[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Late one night in 1871, a group of riders \Ndescended on a sleeping army camp.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In minutes they stirred the camp into a \Npanic,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stole about seventy horses,\Nand disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Led by a young chief named Quanah \NParker,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the raid was the latest in a long series\Nof altercations
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along the Texas frontier between\Nthe indigenous people known as the Numunu,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Comanches,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the United States forces sent to \Nsteal Comanche lands for white settlers.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though the conflict was decades old,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U.S. Colonel Ranald MacKenzie \Nled the latest iteration.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From summer to winter, he tracked Quanah.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Quanah was also tracking him, and each\Ntime the colonel drew near his targets,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they disappeared without a\Ntrace into the vast plains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Comanches had controlled this \Nterritory for nearly two hundred years,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hunting buffalo and moving whole villages\Naround the plains.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They suppressed Spanish and Mexican \Nattacks from the south,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempts to settle the land by the United\NStates from the east,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and numerous other indigenous peoples’ \Nbids for power.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Comanche Empire was not one \Nunified group under central control,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather a number of bands, each with \Nits own leaders.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What all of these bands had in common \Nwas their prowess as riders—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every man, woman, and child was adept \Non horseback.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their combat skills on horseback
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far surpassed those of both other\Nindigenous peoples and colonists,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing them to control an enormous \Narea with relatively few people—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably about 40,000 at their peak
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only about 4-5,000 by the time Quanah\NParker and Ranald Mackenzie faced off.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Born around 1848, Quanah was the eldest \Nchild of Peta Nocona,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a leader of the Nokoni band, and Cynthia \NAnn Parker,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kidnapped white settler who assimilated\Nwith the Comanches
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and took the name Naduah.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Quanah was a preteen,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,US forces ambushed his village, \Ncapturing his mother and sister.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quanah and his younger brother sought \Nrefuge with a different Comanche band,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Quahada.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the years that followed, Quanah proved \Nhimself as a warrior and leader.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his early twenties, he and a young \Nwoman named Weakeah eloped,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enraging her powerful father and several\Nother leaders.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They stayed on the run for a year,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attracting followers and establishing \NQuanah as a paraibo, or chief,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at an exceptionally young age.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under his leadership the Quahada band \Nwas able to elude the U.S. military
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and continue their way of life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the early 1870s, the East Coast \Nmarket for buffalo hides became lucrative,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hunters slaughtered millions of \Nbuffalo in just a few years.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meanwhile, U.S. forces led \Na surprise attack,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,killing nearly all the Quahada band’s 1400\Nhorses and stealing the rest.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though he had vowed to never surrender, \NQuanah knew that without bison or horses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Comanches faced certain \Nstarvation in winter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in 1875 Quanah and \Nthe Quahada band
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moved to the Fort Sill \Nreservation in Oklahoma.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As hunter-gatherers,\Nthey could not transition easily
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an agricultural way of life \Non the reservation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The US government had promised\Nrations and supplies,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what they provided was \Nwildly insufficient.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quanah, meanwhile, was suddenly in a \Nweak political position:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had no wealth or power compared to\Nothers
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had been on the reservation longer.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, he saw an opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reservation included ample grasslands—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,useless to the Comanches but perfect for \Ncattle ranchers to graze their herds.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He began a profitable arrangement leasing\Nthe land to cattle ranchers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quietly at first.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, he negotiated leasing rights\Nwith the US government,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ensured a steady source of income\Nfor the Comanches on the reservation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Quanah’s status on the reservation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recognition from government \Nofficials grew,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he secured better rations, advocated for\Nthe construction of schools and houses,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and became one of three tribal judges \Non the reservation court.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tired of speaking with multiple leaders,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the U.S. Government wanted to appoint \None chief of all Comanches—
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a role that hadn’t existed \Noutside the reservation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, many Comanches supported Quanah \Nfor this role,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just as several older leaders had \Nsupported him
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to lead them against the US armed forces.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even Quanah’s former adversary, Ranald \NMacKenzie, advocated for his appointment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quanah acted in Hollywood movies and \Nbefriended American politicians,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,riding in Theodore Roosevelt’s\Ninauguration parade.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still, he never cut his long braids and a\Ndvocated for the Native American Church
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the use of peyote.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He began to go by Quanah Parker, adopting\Nhis mother’s surname,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tried to track down his mother \Nand sister,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually learning they had both \Ndied shortly after their capture.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quanah adapted again and again—\Nto different worlds, different roles,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and circumstances that would seem \Ninsurmountable to most.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though he wasn’t without critics, \Nafter Quanah’s passing,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comanches began using the term “chairman”
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to designate the top elected \Nofficial in the tribe,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recognizing him as the last chief of the \NComanches
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a model of cultural \Nsurvival and adaptation.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that spirit, today’s Comanche Nation\Nlooks towards the future,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with over 16,000 enrolled citizens \Nand countless descendants.