[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.36,0:00:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [David] Hello readers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.86,0:00:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You ever see one of those videos
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.51,0:00:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you think you're looking at a shoe
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.37,0:00:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and someone takes a knife to it
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.93,0:00:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's actually cake?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.55,0:00:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what this video\Nis about, identifying
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.65,0:00:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when an author tries to\Npass off one kind of text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.68,0:00:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as another, cleverly\Nhiding their point of view,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.50,0:00:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this shoe is actually cake,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.96,0:00:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this informational text is\Nactually an argumentative one.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.92,0:00:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a rather underhanded\Nsort of rhetoric,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.04,0:00:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when I say rhetoric,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.30,0:00:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean the art of persuasive\Nspeech or writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.41,0:00:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhetoric includes a wide\Nrange of tactics, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.81,0:00:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From figurative language to appeals
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.30,0:00:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the reader's emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.89,0:00:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or logic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.06,0:00:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using heart-wrenching\Nimagery, invoking statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.00,0:00:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are tools in the rhetorical toolkit
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.85,0:00:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes writers can use those tools
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.88,0:00:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to hide their viewpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.07,0:00:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, let me give you an example, which
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.02,0:00:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the record does\Nnot represent the views
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.33,0:00:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of either Khan Academy or me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.77,0:00:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is provided for\Ntraining purposes only,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.93,0:00:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.40,0:01:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The facts on American poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.13,0:01:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the US census,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.69,0:01:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the poverty rate in\Nthe year 2022 was 11.5%
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.43,0:01:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 37.9 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.84,0:01:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but 89% of American households\Nhave air conditioners,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.41,0:01:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to the US Energy\NInformation Administration
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.14,0:01:20.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and fully 99.4% have at least\None electric refrigerator.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.31,0:01:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of these technologies\Nwere luxuries a century ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.88,0:01:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The American standard of living is high,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.92,0:01:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the percentage of households living
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.72,0:01:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in conditions deemed food insecure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.12,0:01:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the USDA was a mere 12.8% in 2022.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.38,0:01:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2002, 20 years prior, the\NUSDA claimed that only 11.1%
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.12,0:01:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of American households were food insecure.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.52,0:01:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be the case that impoverished
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.59,0:01:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a term that does not accurately\Ndescribe these Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.61,0:01:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whoof, okay, so that\Nexcerpt is trying to argue
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by snowing us under\Nwith context less facts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.03,0:01:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that poverty doesn't really exist
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.28,0:01:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the rate we think it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.90,0:01:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna go through
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.83,0:02:00.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pick out some rhetorical techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.93,0:02:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will tell us that this\Nis an argumentative essay
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.21,0:02:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just an unbiased\Ninformational one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.45,0:02:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.56,0:02:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the thing the author\Nof this passage wants
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.08,0:02:13.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do is create doubt.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.26,0:02:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at how they're doing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.34,0:02:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got these quotation marks
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.05,0:02:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the title around poverty,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.21,0:02:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what they used
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.04,0:02:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to call scare quotes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.69,0:02:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scare quotes are meant\Nto cast doubt on an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.48,0:02:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So already this shows that\Nthe author wants you to think
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.39,0:02:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that poverty isn't real, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.40,0:02:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so-called poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.96,0:02:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The passage also includes other words
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.39,0:02:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are chosen to downplay poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.55,0:02:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The words mere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.81,0:02:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only a mere 12.8%
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.99,0:02:43.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the population in 2022 is 12.8%
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.05,0:02:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 333.3 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.69,0:02:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so like 42.6 million people,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.24,0:02:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that doesn't sound mere to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.13,0:02:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a ton of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.72,0:02:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the author is trying\Nto minimize something
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.00,0:02:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many people agree\Nis horrible, millions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.12,0:02:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people going hungry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.92,0:03:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The passage uses a rhetorical appeal
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.05,0:03:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the sense of logos, of reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.97,0:03:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's trying to satisfy\Nthe desire for facts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.40,0:03:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and figures using all these stats.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.25,0:03:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Presenting this data gives the passage
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.56,0:03:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a feeling of accuracy and truthfulness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.28,0:03:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but do those numbers tell the full story?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.01,0:03:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sure, people might have refrigerators,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.96,0:03:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but can they afford food to put in them?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.60,0:03:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, the text gives the\Nreader a reason to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.88,0:03:27.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We can all agree that\Npoverty is terrible,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.15,0:03:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what if there aren't as\Nmany poor people as we fear?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.51,0:03:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And operating from that\Nbasis allows you to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.55,0:03:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, maybe we're wasting\Nmoney on anti-poverty programs."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.92,0:03:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is true that Americans have appliances,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.92,0:03:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but is it accurate to say that simply
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.93,0:03:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because 89% of US households\Nhave an air conditioner
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.62,0:03:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that those households\Ndon't experience poverty?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.89,0:03:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is one thing a good measure of the other?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.01,0:03:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think the author of the\Npiece expects the reader
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.99,0:03:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make the correlation\Nthat if you have AC
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.57,0:04:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fridge, you can't\Nreally be considered poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.17,0:04:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But is that a common\Nway of measuring poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.95,0:04:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is someone's family income perhaps
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.59,0:04:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a more accurate way to measure that?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.53,0:04:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Notice that income or\Nmoney is never mentioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.82,0:04:15.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.90,0:04:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It claims to be a fact sheet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.55,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's really presenting\Nan opinion on poverty.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.03,0:04:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you know to look for this trick,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.65,0:04:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll start seeing it everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.54,0:04:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writers using rhetoric to\Npresent their biased arguments
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.69,0:04:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as unbiased fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.76,0:04:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So next time you're reading\Nan article, ask yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.78,0:04:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the techniques\Nthat the authors use
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.06,0:04:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to convince their audience?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.83,0:04:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What facts are the authors including
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.57,0:04:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what facts are they not including?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.90,0:04:46.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are they truly providing\Nobjective, unbiased information,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.41,0:04:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are they disguising their biases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.54,0:04:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opinions using rhetoric?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.02,0:04:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Keep a sharp eye out readers,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.03,0:04:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watch out for cake disguised as shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.54,0:04:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can learn anything, David out.