0:00:00.600,0:00:02.430 Hello. [br]This is Joe Wheaton, 0:00:02.430,0:00:07.100 and we're going to start in[br]on this design module. 0:00:07.100,0:00:09.700 Just getting off on the right foot. 0:00:09.700,0:00:11.450 And that is, 0:00:11.450,0:00:13.200 taking out of the planning phase, 0:00:13.610,0:00:15.060 what we learned, 0:00:15.060,0:00:18.338 and leading the design[br]with recovery potential from that. 0:00:20.900,0:00:24.578 So we're here in module four[br]talking about design, 0:00:25.361,0:00:27.400 in the restoration process. 0:00:27.400,0:00:30.800 We spent module three[br]working through the planning. 0:00:30.800,0:00:32.050 Okay? 0:00:32.050,0:00:36.100 And it's easy to just kind of [br]jump in and, like, you know. 0:00:36.100,0:00:37.800 You know, we're eager. [br]Let's just — 0:00:37.800,0:00:38.950 Let's get a design. 0:00:38.950,0:00:41.600 Let's, let's make some structures. 0:00:41.600,0:00:44.470 I'm going to try and convince you of this, 0:00:44.470,0:00:49.406 never to start a design without that [br]critical context from the planning phase. 0:00:49.800,0:00:54.006 Well, what context explicitly[br]are we talking about? 0:00:56.000,0:00:59.700 Well, we're talking about[br]getting the conditions 0:00:59.700,0:01:01.200 and the recovery potential. 0:01:01.200,0:01:03.400 And remember that [br]in the design phase, 0:01:04.400,0:01:06.900 our alternatives, [br]our design opportunities, 0:01:06.900,0:01:10.620 is really defined by the gap[br]between condition and recovery potential. 0:01:10.620,0:01:13.930 And, you know, we've got to make[br]this judgment call 0:01:13.930,0:01:17.586 on how many treatments will[br]it take to get to that recovery potential. 0:01:17.586,0:01:20.500 And then if you—[br]and once you get there, 0:01:20.500,0:01:23.249 what's it going to take [br]for it to become self-sustaining? 0:01:23.249,0:01:24.849 Okay. 0:01:25.500,0:01:29.110 Oh, that's interesting.[br]Not what I wanted. 0:01:34.900,0:01:36.620 Okay. 0:01:40.300,0:01:44.218 So. Coming right in, 0:01:44.218,0:01:47.056 reminding yourself of [br]riverscapes principles, 0:01:47.056,0:01:49.402 reminding ourselves that [br]streams need space. 0:01:49.800,0:01:53.609 We're not going to start our design[br]without the valley bottom mapped. 0:01:53.610,0:01:54.680 Okay. 0:01:57.300,0:02:00.818 Always important to remind yourself[br]that definition of a valley bottom, 0:02:00.818,0:02:01.797 and a riverscape. 0:02:01.797,0:02:08.470 The valley bottom is the area of the [br]landscape that could plausibly flood, 0:02:09.900,0:02:15.222 by their rivers and streams [br]in the natural contemporary flow regime. 0:02:15.600,0:02:18.170 The riverscape is just [br]those valley bottoms 0:02:18.170,0:02:20.600 throughout the entire drainage network. 0:02:20.800,0:02:21.740 Okay. 0:02:23.100,0:02:24.600 So this is, this is our... 0:02:24.600,0:02:26.300 Our sort of mantra. 0:02:26.300,0:02:29.600 So let's go back [br]to what you guys did yesterday. 0:02:30.800,0:02:35.242 In module three, [br]you mapped the active channels, 0:02:35.242,0:02:36.220 you mapped the fans. 0:02:36.220,0:02:39.300 You did that to kind of back in[br]to what the valley bottom was, right? 0:02:39.300,0:02:41.000 The rest of the space. 0:02:41.000,0:02:44.460 And so you mapped these [br]valley bottom margins, 0:02:44.460,0:02:45.800 you mapped those fans. 0:02:45.800,0:02:48.400 So, you knew what[br]protruded out into the valley, 0:02:48.400,0:02:49.800 and you mapped the channel. 0:02:49.800,0:02:51.500 So you get the confining margin, 0:02:51.500,0:02:54.500 and look at the position, [br]on the valley floor. 0:02:55.500,0:02:58.180 So the green area[br]is roughly what you derived. 0:02:58.180,0:02:59.712 Okay?[br]That's your valley bottom. 0:02:59.712,0:03:03.621 Area that could plausibly flood [br]in the contemporary natural flow regime. 0:03:04.500,0:03:06.660 Your design opportunity,[br]as we said, 0:03:06.660,0:03:09.720 is defined by this gap between [br]condition and recovery potential. 0:03:09.720,0:03:12.922 And so,[br]what we talked about is, 0:03:12.922,0:03:15.612 both Weber and I talked about this, 0:03:15.612,0:03:21.411 is to get at least [br]one expression of condition, 0:03:21.411,0:03:22.700 one indicator of condition. 0:03:22.950,0:03:26.110 We're going to split the valley bottom[br]that we have here in yellow, 0:03:26.110,0:03:30.800 into these different, components, 0:03:30.800,0:03:33.170 but they're actually tier one[br]geomorphic units 0:03:33.170,0:03:35.080 in the fluvial taxonomy. 0:03:35.080,0:03:39.500 So basically, active floodplain,[br]active channel, inactive floodplain. 0:03:39.600,0:03:42.600 Okay, so... 0:03:45.670,0:03:47.650 We could do this for this whole thing. 0:03:47.650,0:03:50.873 But, at this scale,[br]it's kind of hard to see. 0:03:50.873,0:03:53.795 So we're going to zoom in. 0:03:54.100,0:03:56.220 We're gonna zoom in here. 0:03:56.220,0:03:59.900 And we're going to take you to Pops... 0:03:59.900,0:04:01.000 Pops's ranch. 0:04:01.000,0:04:03.300 Okay. 0:04:03.300,0:04:05.400 So just a reminder, [br]we said condition can be expressed. 0:04:05.400,0:04:09.300 by mapping the inactive portion [br]of floodplains. 0:04:09.300,0:04:11.900 And we have this example here okay. 0:04:11.900,0:04:16.800 And so, I've faked [br]hypothetical property boundaries. 0:04:17.300,0:04:21.000 You know, it's kind of looking at,[br]some fence lines and some other stuff. 0:04:21.000,0:04:22.200 So there you go. 0:04:22.200,0:04:23.500 There's Pops's ranch. 0:04:23.500,0:04:26.300 Okay, here's Pops's house. 0:04:26.300,0:04:27.700 There's his barn. 0:04:27.700,0:04:31.300 It's got a nice corral down here,[br]some outbuildings, etc. 0:04:33.500,0:04:35.700 And so what I've done is[br]I've gone and just, you know, 0:04:35.700,0:04:36.800 because I've zoomed in,[br]I can do a little nicer job. 0:04:39.400,0:04:41.700 First thing I did was I mapped[br]the valley bottom. 0:04:43.800,0:04:46.580 I stopped it right here,[br]right at the property line. 0:04:47.400,0:04:50.900 And it goes all along, [br]and notice here 0:04:50.900,0:04:53.100 how I don't have the [br]valley bottom Fall Creek mapped, 0:04:53.100,0:04:55.700 but the valley bottom, [br]just the valley bottom of Coburn Creek. 0:04:57.000,0:05:00.200 And so this part that comes out,[br]I think some of you know what this. 0:05:00.200,0:05:04.760 Is, it's really low angle,[br]so it might be a little deceiving. 0:05:05.100,0:05:07.100 But this is the fan. 0:05:07.100,0:05:09.400 It's the fan of Coburn Creek okay. 0:05:09.400,0:05:13.100 Now it doesn't matter[br]that this isn't really active fan, right, 0:05:13.100,0:05:16.500 necessarily, like active in the sense[br]that this building could still 0:05:16.500,0:05:18.200 be kind of flooding a little bit. 0:05:18.200,0:05:20.800 But this is what we're dealing with, okay? 0:05:22.430,0:05:23.630 So this polygon is 146 acres. 0:05:27.380,0:05:30.630 And, if you want to go zoom[br]around the map, you can. 0:05:31.400,0:05:33.700 This is 82 acres. 0:05:33.900,0:05:34.800 So this link is going [br]to take you to this map,[br] 0:05:34.800,0:05:37.900 and these games that I played. 0:05:37.900,0:05:42.000 So 82 acres of Coburn Creek valley bottom. 0:05:42.000,0:05:44.130 That's kind of what we're dealing with. 0:05:44.130,0:05:47.000 That's going to be [br]our basis for normalization 0:05:47.000,0:05:50.000 of everything that we report. 0:05:50.250,0:05:51.950 Zoomed in here,[br]you can see that 0:05:51.950,0:05:54.050 there is an area that's grazed. 0:05:54.050,0:05:57.096 There's also a bunch of little [br]relic channels and stuff in here. 0:05:57.096,0:06:00.000 Not a relic, but like high stage channels,[br]I should say. 0:06:00.000,0:06:03.900 There's actually some beaver dams, [br]on the floodplain here. 0:06:04.200,0:06:08.160 Oddly, over here[br]against the toe of this slope, too. 0:06:08.700,0:06:11.700 And there's evidence of run out. 0:06:11.700,0:06:15.800 If you zoom in, you will notice[br]that there is a canal. 0:06:15.800,0:06:20.100 And that canal comes along here. 0:06:20.100,0:06:22.600 And, I don't know if these are just, [br]trailing, by cows, 0:06:22.600,0:06:24.700 or if this is just kind of getting[br]this water over to here, 0:06:24.700,0:06:27.800 And they just irrigate,[br]flood irrigate this meadow. 0:06:27.800,0:06:30.000 But, that's some of the infrastructure. 0:06:31.340,0:06:33.600 There's also a fence that comes along. 0:06:33.600,0:06:37.100 You can basically make out [br]the fence line all along there. 0:06:37.700,0:06:40.700 All right. 0:06:40.700,0:06:43.700 So, conditions, 0:06:44.600,0:06:48.700 I mapped out the inactive[br]part of the floodplain. 0:06:48.700,0:06:54.360 Just based off of objective evidence[br]of what it looked like was... 0:06:54.400,0:06:57.200 what was flooding. 0:06:57.200,0:07:00.760 Now, I used some vegetation indicators. 0:07:00.760,0:07:02.810 I used what looked like evidence [br]of flooding on this floodplain. 0:07:02.810,0:07:05.400 You can see a little bit[br]when you zoom in on this. 0:07:05.400,0:07:07.800 Is this perfect?[br]Eh. 0:07:07.800,0:07:09.900 But I think it's reasonably defensible. 0:07:09.900,0:07:11.279 What did I come up with? 0:07:11.279,0:07:14.700 Well, I came up with when I mapped it,[br]traced out the active channel in blue, 0:07:15.500,0:07:16.800 that's about four acres. 0:07:16.800,0:07:20.010 So it's about five percent[br]of the valley bottom. 0:07:20.200,0:07:23.100 I mapped the inactive portion,[br]that's 41. 0:07:23.100,0:07:27.900 So, 41 plus four is 45. 0:07:27.900,0:07:30.300 Subtract that from 82,[br]I get my 37 acres. 0:07:31.100,0:07:35.100 So, the proportion of the valley bottom[br]that's active is 50 percent. 0:07:35.100,0:07:37.670 and it puts us kind of [br]dead smack in the middle here. 0:07:37.670,0:07:40.200 Right in sort of a moderate condition. 0:07:40.200,0:07:43.200 So remember we looked at this, right? 0:07:43.600,0:07:46.600 So, you know, we're we're somewhere in, 0:07:46.600,0:07:49.600 you know, something, along these lines, 0:07:50.570,0:07:55.520 If we were to use the more expanded—[br]which I think is useful here— 0:07:57.700,0:08:01.800 stream evolution model, 0:08:01.800,0:08:02.800 it's probably in this [br]laterally active condition, 0:08:02.800,0:08:04.800 right, our geomorphic conditions,[br]it's laterally active. 0:08:07.800,0:08:08.900 I say that, 0:08:08.900,0:08:09.900 because the other candidate might be[br]Quasi equilibrium, 0:08:09.900,0:08:16.100 or stage one sinuous single thread. 0:08:16.100,0:08:18.200 If we go back,[br]there is this sinuous single thread, 0:08:18.250,0:08:22.800 but if you start zooming in, 0:08:22.800,0:08:25.988 this does have the feel of a channel[br]that's been pushed up 0:08:26.028,0:08:29.200 against that valley bottom, 0:08:29.200,0:08:30.200 our valley margin [br]and valley bottom margin, 0:08:30.200,0:08:33.623 and it just feels like it's[br]kicking everywhere it can. 0:08:33.743,0:08:38.876 There's a lot of active bank erosion,[br]lateral widening, 0:08:38.876,0:08:43.606 little hints in a few of these bends, 0:08:43.803,0:08:44.803 tendencies to build [br]mid-channel bars and islands. 0:08:45.000,0:08:48.750 But just not multi-Threaded, yet. 0:08:49.400,0:08:55.040 It's, so I think it's laterally active, [br]is the right call. 0:08:59.300,0:09:02.700 Remember, we said the answer, [br]you know, is recovery potential, 0:09:02.700,0:09:05.800 to this question of,[br]how much is in play for restoration? 0:09:05.800,0:09:08.500 We're going to map that with pink okay, 0:09:08.500,0:09:12.340 So recall,[br]we have this valley bottom land use, 0:09:12.530,0:09:16.400 And notice how what we mapped[br]is not a million miles off. 0:09:16.400,0:09:22.500 What I was just showing you[br]for the inactive versus active right. 0:09:22.500,0:09:25.000 These are reasonably close. 0:09:25.000,0:09:29.500 Not bad considering we're doing it[br]off of a pretty coarse resolution. 0:09:29.500,0:09:34.600 Well, we asked Pops about[br]recovery potential. 0:09:34.600,0:09:41.600 Okay, so remember,[br]recovery potential is the valley bottom, 0:09:41.600,0:09:48.500 minus what the landowner[br]or the land manager is willing to accept. 0:09:49.580,0:09:52.900 This is an interesting exercise[br]with good old Pops. 0:09:52.900,0:09:57.100 By the way, there is [br]no such thing as Pops. 0:09:57.100,0:09:59.200 I just made this guy up. 0:10:00.600,0:10:04.700 Coming into this,[br]the yellow area with 50%, 0:10:04.700,0:10:12.300 that qualifies as active,[br]50% qualifies as inactive. 0:10:12.300,0:10:16.300 Okay, so the active is[br]the active floodplain and active channel. 0:10:16.300,0:10:18.300 Notice where pops put the pink line. 0:10:18.300,0:10:21.600 Okay. Tracks right here.[br]Pretty good. Pretty good. 0:10:23.000,0:10:26.000 Then there's this,[br]These real straight lines. Why? 0:10:26.100,0:10:28.900 Well, that's where his fences are. 0:10:28.900,0:10:32.600 Notice the fence goes right[br]across this active, meander bend 0:10:32.600,0:10:36.000 that's laterally eroded[br]into the fence, it's gone. 0:10:36.000,0:10:39.200 There's another spot. 0:10:39.200,0:10:40.200 Here, where the road, [br]or a little trail, is gone. 0:10:40.200,0:10:47.790 So in this space right here, 0:10:47.790,0:10:48.790 Pops isn't really admitting [br]that it's active, 0:10:48.790,0:10:52.400 He doesn't really see it as that,[br]and that kind of makes sense. 0:10:52.400,0:10:54.800 He doesn't have his cows[br]out here in the winter. 0:10:54.800,0:11:01.775 And his cows use this in the spring,[br]and as a summer pasture. 0:11:01.950,0:11:05.198 He's actually pushing them up[br]to higher ground in the summer. 0:11:05.200,0:11:08.700 So it's really kind of [br]the spring and the fall, 0:11:08.700,0:11:09.700 and then the cows [br]are taken somewhere else. 0:11:09.700,0:11:12.100 I'm making that up, too. 0:11:12.100,0:11:17.900 But this is an interesting sort of gap because,[br]what he's saying is that, 0:11:17.900,0:11:21.400 what he's saying is that you[br]could have 35% of this 0:11:21.400,0:11:24.300 for the river to,[br]you know, do better with. 0:11:24.300,0:11:27.000 So the uplift, [br]if we use this indicator, 0:11:27.000,0:11:32.150 or we were to use proportion active[br]as an indicator of overall health, 0:11:34.000,0:11:40.600 there's actually no uplift, right?[br]So what do we do in a situation like that? 0:11:40.600,0:11:44.200 Well, one conclusion is,[br]if the reason you have funding, 0:11:44.200,0:11:46.730 if the reason you're interested in this, 0:11:46.730,0:11:50.100 You really do care about [br]increasing the amount of valley bottom 0:11:50.100,0:11:51.100 that could be active, 0:11:51.100,0:11:54.100 maybe this isn't the right project. 0:11:54.800,0:11:57.900 What he's come up with is logical.[br]It's following the fence line. 0:11:57.900,0:11:59.600 We can dig in a little deeper here. 0:11:59.600,0:12:04.100 So how do you feel, Pops, about[br]channel change and floodplain reconnection? 0:12:04.100,0:12:06.960 Well, he's able to give the stream[br]some space to adjust 0:12:06.960,0:12:10.360 and push into the valley bottom,[br]but not all of it. Okay? 0:12:10.800,0:12:12.200 Yeah, there's beaver there. 0:12:12.210,0:12:15.490 He's got no problem with them.[br]They're kind of interesting. 0:12:15.490,0:12:18.480 So he's willing to allow that. Yeah. 0:12:18.480,0:12:19.480 And he's fine to deal [br]with adaptive management. 0:12:19.480,0:12:21.200 So. Okay,[br]I mean maybe, 0:12:21.200,0:12:24.200 Maybe there's still some room[br]to talk about this. 0:12:24.600,0:12:27.500 Maybe, a better indicator might be, 0:12:27.500,0:12:28.500 instead of one relating to[br]riverscape principle one, 0:12:28.500,0:12:32.200 streams need space, 0:12:32.200,0:12:36.910 maybe for this project with Pops,[br]a better indicator might be 0:12:37.050,0:12:43.100 the proportion of the valley bottom,[br]or the inundation extent at low flow. 0:12:43.100,0:12:44.300 Right. 0:12:44.300,0:12:46.300 So if we were to look at this, this reach, 0:12:46.300,0:12:47.300 this is actually a high flow [br]that we're looking at, 0:12:47.300,0:12:53.500 sort of a bankful flow. 0:12:53.580,0:12:59.340 And if we were to look at it, 0:12:59.340,0:13:00.340 you could have some [br]more structural forcing in here 0:13:00.340,0:13:06.210 that would lead to more connectivity. 0:13:06.300,0:13:09.300 So, pretty much that whole thing's[br]free flowing right now. 0:13:09.400,0:13:11.300 Could we get some structure in there 0:13:11.300,0:13:15.300 that increases some of the[br]inundation extent at low flows? 0:13:15.300,0:13:15.600 Yeah. That's— 0:13:15.600,0:13:18.600 That could be something worth exploring. 0:13:18.700,0:13:23.080 So what could Pop's reach of Coburn be? 0:13:24.500,0:13:25.200 Well. 0:13:25.200,0:13:29.790 Even if it's just in this recovery potential[br]that he's willing to concede, 0:13:30.941,0:13:33.800 we might be able to get some more[br]inundation area, 0:13:33.800,0:13:34.800 and we might be able to[br]shift it to this stage 8, 0:13:34.800,0:13:40.179 sort of a weakly anastomosing system. 0:13:41.100,0:13:43.800 By the way, we call that wandering. 0:13:43.800,0:13:48.630 Maybe we could get a little bit of a[br]wandering system in those few places 0:13:48.630,0:13:51.200 where there's space [br]and he's willing to allow it. 0:13:51.200,0:13:55.000 Sort of it's tendency anyway,[br]and again, 0:13:55.000,0:13:58.000 recovery potential can change over time. 0:13:58.400,0:14:02.200 Well, Pop's has a hypothetical daughter. 0:14:03.100,0:14:06.100 And, Pop's isn't going [br]to be around forever. 0:14:07.100,0:14:10.000 And he likes his daughter a lot. 0:14:10.000,0:14:13.300 This daughter, you know,[br]just loves the river. 0:14:14.300,0:14:15.700 She grew up here,[br]loves the ranch, 0:14:15.700,0:14:18.500 and, yes, I'm making all this up. 0:14:18.500,0:14:23.700 She saw the the map,[br]and she kind of got upset with Pops. 0:14:23.700,0:14:27.700 What she said is,[br]"'Oh, come on. Really?" 0:14:27.700,0:14:30.800 I mean, we're just putting the cows out,[br]and, you know, 0:14:30.800,0:14:31.800 whether or not it's us[br]irrigating the pasture, 0:14:31.800,0:14:34.400 or whether or not it's,[br]you know, 0:14:34.400,0:14:37.860 the river spreading out[br]and doing this stuff, 0:14:37.860,0:14:38.910 the cows can get in there. 0:14:38.910,0:14:39.910 They can use that, 0:14:39.910,0:14:42.990 for the little bit that we use it[br]in the spring, and the summer, 0:14:42.990,0:14:45.620 but we do have this irrigation canal[br]right along here. 0:14:46.000,0:14:47.600 Okay. 0:14:47.600,0:14:54.700 And what she suggested is, yeah, 0:14:54.700,0:14:55.700 let's just go right off [br]the irrigation canal. 0:14:55.700,0:14:57.510 This is gravity fed, so it wouldn't be[br]a very easy thing to move. 0:14:57.510,0:15:01.020 It'd be expensive, etc. 0:15:01.100,0:15:05.830 They want to keep that operational,[br]and so, this is her recovery potential, 0:15:06.200,0:15:08.770 The same as Pops up here,[br]but then she's conceding, 0:15:10.200,0:15:14.200 not just, I mean, Pops's line[br]was way back down here, right? 0:15:14.500,0:15:16.700 So she's conceding not just 0:15:16.700,0:15:17.700 that gap between that[br]and the inactive floodplain boundary, 0:15:17.700,0:15:22.450 but saying, hey, 0:15:22.450,0:15:24.200 you could go all the way up to the canal,[br]and then, you know, 0:15:24.200,0:15:27.300 once you get past the barn, hey, 0:15:27.300,0:15:29.100 and there's these few [br]little beaver dams here, 0:15:29.100,0:15:31.100 and all the way down[br]onto the fan of this thing. 0:15:31.100,0:15:32.800 I mean, this could[br]really just spread out. 0:15:34.400,0:15:39.500 So by contrast, you know,[br]she's got 63 acres of recovery potential, 0:15:39.700,0:15:43.330 76% of the valley bottom, 0:15:43.700,0:15:47.430 that, you know, that could come back. 0:15:47.800,0:15:52.000 So, the uplift potential [br]is 22 acres, or 53%. 0:15:52.600,0:15:55.200 So that's pretty, [br]that's pretty exciting. 0:15:55.200,0:15:56.600 And so. 0:15:56.600,0:15:59.050 You know, Pops, Pops may,[br]you know, 0:15:59.050,0:16:03.600 Carol is the future,[br]so he let's, 0:16:03.600,0:16:05.500 he lets her run the show. 0:16:05.500,0:16:08.300 So what could Carol's [br]reach of Coburn be? 0:16:08.300,0:16:10.600 Well, up at the top there—[br]right in here? 0:16:11.700,0:16:15.180 Maybe stage eight still, right? 0:16:15.900,0:16:19.200 However, towards the bottom, right,[br]where we could spread out, 0:16:21.150,0:16:22.200 get across this whole thing, 0:16:22.200,0:16:25.000 really spread out into this fan,[br]you know, maybe, 0:16:25.000,0:16:28.800 stage zero effectively, eventually. 0:16:28.800,0:16:32.100 So, this is just reinforcement[br]of what we did in planning, right? 0:16:32.200,0:16:36.400 This is so fundamental. 0:16:36.400,0:16:40.200 Because this sets [br]the boundary conditions for your design. 0:16:40.200,0:16:43.150 This sets, you know, [br]how I'm going to approach this. 0:16:43.150,0:16:45.310 What's the target I'm shooting for? 0:16:45.310,0:16:48.500 Not necessarily that you're going[br]to get there in your first design, 0:16:48.500,0:16:55.300 but It's a really, really helpful way[br]to queue you up successfully. 0:16:55.300,0:16:59.800 So in conclusion, never start a design[br]without that critical context from planning. 0:16:59.800,0:17:04.100 The design opportunity is defined [br]by that gap 0:17:04.100,0:17:05.100 between condition and recovery potential. 0:17:05.100,0:17:10.775 Scott Shavarian's going to[br]walk you through the design process 0:17:10.775,0:17:14.470 focusing at the complex scale,[br]and inheriting these sorts of, 0:17:14.470,0:17:21.750 objectives, design objectives,[br]out of what this planning process reveals. 0:17:21.800,0:17:25.400 Thank you very much.