the first case of things
that we always capitalize in

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the English language.

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The second case is
titles and headings.

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We always capitalize words in
title or heading, except we

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don't capitalize little words.

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By little words,
I'm talking about

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articles like
the, a, or an,

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conjunctions like
and or but,

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or prepositions
like in, with.

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We don't capitalize those words
when they appear in a title,

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unless they are the first
word in the title.

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Here are some examples of how we
capitalize titles and headings.

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We read Lord of the Flies.

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Lord of the Flies,
the title of a book.

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As a title,
we always

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capitalize Lord
of the Flies.

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But you will notice the words
of and the are not capitalized.

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The reason why we don't
capitalize of and the in

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this title is because
they are little words.

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Of is being used as
a preposition and

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the is an article,
so we don't capitalize

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those in this title.

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I listened to The Marriage
of Figaro by Mozart.

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Here we have the
title of a song.

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As with titles of novels
or shows or movies,

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we capitalize every
word in the title.

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Again, as with Lord of
the Flies, we do not

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capitalize the word of
because it's a little word,

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but we do capitalize the
word the in this case,

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and that's because it's
the first word in the title.

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Like when we start a sentence,
when we start a title, we always

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capitalize the first word,
even if it's a little word.

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And here's one more example of
capitalizing the first letter

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of all the words in a title.

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Many presidents have met
with Prime Minister May.

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Here, we're not talking
about the title of a book,

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or the title of the song,
but rather a professional title,

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the title that a person holds.

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And when we're giving that
title to a specific person

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and it's attached to that
person's name, we capitalize

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every word of that title.

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That is why Prime Minister
May is capitalized.

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However, if you look
at the word presidents,

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presidents here is being
used as a common noun,

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a general group of presidents,
not a specific or proper noun.

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If we were referring
to President Lincoln,

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for example, we would always
capitalize the word president,

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because it's used as a title
attached to a person's name.

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One thing to consider when
you're capitalizing titles

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that can be complicated is class
titles or titles of courses.

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We're talking about
specific course titles.

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Knowing when and which words
to capitalize on the title of a

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class can be really complicated.

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But again, it sort of just
points back to our first rule

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about capitalizing proper nouns.

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So when we have a
specific course title,

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that's a proper noun.

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Here are some examples where we
capitalize course titles because

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they refer to specific courses.

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I am in Earth Science 101.

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Here we capitalize both the E
in Earth and the S in science.

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And the reason we do this
is because we're referring

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to a specific course called
Earth Science 101.

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I take Algebra 1 and
English Literature 2.

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In this sentence,
we see the words

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algebra, English,
and literature

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all capitalized.

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And the reason why we
capitalized all of these

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words is because they are
the titles of specific

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courses, proper nouns,
which are always capitalized.

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We also have general
course titles,

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and those are
common nouns.

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Here are some examples
of course titles being

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used as common nouns.

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I like Earth science.

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Here we do not capitalize
the S in science.

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The reason why is because
science is a common noun.

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We never capitalize the word
science unless it appears as

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the first word in a sentence
or is attached to a course

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title and refers to a specific
course as a proper noun.

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However, the E in Earth
is always capitalized.

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Any time we use the word
Earth, even as an adjective,

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such as here describing a type
of science, we always capitalize

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Earth, because Earth is a proper
noun, even in adjective form.

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I like English literature
more than algebra.

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We do not capitalize
the words literature or

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algebra because they are
common nouns, but we still

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capitalize the word English.

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Though it is being used as
an adjective to describe

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the type of literature,
we always capitalize the

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names of countries or languages
no matter where or how they

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are used, because they are
rooted in a proper noun.

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We capitalize proper
nouns everywhere.

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So far we have talked
about two cases where

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you capitalize words.

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Those would be, number 1, proper
nouns, always capitalized,

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and number 2, titles.

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Whether it's the title
of a book, class,

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or professional title,
we capitalize every word in the

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title unless it's a little word.

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We still have one more case of
capitalization to look at, and

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that would be first word and I.

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We always capitalize the
first word in a sentence

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and the pronoun I.

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You probably already know
this, but since we're

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covering capitalization,
let's take a look at it.

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We left.

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Since we is beginning the
sentence, we capitalize it.

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Then Tim said, do you get it?

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In this sentence,
we have three capitalizations.

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First, we have the word then,
which is capitalized because

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it's starting the sentence.

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Next, we have the word Tim,
which is capitalized because

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it's a proper noun.

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But thirdly,
we have the word

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do, which is also
capitalized because

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it's starting a sentence.

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So well, it seems like a
continuation of the first

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part of the sentence,
it's actually treated

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as a whole new sentence.

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So we capitalize the first
letter in any dialogue

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the moment it begins.

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So I said, yes, I get it.

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So here you see we're not
only capitalizing so and yes,

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because they are words that
are beginning sentences,

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we also see that we are
capitalizing the pronoun

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I every time we use it
no matter where in the

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sentence it appears.

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In review, capitalization rules
in the English language can be

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explained in very complicated
ways, but really there are only

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three cases where we capitalize.

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We capitalize these
things, proper nouns,

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including brand names,
are always capitalized.

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Titles and headings,
except little words

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are always capitalized.

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And the first word in a
sentence and the pronoun

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I are always capitalized.

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Okay, that's all the
instruction I'm going

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to offer you for today,
but I do have a short

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practice activity if
you'd like to review

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what you've learned.

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You can complete this activity
on your own with a piece

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of paper or in your head,
we'll cover the answers,

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or if you're doing this
with your teacher, just do

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whatever your teacher says.

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Now here's some practice
problems to help you

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review capitalization.

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Here's what I want you to do.

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I'm going to show you sentences.

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You will write down the
sentences and while you are

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doing so, you will correctly
capitalize each sentence.

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While you are doing so, you
will also write a letter under

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each capitalization you make.

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Put the letter A if
it's a proper noun.

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Put the letter B if you're
capitalizing the word because

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it's a word in a title, or put
the letter C if you're making

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the capitalization because
it's the first word in a

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sentence or the pronoun I.

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So again, write the sentences
down, fix the capitalization

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while you write them down,
and then note why you are

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capitalizing, either
because it's a proper

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noun, a word in a title,
or the first word in a sentence

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with the pronoun I. Let's begin.

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Tom ran to the Harold
Washington Library.

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You may want to pause
these examples if I'm

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00:10:55,040 --> 00:10:56,560
not giving you enough time.

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He met with Chief
Librarian Roberts,

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the woman who ran
the whole library.

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00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:09,840
Tom was good at math,
but was getting a low grade

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in his Reading 101 course.

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00:11:17,360 --> 00:11:18,880
Get ready for a curveball.

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The Chief Librarian
helped Tom research Apple

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00:11:21,840 --> 00:11:23,520
iPhones for his report.

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00:11:23,600 --> 00:11:24,960
Ooooooooh!

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00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:26,800
Apple iPhones!

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How do you capitalize that?

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00:11:29,440 --> 00:11:34,240
Why do you capitalize
it like that?

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And lastly, Tom said,
'Thanks for the help

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with my reading class.'

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Okay, let's look
at some answers.

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Tom ran to the Harold
Washington Library.

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00:11:49,520 --> 00:11:51,120
In this sentence,
we capitalize Tom

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00:11:51,280 --> 00:11:52,640
not only because
it's the first word in

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00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:54,880
the sentence, but also
because it's a proper noun.

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00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:58,000
We also capitalize
Harold Washington Library

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00:11:58,160 --> 00:12:00,880
because Harold Washington
Library is a proper noun.

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00:12:00,880 --> 00:12:04,640
It refers to a specific library,
and library would be the common

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00:12:04,640 --> 00:12:07,040
noun version of Harold
Washington Library.

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00:12:07,840 --> 00:12:10,800
He met with Chief
Librarian Roberts.

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00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:13,600
Here we capitalize the
word he because it's the

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first word in a sentence,
but we also capitalize

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00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:18,320
Chief Librarian Roberts.

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00:12:18,400 --> 00:12:20,640
We capitalize Roberts
as a proper noun because

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00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,440
that's a person's name,
but we also capitalize Chief

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00:12:23,520 --> 00:12:26,800
Librarian because it's attached
to Roberts as part of her title.

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00:12:26,960 --> 00:12:29,440
Tom was good at math but
was getting a low grade

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00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:31,440
in his reading 101 course.

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00:12:31,440 --> 00:12:34,160
Again we capitalize Tom
as a proper noun and the

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00:12:34,240 --> 00:12:35,440
first word in the sentence.

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00:12:35,520 --> 00:12:37,440
I also capitalize Reading 101.

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00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:39,760
And the reason why I do this
is because it's a proper noun.

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00:12:39,840 --> 00:12:41,760
It's the title of
a specific course.

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00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:44,240
Had you put A or B there, that
would have been fine for me.

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00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:45,439
Continuing on.

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00:12:45,840 --> 00:12:48,560
The chief librarian
helped Tom research Apple

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00:12:48,640 --> 00:12:50,400
iPhones for his report.

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00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:52,079
This one was a
little bit trickier.

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00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:53,360
It's kind of fun thinking about.

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00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:56,160
So we capitalize the word the as
the first word in the sentence,

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00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:59,360
and we should capitalize
the word Tom and Apple.

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00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:01,359
I see I did neither.

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00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,280
I'm going to have
to work on that.

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00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:06,640
But yeah, Tom and Apple should
both be capitalized.

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00:13:06,640 --> 00:13:08,719
I'm not about to go
re-record this whole

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00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:10,720
thing because I didn't
capitalize those two words.

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00:13:10,720 --> 00:13:13,920
But know that yours should
be capitalized unlike mine

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00:13:14,240 --> 00:13:18,079
because Tom is a proper noun
and Apple is also a proper noun,

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00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:19,600
brand name, name of a company.

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00:13:19,760 --> 00:13:23,040
The word iPhones we spell
in that way because that's

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00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:24,400
how they say it's spelled.

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00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:25,440
It's their product.

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00:13:25,520 --> 00:13:28,000
They can break all the
conventions of English

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00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,480
language and spell it
however they want as

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00:13:30,640 --> 00:13:32,960
they have done here,
and we just sort of

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00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:34,160
have to respect that.

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00:13:34,240 --> 00:13:39,040
So well, you should spell
iPhones with a i and a P,

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00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,000
the only reason we do that is
because we respect that company.

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00:13:42,080 --> 00:13:44,800
They determine how to spell
the name of their product.

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00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,920
Lastly, Tom said,
'Thanks for the help

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00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:49,760
with my reading class.'

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00:13:49,920 --> 00:13:53,040
And here we see we capitalize
Tom, not only as a proper noun,

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00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:54,400
but the first word
of the sentence.

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00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:56,880
We also capitalize thanks,
because while it seems like

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00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:00,160
a continuation of Tom said,
that's actually treated

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00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:02,160
as a whole new sentence.

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00:14:03,280 --> 00:14:05,280
Thanks for following
along with me today.

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00:14:05,280 --> 00:14:07,840
Take a look at that link in
the description of this video.

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00:14:07,840 --> 00:14:09,600
That's going to lead you
right to my website where

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00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:12,800
I got a bunch of great free
resources on capitalization.

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00:14:12,800 --> 00:14:15,199
That includes worksheets,
PowerPoint lessons,

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00:14:15,280 --> 00:14:17,200
online tests, paper tests.

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00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:18,079
You're going to love it.

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00:14:18,160 --> 00:14:19,680
Click on through, stop by.

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00:14:19,760 --> 00:14:22,480
Thanks for listening
to me today.