[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.40,0:00:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Instructor] Here's a graph\Nshowing the population growth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.92,0:00:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in four US cities from 1860 to 1900.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.16,0:00:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1860, before the Civil War,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.53,0:00:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New York City was the biggest\Ncity in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.84,0:00:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but even it didn't have\Nmore than a million people.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.61,0:00:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There wasn't a single city\Nof more than a million
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.53,0:00:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the whole country at that point.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.45,0:00:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compare that to just 40\Nyears later when not one,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.32,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but three cities had\Npassed the million mark,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.84,0:00:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and New York had nearly\N3.5 million residents.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.58,0:00:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Proportionally, Chicago's\Npopulation growth
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.02,0:00:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was even more drastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.28,0:00:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from only about 100,000 residents in 1860,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.27,0:00:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it got 17 times bigger by 1900,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.08,0:00:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with about 1.7 million residents.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.71,0:00:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traditionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.68,0:00:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Americans had been a pretty\Nrural farming people,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.50,0:00:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but starting in the late 19th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.38,0:00:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a rapid shift\Ntowards urbanization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.29,0:00:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1920, urban residents would\Noutnumber country dwellers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.79,0:00:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the United States for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.79,0:01:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, more than 80% of\NAmericans live in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.70,0:01:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what led to this explosion\Nin the population of cities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.90,0:01:06.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the decades after the Civil War?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.95,0:01:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The major factors behind this shift
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.94,0:01:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were industrialization,\Nimmigration, and migration.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.94,0:01:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we've been talking\Nabout those three things
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.13,0:01:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in various forms in American\Nhistory up until this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.11,0:01:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the cool inventions of\Nthe first industrial revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.03,0:01:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the influx of Irish and\NGerman immigrants in the 1840s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.53,0:01:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the movement of\NAmericans ever westward.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.61,0:01:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So industrialization,\Nimmigration, and migration
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.36,0:01:35.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weren't new forces in American society,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.69,0:01:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there were unique aspects of all three
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.86,0:01:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these processes during the Gilded Age
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.94,0:01:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contributed to the\Ndevelopment of cities in this era.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.63,0:01:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One thing that changed was the nature
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.81,0:01:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of work that people did.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.46,0:01:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the Gilded Age,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.37,0:01:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a tipping point in\Nthe American labor market.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.81,0:01:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1880, for the first time ever,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.60,0:01:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of people who worked\Nfor someone else for wages,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.95,0:02:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who had a boss and needed
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.73,0:02:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do what they said to get paid,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.83,0:02:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outnumbered Americans who\Nworked for themselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.16,0:02:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like farmers who could\Ndecide for themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.63,0:02:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when to sow or harvest their crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.53,0:02:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second industrial revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.82,0:02:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which began after the Civil War,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.53,0:02:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a booming era of expansion\Nand industrial production.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.18,0:02:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there were a lot of\Nfactory jobs available,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.96,0:02:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of those jobs were\Nfor unskilled laborers,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.05,0:02:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is workers who don't require any kind
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.44,0:02:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of special training\Nbefore they start a job.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.93,0:02:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there was an overall\Ntransition from farm work that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.15,0:02:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was self-directed to unskilled\Nfactory work done for a boss.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.07,0:02:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another change during the Gilded Age
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.08,0:02:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was in who was doing the\Nimmigrating and migrating.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.49,0:02:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until the 1840s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.40,0:02:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most immigrants to the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.32,0:02:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been Protestant Christians
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.60,0:02:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from northern and western Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.32,0:03:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were relatively\Nwell off financially.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.10,0:03:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the Civil War, a\Nvariety of factors abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.66,0:03:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,combined with the wide availability
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.20,0:03:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of jobs in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.74,0:03:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought different types of\Nimmigrants to American cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.45,0:03:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These new immigrants, as they were called,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.85,0:03:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tended to be from southern\Nand eastern Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.80,0:03:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mexico, and Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.18,0:03:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they differed from old\Nimmigrants in that they tended
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.33,0:03:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be poorer, have darker complexions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.41,0:03:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and practiced Catholicism or Judaism
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.85,0:03:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of Protestantism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.40,0:03:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In addition in this era,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.94,0:03:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,African Americans from the south began
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.99,0:03:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to migrate to northern\Nand mid-western cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.29,0:03:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these immigrants and migrants
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.43,0:03:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created a large industrial workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.79,0:03:45.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why did they all move to the city?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.41,0:03:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look at some\Nof the push and pull factors
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.93,0:03:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prompted people to uproot themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.45,0:03:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and head to American cities\Nduring the Gilded Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.08,0:03:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, there were push\Nfactors, or things that were
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.41,0:04:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushing people out of their\Nprevious living situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.16,0:04:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big one was poverty and just a lack
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.56,0:04:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of financial mobility at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.73,0:04:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farmers in many countries were\Nhit hard by the mechanization
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.41,0:04:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of agriculture, which\Nhappened in this time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.30,0:04:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About a third of the people\Nmoving to cities were Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.75,0:04:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaving farms and heading to\Nthe city for industrial jobs.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.93,0:04:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another push factor was persecution
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.41,0:04:25.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discrimination at home.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.10,0:04:26.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Russian government
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.30,0:04:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took an increasingly intolerant\Nposition towards Jews
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.87,0:04:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this time period,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.88,0:04:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were subject to mob violence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.81,0:04:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and campaigns of ethnic\Ncleansing in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.49,0:04:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the American south, the\Nemergence of Jim Crow laws
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.02,0:04:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an increase in lynchings\Nwere among the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.12,0:04:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that African Americans elected\Nto leave after the Civil War.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.53,0:04:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what were the pull factors\Nthat landed them in cities?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.38,0:04:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing, many struggling\Nimmigrants from abroad
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.37,0:04:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,didn't have the money to go anywhere else.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.48,0:04:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So after they arrived,\Nthey just stayed put.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.04,0:04:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the main reason that\Npeople moved to cities
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.18,0:05:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because that's where the jobs were.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.05,0:05:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the development of steam\Npower and electrification,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.01,0:05:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,factories no longer had to\Nbe located next to waterways.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.43,0:05:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So cities developed as industrial hubs.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.22,0:05:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often cities would develop as the center
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.91,0:05:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for one specific industry,\Nlike steel in Pittsburgh,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.25,0:05:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meat packaging in Chicago,\Nor clothing in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.84,0:05:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People also found communities\Nof support in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.52,0:05:27.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earlier immigrants might\Nsend money and information
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.71,0:05:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their families and friends back home,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.61,0:05:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping them to move and get established.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.52,0:05:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This facilitated the development\Nof urban neighborhoods,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.77,0:05:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people from similar backgrounds
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.46,0:05:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spoke the same language,\Nate the same food,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.17,0:05:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provided each other with assistance.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.57,0:05:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In these ethnic enclaves,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.70,0:05:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people could get newspapers and even go
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.44,0:05:49.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see theater performances\Nin their native languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.03,0:05:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's finish by taking a look
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.54,0:05:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at two narratives of immigrants
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.82,0:05:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arriving in American\Ncities in this time period.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.03,0:06:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is from\NLee Chew, who immigrated
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.23,0:06:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to San Francisco from China\Nat age 16 in the year 1880.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.32,0:06:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.15,0:06:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When I got to San Francisco,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.58,0:06:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"which was before the\Npassage of the Exclusion Act,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.04,0:06:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I was half starved, because I was afraid
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.33,0:06:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to eat the provisions of the barbarians.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.05,0:06:16.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But a few days living\Nin the Chinese quarter
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.54,0:06:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"made me happy again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.75,0:06:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A man got me work as a house servant
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.90,0:06:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in an American family.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.32,0:06:23.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When I went to work for\Nthat American family,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.08,0:06:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I could not speak a word of English,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.93,0:06:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and I didn't know\Nanything about housework.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.36,0:06:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I did not understand\Nwhat the lady said to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.75,0:06:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"but she showed me how to\Ncook, wash, iron, sweep, dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.43,0:06:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"make beds, wash dishes, clean\Nwindows, paint and brass,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.88,0:06:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"polish the knives and forks, et cetera.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.13,0:06:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"In six months,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.96,0:06:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I had learned how to do the\Nwork of our house quite well,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.10,0:06:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and I was getting $5 a week and board
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.34,0:06:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and putting away about $4.25 a week.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.59,0:06:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I had also learned some English.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.16,0:06:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I sent money home to comfort my parents.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.46,0:06:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But though I dressed well and\Nlived well and had pleasure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.31,0:06:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"going quite often to the Chinese theater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.97,0:06:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and to dinner parties in Chinatown,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.05,0:06:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I saved $50 in the first six months."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.12,0:07:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second one is from Mary Antin,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.16,0:07:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who immigrated to Boston\Nfrom what is now Belarus
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.48,0:07:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the age of 13 in the year 1894.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.65,0:07:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.48,0:07:13.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The first meal was an object\Nlesson of much variety.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.09,0:07:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My father produced several\Nkinds of food ready to eat,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.13,0:07:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"without any cooking, from little tin cans
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.53,0:07:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that had printing all over them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.18,0:07:22.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He attempted to introduce us to a queer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.51,0:07:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"slippery kind of fruit,\Nwhich he called banana,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.35,0:07:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"but had to give it up for the time being.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.37,0:07:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"On our second day, a little\Ngirl from across the alley
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.04,0:07:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"came and offered to conduct us to school.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.33,0:07:34.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"My father was out, but we five between us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.83,0:07:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"had a few words of English by this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.99,0:07:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We knew the word school.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.18,0:07:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We understood.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.09,0:07:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This child who had never\Nseen us 'til yesterday,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.65,0:07:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"who could not pronounce our names,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.34,0:07:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"who was not much better dressed than we,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.29,0:07:47.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"was able to offer us the\Nfreedom of the schools of Boston.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.65,0:07:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We had to visit the stores and be dressed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.70,0:07:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"from head to foot in American clothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.52,0:07:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We had to learn the\Nmysteries of the iron stove,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.05,0:07:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the washboard, and the speaking tube,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.13,0:08:00.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and above all, we had to learn English.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.21,0:08:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With our despised immigrant clothing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.49,0:08:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"we shed also our impossible Hebrew names.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.96,0:08:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A committee of our friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.11,0:08:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"several years ahead of\Nus in American experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.61,0:08:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"put their heads together
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.59,0:08:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and concocted American names for us all."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.28,0:08:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what similarities and\Ndifferences do you see
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.38,0:08:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the experiences of\NLee Chew and Mary Antin?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.11,0:08:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do you think they\Nimmigrated to American cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.95,0:08:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what do you think\Ntheir lives would be like
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.45,0:08:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going forward in the Gilded Age?