0:00:07.123,0:00:10.893 As soon as I was born, my grandpa Beto [br]put a Boca jersey on me. 0:00:12.690,0:00:14.438 In my family, we all root for Boca. 0:00:14.438,0:00:18.703 My uncles, Aitor, the Dude, [br]they would tell me glorious stories 0:00:18.703,0:00:20.771 about the best football team in Argentina. 0:00:20.951,0:00:22.630 Well, actually, in the whole world. 0:00:23.560,0:00:25.229 They especially loved telling me 0:00:25.229,0:00:27.564 about matches we had won[br]to our archrival. 0:00:28.034,0:00:30.751 And on Sundays, we got together [br]for a barbecue. 0:00:30.751,0:00:32.711 Sometimes my grandmother cooked gnocchi. 0:00:32.721,0:00:33.884 The food varied, 0:00:33.884,0:00:37.390 but what never changed was that[br]in the afternoons, we all got together 0:00:37.390,0:00:39.112 to listen to the game on the radio. 0:00:40.615,0:00:43.875 One day, when I grew up, [br]my dad took me to the stadium. 0:00:44.505,0:00:45.760 The mythical 'Bombonera'. 0:00:45.760,0:00:47.307 Oh, I will never forget! 0:00:48.926,0:00:51.347 That's how my family[br]would pass on to me 0:00:51.347,0:00:53.368 a sense of belonging to a community, 0:00:53.368,0:00:55.231 which I later passed on to my children. 0:00:55.361,0:00:57.964 We're from Boca and Boca is our team. 0:00:58.978,0:01:02.349 This isn't much different [br]from what I lived at school. 0:01:02.659,0:01:05.918 From what all schools do [br]to promote national identity. 0:01:07.308,0:01:11.144 We used symbols like [br]the flag, the anthem, 0:01:11.144,0:01:14.723 we would share great stories and tales 0:01:14.723,0:01:17.138 about how unique and unrepeatable [br]our country is. 0:01:18.288,0:01:23.522 We have rituals, some national heroes [br]and even rivals. 0:01:25.052,0:01:30.832 No one is born biologically [br]Japanese, Venezuelan or Mexican. 0:01:31.402,0:01:34.194 We need others to approach us 0:01:34.194,0:01:36.684 and show us what it's like[br]to be a part of, 0:01:36.684,0:01:39.585 to feel part of a community[br]like our nation. 0:01:41.415,0:01:44.999 That way, we can think [br]that patriotism 0:01:44.999,0:01:46.765 is the result of a huge effort 0:01:46.765,0:01:49.064 made from generation to generation 0:01:49.064,0:01:50.246 to keep us together. 0:01:51.946,0:01:55.148 To enable this living together [br]in a territory we call our own 0:01:57.378,0:02:02.066 which we have respect for, [br]and we feel responsible for. 0:02:03.476,0:02:04.801 The good news is that 0:02:04.801,0:02:08.158 if patriotism is a construction [br]that we created all together 0:02:08.158,0:02:11.844 we might also think that [br]we can go one step further. 0:02:12.474,0:02:14.344 And that's what I do in my work: 0:02:15.124,0:02:17.636 To think about how we can train people 0:02:17.636,0:02:21.030 who learn to live together [br]and collaborate globally. 0:02:22.140,0:02:25.821 No one wants to stop loving their homeland[br]or stop defending it, of course, 0:02:25.821,0:02:28.971 but I do think we can rethink [br]some of the ways 0:02:28.971,0:02:30.851 in which we learn to live with others. 0:02:32.775,0:02:35.292 Evelin was my student in college. 0:02:36.042,0:02:39.376 She's a 'porteña', as we call the people[br]from the City of Buenos Aires. 0:02:39.866,0:02:42.609 She speaks porteño. [br]She says 'che', 'pibe', 'boludo'. 0:02:44.049,0:02:45.622 His parents are Korean. 0:02:45.982,0:02:49.397 She did her thesis with me about [br]Korean immigrants in Argentina. 0:02:50.147,0:02:53.513 She told me that when she goes to a café[br]in the city of Buenos Aires, 0:02:53.513,0:02:57.822 she sits down, and the waiters usually [br]speak to her in English. 0:02:58.762,0:03:01.927 And they're surprised when[br]she replies back in her perfect porteño. 0:03:02.877,0:03:06.493 I recently learned also about the story [br]of María Magdalena Lamadrid. 0:03:07.343,0:03:10.809 María Magdalena is the president [br]of the Africa Vive Foundation, 0:03:10.809,0:03:12.630 which is dedicated to making visible 0:03:12.630,0:03:16.570 the presence of Afro-descendants[br]in Argentina. 0:03:17.390,0:03:20.724 To make it visible because[br]popular knowledge 0:03:20.724,0:03:23.790 and some of the stories they tell us[br]wrongly indicate 0:03:23.790,0:03:26.544 that in Argentina there are no people[br]of African origin. 0:03:27.644,0:03:29.340 It's a mistake. It's not like that. 0:03:29.970,0:03:32.604 And something terrible happened[br]to María Magdalena once. 0:03:32.854,0:03:34.629 She arrives at the airport to travel, 0:03:34.629,0:03:38.178 She was going to a convention representing[br]Argentinean Afro-descendants, 0:03:38.178,0:03:39.868 I think it was in Panama, 0:03:39.868,0:03:42.800 And when she reaches[br]the airport in Buenos Aires 0:03:42.800,0:03:44.700 she is stopped by immigration police 0:03:44.700,0:03:47.465 who takes away her passport [br]and tells her it's fake. 0:03:48.615,0:03:51.981 It seems that to the eyes of these cops 0:03:51.981,0:03:55.531 there was no way there could exist[br]a person like María Magdalena 0:03:55.531,0:03:58.042 who is black and Argentinean. 0:04:00.912,0:04:03.142 Today it doesn't matter much[br]where we live. 0:04:03.512,0:04:07.500 We're in constant contact [br]with other cultures. 0:04:08.360,0:04:10.744 And if I meet someone [br]from Japan or India, 0:04:10.744,0:04:13.026 I'm sure the differences [br]will call my attention. 0:04:14.326,0:04:16.328 But, don't we also have a lot in common? 0:04:17.758,0:04:20.325 There's a movie, Letters from Iwo Jima, 0:04:20.325,0:04:23.159 in which there a scene that[br]makes me think a lot about this. 0:04:23.679,0:04:25.770 I will share it with you,[br]it goes like this: 0:04:25.770,0:04:31.155 There's a group of Japanese soldiers [br]who are in a cave, on an island, 0:04:31.155,0:04:34.111 defending against a U.S. attack [br]during the Second World War. 0:04:34.471,0:04:36.172 And they have a prisoner. 0:04:37.112,0:04:39.559 The prisoner dies[br]with a piece of paper in his hand. 0:04:39.779,0:04:43.174 And right away they start to wonder [br]if that would be the enemy's plans. 0:04:43.344,0:04:45.953 And they ask one [br]who knows English to read aloud. 0:04:47.633,0:04:49.490 But no, it wasn't the enemy's plans. 0:04:50.850,0:04:52.046 It was a letter. 0:04:53.166,0:04:57.431 A letter from his mother telling him [br]that she loves him, she misses him, 0:04:57.431,0:04:59.241 that she hopes the war will end soon. 0:04:59.571,0:05:02.985 And she'd tell him stories about the farm[br]and the town where they lived. 0:05:05.545,0:05:08.378 One by one, as they listen[br]to the reading, 0:05:08.378,0:05:11.245 Japanese soldiers [br]begin to get on their feet 0:05:11.245,0:05:15.683 and take off their helmets to honor him. 0:05:16.843,0:05:19.859 That letter was identical 0:05:19.859,0:05:22.417 to the letters they received [br]from their mothers. 0:05:23.257,0:05:27.319 That letter turned an enemy [br]into a fellow man. 0:05:28.029,0:05:30.062 And those soldiers couldn't fight anymore. 0:05:32.472,0:05:37.220 Think about how much violence [br]is generated in the world 0:05:37.220,0:05:39.350 because we focus on differences. 0:05:40.170,0:05:42.889 In religion, in nationality, skin color. 0:05:44.659,0:05:48.492 Humans as a species [br]face enormous challenges. 0:05:50.052,0:05:52.041 The climate crisis, 0:05:52.771,0:05:56.590 the global growth[br]of inequalities, pandemics. 0:05:57.200,0:06:01.438 And also the challenge to live together [br]with those who are different. 0:06:03.398,0:06:08.436 A world, a future, awaits for us[br]plagued by ethical decisions 0:06:08.436,0:06:10.492 we will have to take as a species. 0:06:12.322,0:06:17.024 And we will only be able to do it properly[br]if we collaborate. 0:06:19.754,0:06:23.976 That's why I believe it is key 0:06:23.976,0:06:27.855 that in schools we go beyond[br]soccer rivalry. 0:06:28.875,0:06:30.259 Beyond the 'Boca-River'. 0:06:31.589,0:06:35.572 Today, education policies 0:06:35.572,0:06:37.421 focus a lot on the importance 0:06:37.421,0:06:41.135 that students learn [br]math, language, science. 0:06:41.555,0:06:44.020 And that's okay, of course. [br]They have to do it. 0:06:44.370,0:06:45.536 But it's not enough. 0:06:46.546,0:06:48.152 I think we need a school 0:06:48.152,0:06:51.011 that teaches us how to live together [br]and to collaborate, 0:06:51.011,0:06:52.534 with those who are different. 0:06:52.534,0:06:53.870 Those who think differently. 0:06:55.300,0:06:57.766 And a good way to start doing that 0:06:57.766,0:07:00.132 is to start by realizing 0:07:00.132,0:07:04.798 that our students are already citizens 0:07:04.798,0:07:09.281 who make ethical decisions every day [br]in a hyper connected world. 0:07:11.263,0:07:14.745 I think it would be great [br]if we could use those experiences 0:07:14.745,0:07:18.311 as a starting point[br]to offer these students, 0:07:18.311,0:07:19.744 our students, 0:07:19.744,0:07:21.653 a really practical ethical education. 0:07:22.643,0:07:25.525 An ethical education [br]to serve as a guide 0:07:25.525,0:07:27.239 for everyday decision-making. 0:07:29.429,0:07:31.900 We can start with something[br]simple and even trivial 0:07:31.900,0:07:34.117 like thinking about the clothes we wear. 0:07:34.887,0:07:36.794 Why do we choose the clothes we chose? 0:07:37.614,0:07:39.362 How are our tastes set up? 0:07:40.322,0:07:41.678 Are they really ours? 0:07:43.248,0:07:46.211 What do they symbolize and which tribe [br]they make us belong to? 0:07:47.071,0:07:51.787 Then we could ask ourselves about[br]how these clothes are produced 0:07:51.787,0:07:56.851 and how those production ways [br]interact with global warming 0:07:56.851,0:07:58.954 or with the growth of inequalities. 0:08:00.034,0:08:03.583 And so our students [br]could debate and talk 0:08:03.583,0:08:06.518 about interdependence in the world. 0:08:07.948,0:08:12.420 About how our actions, [br]even those simple actions 0:08:12.420,0:08:14.203 like the clothes we chose to wear, 0:08:14.203,0:08:18.213 can have an impact [br]in people far away, 0:08:18.213,0:08:22.210 and in other living beings, [br]and on Earth as an ecosystem. 0:08:22.881,0:08:24.943 And if our actions [br]have an impact on others 0:08:24.943,0:08:27.004 that brings a moral responsibility to it. 0:08:27.394,0:08:31.190 We have to suggest in schools [br]debates about that responsibility. 0:08:31.190,0:08:33.676 And we are probably[br]going to find students 0:08:33.676,0:08:36.062 who have very different[br]and opposed views, 0:08:36.062,0:08:37.983 and even very heated debates. 0:08:38.252,0:08:39.310 Great! 0:08:40.040,0:08:45.522 It would be a spectacular moment [br]to be able to develop a skill 0:08:45.522,0:08:48.466 that I think is key [br]to live together on a global scale. 0:08:49.386,0:08:55.526 The ability to genuinely discuss[br]with others, with those different to us, 0:08:55.526,0:08:57.156 with those who think differently. 0:08:58.056,0:09:00.298 Not necessarily to try to convince them. 0:09:00.298,0:09:02.257 Neither to necessary agree. 0:09:03.567,0:09:06.919 It's enough for us to make an effort [br]to try to understand them. 0:09:06.919,0:09:09.012 Understand why they think[br]the way they think. 0:09:09.239,0:09:12.521 And why they defend the values [br]and ideas they advocate for. 0:09:14.331,0:09:18.443 Do we really need to all agree [br]in order to live together? 0:09:19.523,0:09:20.489 I don't think so. 0:09:21.629,0:09:24.928 The goal then is not training people[br]all over the world 0:09:24.928,0:09:27.108 to have exactly the same values. 0:09:28.178,0:09:32.858 I invite you to think [br]if we can design an education 0:09:32.858,0:09:37.142 that trains people who keep[br]loving their homeland 0:09:37.142,0:09:40.266 and still, see all humans [br]as their brothers and sisters. 0:09:41.156,0:09:43.673 And planet Earth as a shared house 0:09:43.673,0:09:45.061 we all have to take care of. 0:09:46.571,0:09:50.610 And if it works out, I'm not saying [br]we would have a conflict-free world. 0:09:50.610,0:09:51.997 Of course not. 0:09:52.487,0:09:57.303 But maybe we could live together [br]more harmoniously 0:09:57.303,0:10:00.601 not just on a global scale, 0:10:00.601,0:10:02.818 but also in our homeland.