WEBVTT 00:00:26.969 --> 00:00:27.735 Hi, friends! 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:32.656 This module discusses about language acquisition and language learning. 00:00:33.378 --> 00:00:36.524 The factors influencing the acquisition of a language, 00:00:36.856 --> 00:00:42.290 like the learner factors, environmental factors and infrastructural factors 00:00:42.430 --> 00:00:44.133 are dealt in detail. 00:00:44.720 --> 00:00:46.305 Acquisition and learning. 00:00:47.005 --> 00:00:52.735 Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquired the capacity to 00:00:52.735 --> 00:00:58.789 perceive and comprehend language, as well as, to produce and use language. 00:00:59.674 --> 00:01:05.676 Acquisition is implicit and subconscious which take place in an informal situation. 00:01:06.511 --> 00:01:12.629 According to Stephen Christian 1985, language acquisition does not require 00:01:12.629 --> 00:01:17.521 extensive use of conscious grammatical rules and tedious drills. 00:01:18.715 --> 00:01:23.146 Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, 00:01:23.843 --> 00:01:27.915 natural communication in which speakers are connected, 00:01:28.060 --> 00:01:33.550 not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying 00:01:33.550 --> 00:01:34.954 and understanding. 00:01:36.273 --> 00:01:39.815 Language acquisition encompasses the development of 00:01:39.815 --> 00:01:42.189 four interdependent systems. 00:01:42.950 --> 00:01:47.713 Pragmatic: communicative use of language in a social context. 00:01:48.441 --> 00:01:53.528 Phonological: perception and production of sounds to form words. 00:01:54.240 --> 00:01:57.268 Semantics: processing of meaning 00:01:57.729 --> 00:02:03.567 and grammatical use of syntactic and morphological rules to combine words 00:02:03.567 --> 00:02:05.703 into meaningful sentences. 00:02:06.271 --> 00:02:10.742 The phonological and grammatical systems constitute the language form. 00:02:11.481 --> 00:02:13.504 The pragmatic system describes 00:02:13.753 --> 00:02:16.026 how language should be adapted 00:02:16.248 --> 00:02:18.568 to specific social situations 00:02:18.639 --> 00:02:21.109 in order to convey emotions 00:02:21.259 --> 00:02:23.314 and reinforce meaning. 00:02:23.970 --> 00:02:26.953 The term acquisition is used for L1 00:02:26.995 --> 00:02:30.119 and the term learning is associated with L2. 00:02:31.012 --> 00:02:34.545 Children acquire language through a subconscious process 00:02:34.617 --> 00:02:37.795 during which they are unaware of grammatical rules, 00:02:38.399 --> 00:02:41.492 that is no deliberator for to learn the language. 00:02:41.927 --> 00:02:44.864 They pick up language in informal situations. 00:02:46.222 --> 00:02:51.396 Language acquisition is implicit, and effortless as meaningful communication 00:02:51.396 --> 00:02:53.799 occurs in natural environment, 00:02:54.576 --> 00:02:58.329 while communicating the message in the text is given more important 00:02:58.444 --> 00:03:00.070 rather than the form. 00:03:01.156 --> 00:03:05.790 It is all connected through feedback or when they hear the correct usages. 00:03:06.585 --> 00:03:08.728 Later on, they can cut it themselves 00:03:08.890 --> 00:03:12.146 when they become masters of the linguistic generalizations. 00:03:12.962 --> 00:03:17.838 They will be confident in using the language in the real life situations. 00:03:18.796 --> 00:03:21.664 Language learning is explicit and conscious 00:03:21.764 --> 00:03:24.384 and takes place in a formal situation. 00:03:24.966 --> 00:03:27.847 The rules of the language are taught directly 00:03:27.847 --> 00:03:30.989 and learning is the product of formal instruction. 00:03:31.375 --> 00:03:33.679 It is learning about a language. 00:03:34.252 --> 00:03:39.846 Children have the conscious knowledge of the new language, and can talk about it. 00:03:40.602 --> 00:03:44.741 They can memorize the rules to solve a grammatical problem, 00:03:45.140 --> 00:03:48.798 but when it comes to the practical level of using the language, 00:03:48.901 --> 00:03:50.201 it may not work. 00:03:51.094 --> 00:03:52.944 In the case of second language, 00:03:53.438 --> 00:03:55.896 or the third, or the fourth language, 00:03:56.370 --> 00:03:57.741 this is what happens. 00:03:58.517 --> 00:04:00.091 Whatever that is learned 00:04:00.533 --> 00:04:05.442 meaningfully and naturally, is retained and will become acquired. 00:04:06.115 --> 00:04:08.320 Factors influencing acquisition. 00:04:09.158 --> 00:04:11.635 Language learning is a habit formation, 00:04:12.029 --> 00:04:12.745 and so, 00:04:13.092 --> 00:04:16.049 if one's acquired it becomes automatic. 00:04:16.515 --> 00:04:18.310 According to Paul Roberts: 00:04:18.752 --> 00:04:21.235 "When we learn the first language, 00:04:21.346 --> 00:04:23.962 we face the universe directly 00:04:24.071 --> 00:04:26.624 and learn to clothe it with speech. 00:04:27.391 --> 00:04:29.305 When we learn a second language, 00:04:29.358 --> 00:04:33.695 we tend to filter the universe through the language already known." 00:04:34.524 --> 00:04:37.448 By the time the child learns a second language, 00:04:37.749 --> 00:04:40.555 he is familiar with the system of the mother tongue. 00:04:41.952 --> 00:04:45.713 He has to set aside the rules and sets of his mother tongue 00:04:45.713 --> 00:04:48.622 to invite the habits of a new language. 00:04:49.268 --> 00:04:53.533 Factors influencing acquisition can be broadly classified into three. 00:04:53.963 --> 00:04:54.855 They are: 00:04:55.415 --> 00:04:56.493 Learner factors. 00:04:56.773 --> 00:04:58.211 Infrastructural factors. 00:04:58.620 --> 00:04:59.999 Environmental factors. 00:05:00.587 --> 00:05:02.016 The learner factors. 00:05:02.248 --> 00:05:06.359 The learner factors influencing the acquisition of a language are mainly 00:05:06.632 --> 00:05:09.676 psychological, physiological and sociological. 00:05:10.399 --> 00:05:14.692 Factors like aptitude, attitude, interest, personality, 00:05:14.977 --> 00:05:20.581 motivation, age, sex, intelligence and learning styles come under this. 00:05:20.899 --> 00:05:21.779 Aptitude. 00:05:22.082 --> 00:05:25.174 Aptitude refers to the potential for achievement. 00:05:25.339 --> 00:05:26.601 According to Carrol, 00:05:26.904 --> 00:05:31.818 foreign language aptitude consisted of four independent abilities. 00:05:32.487 --> 00:05:33.235 They are: 00:05:33.387 --> 00:05:34.932 Phonetic coding ability. 00:05:35.140 --> 00:05:38.864 The ability to identify and memorize new sounds. 00:05:39.477 --> 00:05:41.108 Grammatical sensitivity. 00:05:41.356 --> 00:05:43.866 The ability to demonstrate awareness 00:05:44.025 --> 00:05:47.469 of the syntactic patterning of sentences of a language. 00:05:48.567 --> 00:05:49.969 Root learning ability. 00:05:50.316 --> 00:05:54.342 The ability to learn associations between sounds and meaning. 00:05:55.016 --> 00:05:56.196 Inductive ability. 00:05:56.361 --> 00:05:59.665 The ability to identify similarities and differences 00:05:59.794 --> 00:06:02.045 in grammatical form and meaning. 00:06:02.736 --> 00:06:06.195 It is not necessary that successful language learners 00:06:06.265 --> 00:06:09.221 are strong in all the involved components. 00:06:10.104 --> 00:06:12.980 Teachers can identify their students requirements, 00:06:13.254 --> 00:06:16.555 and select appropriate strategies to accommodate 00:06:16.785 --> 00:06:18.713 their differences in aptitude. 00:06:19.083 --> 00:06:19.978 Personality. 00:06:21.096 --> 00:06:23.816 The personality characteristics which can affect 00:06:24.285 --> 00:06:26.030 language acquisition are: 00:06:26.265 --> 00:06:28.244 Extroversion, introversion, 00:06:28.470 --> 00:06:31.423 self esteem, anxiety, etcetera. 00:06:31.800 --> 00:06:36.050 Personality may be a major factor in the acquisition of oral skills, 00:06:36.473 --> 00:06:38.981 not in reading and writing skills. 00:06:39.548 --> 00:06:42.178 Introverted or anxious learners 00:06:42.299 --> 00:06:43.825 make slower progress 00:06:44.051 --> 00:06:46.411 especially in communication skill. 00:06:46.843 --> 00:06:49.571 They try to get away from opportunities to speak 00:06:49.784 --> 00:06:51.161 and express themselves. 00:06:52.056 --> 00:06:54.054 The extroverts will take risks. 00:06:54.639 --> 00:06:57.141 They will not worry about the mistakes, 00:06:57.141 --> 00:07:00.348 and make the advantage of opportunities to interact. 00:07:00.948 --> 00:07:01.776 Motivation 00:07:02.526 --> 00:07:06.109 This is a strongly favor intrinsic motivation. 00:07:06.764 --> 00:07:10.455 Intrinsically motivated learners, try for excellence, 00:07:10.771 --> 00:07:13.197 autonomy and self-actualization. 00:07:13.928 --> 00:07:17.333 A supportive and non-threatening learning atmosphere 00:07:17.479 --> 00:07:19.655 naturally creates motivation. 00:07:20.671 --> 00:07:25.449 Through various activities, tasks, and learning materials in the class, 00:07:25.783 --> 00:07:29.923 the teacher can increase students interest to learn language. 00:07:30.626 --> 00:07:36.066 A felt need develops both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. 00:07:36.607 --> 00:07:37.739 Learning styles 00:07:38.546 --> 00:07:42.255 Learning style is an individual's natural habitual, 00:07:42.255 --> 00:07:44.698 and preferred way of absorbing, 00:07:44.832 --> 00:07:48.817 processing, and retaining new information and skills. 00:07:49.187 --> 00:07:51.125 Reid, 1995. 00:07:52.369 --> 00:07:54.189 Each individual is different, 00:07:54.189 --> 00:07:57.986 and process information in their own, unique ways. 00:07:59.082 --> 00:08:02.452 Types of learning styles are: perceptual learning styles, 00:08:02.573 --> 00:08:04.708 and cognitive learning styles. 00:08:05.858 --> 00:08:08.130 Perceptual learning style includes: 00:08:08.343 --> 00:08:11.537 visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. 00:08:12.509 --> 00:08:15.089 Visual learners have a preference for seeing. 00:08:15.757 --> 00:08:18.560 Auditory learners best learn through listening. 00:08:18.971 --> 00:08:24.063 And tactile or kinesthetic learners prefer to learn through experience. 00:08:24.290 --> 00:08:24.997 That is: 00:08:25.106 --> 00:08:27.754 moving, touching, and doing. 00:08:28.765 --> 00:08:32.180 Cognitive learning styles, are the mental mechanisms 00:08:32.180 --> 00:08:36.870 that process the incoming information through different sources. 00:08:37.749 --> 00:08:42.199 Each individual learner has his own way of processing information 00:08:42.430 --> 00:08:44.583 or approaching a task. 00:08:45.133 --> 00:08:47.577 This is known as his cognitive style. 00:08:48.652 --> 00:08:49.758 According to Ellis: 00:08:50.603 --> 00:08:53.955 "Cognitive style is a term used to refer 00:08:54.030 --> 00:08:57.624 to a manner in which people perceive, 00:08:57.879 --> 00:09:01.966 conceptualize, organize and recall information. 00:09:03.134 --> 00:09:05.224 While designing learning activities, 00:09:05.684 --> 00:09:10.509 the teacher has to consider the students with varied learning styles. 00:09:11.278 --> 00:09:11.985 Age 00:09:12.455 --> 00:09:16.081 Age is one of the characteristics which affect language acquisition. 00:09:16.690 --> 00:09:20.284 Learners who have a solid skill in their own language, 00:09:20.473 --> 00:09:24.282 are found to acquire a new language more easily. 00:09:25.193 --> 00:09:28.802 Motivated adults learn language more easily, 00:09:29.111 --> 00:09:32.042 but struggles to achieve correct pronunciation 00:09:32.364 --> 00:09:34.621 because of the problems of the transfer 00:09:34.802 --> 00:09:36.881 of the habits of native language. 00:09:37.662 --> 00:09:42.040 They feel it difficult to recognize the sounds of the foreign language. 00:09:42.943 --> 00:09:45.246 Young children show greater flexibility 00:09:45.521 --> 00:09:48.182 in identifying the sounds of a language, 00:09:48.338 --> 00:09:50.665 remembering them and reproducing them. 00:09:51.189 --> 00:09:54.274 They are less conscious about the mistakes made, 00:09:54.540 --> 00:09:57.862 and are ready to correct their mistakes without hesitation. 00:09:58.349 --> 00:10:01.339 This will foster language acquisition. 00:10:02.228 --> 00:10:02.939 Sex 00:10:03.445 --> 00:10:06.980 Girls are found to excel voice in language learning. 00:10:07.580 --> 00:10:09.900 They start talking earlier than boys, 00:10:10.033 --> 00:10:12.306 and uses grammatically correct 00:10:12.306 --> 00:10:14.135 and complex sentences. 00:10:14.816 --> 00:10:18.030 Auditory sensitivity and other behavior 00:10:18.296 --> 00:10:20.699 is not the same for boys and girls. 00:10:21.172 --> 00:10:24.686 The fact that girls mature earlier than boys 00:10:24.686 --> 00:10:27.781 has direct implications for language acquisition. 00:10:28.316 --> 00:10:29.315 Attitude 00:10:30.020 --> 00:10:34.764 Language attitude is the feeling one has about language learning. 00:10:35.314 --> 00:10:38.224 It is greatly influenced by the learning situation. 00:10:39.109 --> 00:10:44.486 Teacher, language, classroom, books, friends, homework, 00:10:44.710 --> 00:10:49.998 and the school as such determine students' attitude towards language learning. 00:10:50.685 --> 00:10:51.862 Spolsky says, 00:10:52.342 --> 00:10:56.344 "In a typical language situation there are a number of people 00:10:56.394 --> 00:10:59.367 whose attitude to each other can be significant: 00:10:59.990 --> 00:11:01.821 the learner, the teacher, 00:11:02.102 --> 00:11:06.626 the learner's peers and parents, and the speakers of the language. 00:11:07.207 --> 00:11:11.298 Each relationship might well be shown to be a factor 00:11:11.583 --> 00:11:15.716 controlling the learners' motivation to acquire a language. 00:11:16.544 --> 00:11:20.639 A positive or a negative attitude towards language learning 00:11:20.897 --> 00:11:24.833 can be developed in children by the influence of these factors. 00:11:25.499 --> 00:11:27.968 Positive attitude for language learning 00:11:27.968 --> 00:11:33.463 has to be created through a congenial and motivating environment in school. 00:11:34.275 --> 00:11:35.227 Interest 00:11:35.679 --> 00:11:38.949 Teachers need to design creative activities 00:11:38.949 --> 00:11:42.328 to evoke student interest in language learning. 00:11:43.058 --> 00:11:46.653 Clarity and relevance of the language learning goals, 00:11:47.507 --> 00:11:49.968 extensive teacher and pure support, 00:11:50.610 --> 00:11:52.925 learning language through fun and games, 00:11:53.239 --> 00:11:55.541 all creates interest in learner. 00:11:55.938 --> 00:11:57.232 As Einstein said, 00:11:57.688 --> 00:11:59.443 interest is the best teacher, 00:11:59.707 --> 00:12:05.095 without interest, the best learning situations will prove to be ineffective. 00:12:05.426 --> 00:12:06.261 Intelligence 00:12:07.138 --> 00:12:11.506 Intelligence plays a very important role in language acquisition. 00:12:12.302 --> 00:12:16.613 Kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to use the physical actions 00:12:16.779 --> 00:12:21.435 with linguistic responses to express ideas more clearly. 00:12:22.202 --> 00:12:24.483 While taking part in group discussions, 00:12:24.820 --> 00:12:28.006 the learners are using interpersonal intelligence. 00:12:28.724 --> 00:12:30.014 Grammar analysis 00:12:30.099 --> 00:12:32.593 falls into the logical intelligence. 00:12:33.087 --> 00:12:36.721 The stress timed rhythmic nature of English language, 00:12:37.066 --> 00:12:41.504 the need to communicate using melody, and rhythm in a language class 00:12:41.768 --> 00:12:44.597 points to the need for musical intelligence. 00:12:45.512 --> 00:12:48.232 Learning language through the knowledge about self 00:12:48.614 --> 00:12:51.256 focuses to intrapersonal intelligence. 00:12:51.697 --> 00:12:54.744 Linguistic intelligence involves the sensitivity 00:12:54.909 --> 00:12:57.524 to spoken and written language. 00:12:57.908 --> 00:13:02.081 The ability to learn language, and the capacity to use language 00:13:02.256 --> 00:13:04.351 to accomplish certain goals: 00:13:05.251 --> 00:13:07.016 The opportunities for learning, 00:13:07.268 --> 00:13:08.703 the motivation to learn, 00:13:08.970 --> 00:13:11.256 the individual difference in intelligence, 00:13:11.544 --> 00:13:13.406 aptitude, personality, 00:13:13.607 --> 00:13:15.697 and also, learning styles 00:13:15.956 --> 00:13:19.033 play an important role in the rate of learning, 00:13:19.125 --> 00:13:20.687 and success in learning. 00:13:21.424 --> 00:13:25.665 The teacher should consider learners' individual aptitudes, 00:13:26.035 --> 00:13:28.233 personalities, and learning styles 00:13:28.478 --> 00:13:33.385 into account to create a learning environment conducive to all. 00:13:33.658 --> 00:13:35.567 The environmental factors 00:13:36.489 --> 00:13:39.405 The environmental factors include both 00:13:39.405 --> 00:13:40.995 school and family. 00:13:41.519 --> 00:13:44.430 The classroom should provide a favorable, 00:13:44.430 --> 00:13:47.196 democratic environment for language learning. 00:13:47.992 --> 00:13:50.758 Maximum exposure in target language 00:13:51.391 --> 00:13:53.750 has to be given in the schools. 00:13:55.071 --> 00:13:58.407 Cooperative rather than competitive atmosphere, 00:13:58.927 --> 00:14:02.527 free from tension has to be maintained in the classroom. 00:14:03.267 --> 00:14:07.954 A felt need to learn the language for real life communication 00:14:07.954 --> 00:14:10.007 has to be evoked in students. 00:14:11.062 --> 00:14:14.325 The teacher should be aware of the individual difference, 00:14:14.414 --> 00:14:18.136 and has to provide learning experience suitably. 00:14:18.687 --> 00:14:20.465 The weak and the gifted 00:14:20.555 --> 00:14:23.743 has to be considered according to their language needs. 00:14:24.449 --> 00:14:27.086 A tolerant attitude has to be adopted 00:14:27.523 --> 00:14:30.864 to student errors while using language. 00:14:31.499 --> 00:14:35.818 There is a marked relationship between the child's linguistic development 00:14:35.818 --> 00:14:37.601 and socio-economic status. 00:14:38.284 --> 00:14:42.126 The teacher should also consider this aspect of the students 00:14:42.269 --> 00:14:44.873 while planning for language learning programs. 00:14:45.533 --> 00:14:47.551 The infrastructural factors 00:14:48.300 --> 00:14:50.173 The infrastructural facilities, 00:14:50.386 --> 00:14:52.220 it's magnitude, and quality 00:14:52.469 --> 00:14:57.123 depends upon the strength, interest and vision of the organization 00:14:57.363 --> 00:14:59.431 which manages the institution. 00:15:00.048 --> 00:15:03.900 Facilities to use the equipments like audiovisual aids, 00:15:04.168 --> 00:15:07.446 language laboratories, libraries, etcetera. 00:15:07.682 --> 00:15:12.543 which provides maximum exposure and practice in the target language 00:15:12.688 --> 00:15:15.392 has to be arranged in schools. 00:15:17.142 --> 00:15:20.148 First time experience to use the target language, 00:15:20.311 --> 00:15:22.622 as interacting with the native speakers, 00:15:23.010 --> 00:15:27.762 spacious classroom with facilities to contact learning activities like roleplay, 00:15:27.935 --> 00:15:30.746 discussions debates, dramatization, etcetera, 00:15:31.311 --> 00:15:33.455 where the students use the language 00:15:33.615 --> 00:15:35.778 has to be provided. 00:15:36.312 --> 00:15:40.030 Problems in acquiring English as a second language. 00:15:41.110 --> 00:15:44.170 Learning a second language is always a challenge 00:15:44.216 --> 00:15:48.950 in a place where people hardly use it in their daily life. 00:15:49.866 --> 00:15:53.352 Second language learners face several difficulties to gain 00:15:53.636 --> 00:15:56.146 good command over a foreign language. 00:15:56.851 --> 00:16:01.232 English presents a number of issues to non native speakers 00:16:01.553 --> 00:16:05.406 because of the illogical nature of its spelling, pronunciation, 00:16:05.406 --> 00:16:07.510 and unique grammatical rules. 00:16:07.918 --> 00:16:09.495 The pull of mother tongue. 00:16:10.184 --> 00:16:13.460 When a child begins to learn a second language, 00:16:13.869 --> 00:16:15.911 he has acquired his mother tongue, 00:16:16.253 --> 00:16:19.415 the system which he can use with ease 00:16:19.977 --> 00:16:23.958 So, whenever he wants to express something in second language, 00:16:24.550 --> 00:16:28.295 he has to keep the habit of the first language in check 00:16:28.511 --> 00:16:32.007 in order to produce the new sounds and structures. 00:16:32.651 --> 00:16:34.434 It will be difficult for him 00:16:34.670 --> 00:16:38.048 to produce the distinctive sounds of the second language 00:16:38.237 --> 00:16:40.279 as his years are accustomed 00:16:40.506 --> 00:16:42.678 with the sounds of the first language. 00:16:43.391 --> 00:16:47.013 Thus, he replaces the sounds of the second language 00:16:47.111 --> 00:16:49.564 with the similar sounds in his mother tongue. 00:16:50.136 --> 00:16:55.093 Suprasegmental features have great impact in English language 00:16:55.093 --> 00:16:58.253 which may not be so pronounced in mother tongue. 00:16:58.994 --> 00:17:02.274 The natural word order of sentence in the mother tongue 00:17:02.274 --> 00:17:05.143 may be different from that of English. 00:17:05.961 --> 00:17:08.611 Conscious attempts to arrange words 00:17:08.743 --> 00:17:11.843 according to the syntactic patterns of mother tongue 00:17:12.093 --> 00:17:17.590 results in literal translation, and produces ungrammatical sentences. 00:17:18.305 --> 00:17:19.920 The tendency to replace 00:17:20.010 --> 00:17:23.165 the sounds and structures of the second language 00:17:23.359 --> 00:17:25.961 with those of mother tongue is known as 00:17:26.475 --> 00:17:27.948 pull of mother tongue 00:17:28.066 --> 00:17:29.951 or in psychological terms 00:17:30.211 --> 00:17:31.209 transfer. 00:17:31.864 --> 00:17:33.101 Transfer of learning 00:17:33.282 --> 00:17:36.150 is the application of skills, knowledge, 00:17:36.150 --> 00:17:38.009 and/or attitudes, 00:17:38.436 --> 00:17:43.047 that we learned in one situation to another learning situation. 00:17:43.344 --> 00:17:45.525 Perkins, 1992. 00:17:46.164 --> 00:17:49.472 Transfer may be either positive or negative. 00:17:50.353 --> 00:17:54.199 If the habits of first language help in the learning of the second, 00:17:54.482 --> 00:17:57.761 it is called positive transfer or facilitation. 00:17:58.379 --> 00:18:03.186 Positive impact is seen in acquiring vocabulary and sentence pattern 00:18:03.721 --> 00:18:05.883 through comparing and contrasting. 00:18:06.451 --> 00:18:09.352 If the former hinders the acquisition of the letter, 00:18:09.670 --> 00:18:13.262 it is called negative transfer or interference. 00:18:13.981 --> 00:18:16.094 Negative transfer is seen 00:18:16.154 --> 00:18:19.803 while learning certain grammatical structures and pronunciation. 00:18:20.610 --> 00:18:25.115 If the learning of one subject or activity neither facilitates 00:18:25.115 --> 00:18:28.746 nor interferes with the learning of another subject or activity, 00:18:28.928 --> 00:18:31.540 it is called zero transfer. 00:18:32.437 --> 00:18:34.074 Spelling, vocabulary, 00:18:34.194 --> 00:18:37.219 and the diversity of the word meaning. 00:18:37.863 --> 00:18:41.481 English language is enriched with great amount of words. 00:18:42.012 --> 00:18:45.804 These words are not limited to one single meaning. 00:18:46.554 --> 00:18:49.036 Each word has shades of meaning, 00:18:49.212 --> 00:18:53.185 which are categorized as connotative or denotative, 00:18:53.332 --> 00:18:57.237 and it gives different impressions in different situations. 00:18:57.925 --> 00:18:58.924 For example, 00:18:59.080 --> 00:19:02.764 the word "hard" have various shades of meaning. 00:19:03.709 --> 00:19:05.072 "The stone is hard". 00:19:05.849 --> 00:19:07.293 This shows quality. 00:19:07.768 --> 00:19:08.979 "You must work hard". 00:19:09.607 --> 00:19:12.058 More, labour is needed. 00:19:13.172 --> 00:19:14.552 "His hard luck". 00:19:15.026 --> 00:19:16.678 This shows misfortune. 00:19:17.336 --> 00:19:18.952 "He is hard of hearing". 00:19:19.550 --> 00:19:20.966 It means he is deaf. 00:19:21.734 --> 00:19:23.434 For a second language learner, 00:19:23.434 --> 00:19:25.312 this creates much confusion. 00:19:25.920 --> 00:19:28.237 They learn the meaning of several words, 00:19:28.540 --> 00:19:31.060 but don't really learn their application, 00:19:31.305 --> 00:19:35.239 and therefore can't benefit from them while using language. 00:19:35.812 --> 00:19:38.153 The irregular nature of English spelling 00:19:38.153 --> 00:19:41.276 is another problem for a second language learner. 00:19:42.229 --> 00:19:45.489 English has 44 discreet sounds of phonemes, 00:19:45.777 --> 00:19:48.755 with an alphabet made of 26 letters. 00:19:49.292 --> 00:19:52.727 The letter to phoneme correspondence is not consistent. 00:19:53.312 --> 00:19:55.738 One letter has, with a few exceptions, 00:19:56.215 --> 00:20:01.181 more sounds than one in different words or even in the same word; 00:20:01.435 --> 00:20:02.166 example, 00:20:02.340 --> 00:20:04.178 the letter 'c' in the words: 00:20:04.346 --> 00:20:06.687 cat, cycle, cancel, 00:20:06.956 --> 00:20:08.654 success, vacancy; 00:20:08.829 --> 00:20:10.459 and the letter 'g' in: 00:20:10.459 --> 00:20:12.934 age, bag, geography, 00:20:13.251 --> 00:20:14.938 gorgeous, etcetera. 00:20:15.245 --> 00:20:16.792 Lack of motivation 00:20:17.245 --> 00:20:20.391 Learners find it boring and difficult to learn 00:20:20.602 --> 00:20:24.833 a second language which is very much different from the native language. 00:20:25.611 --> 00:20:28.750 Learning English is something they have to do, 00:20:28.978 --> 00:20:30.961 not something they want to do. 00:20:31.763 --> 00:20:34.111 Some of the demotivating factors are; 00:20:34.337 --> 00:20:35.833 the teacher personality, 00:20:36.100 --> 00:20:36.913 commitment, 00:20:36.974 --> 00:20:37.831 competence, 00:20:37.921 --> 00:20:39.183 and teaching method, 00:20:39.504 --> 00:20:41.772 the learner's reduced self confidence, 00:20:41.978 --> 00:20:44.796 negative attitude towards second language learning 00:20:44.978 --> 00:20:46.757 nature of evaluation system, 00:20:47.003 --> 00:20:50.225 uninteresting course books and school environment. 00:20:51.158 --> 00:20:55.358 One key to increase motivation among the heterogeneous learners 00:20:55.695 --> 00:20:57.598 is to design and use activities, 00:20:57.985 --> 00:21:01.644 which match the learners varied language learning needs, 00:21:01.859 --> 00:21:05.378 and goals by a competent and creative teacher. 00:21:06.371 --> 00:21:07.670 Insufficient time, 00:21:07.825 --> 00:21:09.825 resources and materials. NOTE Paragraph 00:21:10.388 --> 00:21:13.392 Number of files allotted for learning English, 00:21:13.652 --> 00:21:16.342 and the opportunity to get exposed to, 00:21:16.653 --> 00:21:18.953 and use the language is too less. 00:21:19.690 --> 00:21:21.339 The resources and the materials 00:21:21.339 --> 00:21:24.695 to aid L2 learning, are sparce 00:21:25.782 --> 00:21:30.512 Learners do not get any opportunity to communicate with native speakers, 00:21:30.767 --> 00:21:34.596 or even with their peers at school in the target language. 00:21:35.235 --> 00:21:37.924 Thus they miss communicative competence. 00:21:38.887 --> 00:21:43.149 They hardly read or listen to English news, literature, 00:21:43.149 --> 00:21:47.595 article or anything that enhances the learners' skill. 00:21:48.276 --> 00:21:51.631 Thus they miss the listening and reading skill 00:21:51.631 --> 00:21:55.161 which is very important in acquiring a second language. 00:21:55.559 --> 00:21:58.482 The availability of right type of materials, 00:21:58.743 --> 00:22:02.049 good library facilities, and audiovisual aids 00:22:02.343 --> 00:22:06.354 will make learning of English interesting and effective. 00:22:07.265 --> 00:22:08.877 Overcrowded classrooms. 00:22:09.471 --> 00:22:12.679 Is the number of students in a class is too high, 00:22:13.185 --> 00:22:15.517 it is difficult to meet the individual needs 00:22:15.517 --> 00:22:18.010 of a diverse group of lively learners. 00:22:18.915 --> 00:22:22.948 Group activities like roleplay, discussion, debates, etcetera, 00:22:23.232 --> 00:22:27.472 cannot be successfully carried out in an overcrowded classroom. 00:22:28.299 --> 00:22:30.737 Effective participation of each student 00:22:30.854 --> 00:22:32.440 cannot be ensured. 00:22:32.948 --> 00:22:36.317 Teaching learning process and evaluation strategies 00:22:36.497 --> 00:22:37.904 will be under threat, 00:22:37.904 --> 00:22:40.346 which result in low achievement. 00:22:40.959 --> 00:22:41.872 To conclude, 00:22:41.944 --> 00:22:44.743 language acquisition is a subconscious process. 00:22:45.193 --> 00:22:46.567 Language acquirers 00:22:46.569 --> 00:22:50.628 are not consciously aware of the grammatical rules of the language, 00:22:50.909 --> 00:22:54.131 but rather develop a feel for correctness. 00:22:54.747 --> 00:22:59.396 In non-technical language, acquisition is picking up a language. 00:23:00.105 --> 00:23:01.178 On the other hand, 00:23:01.341 --> 00:23:05.568 language learning refers to the conscious knowledge of a language, 00:23:05.744 --> 00:23:08.150 knowing the rules, being aware of them, 00:23:08.150 --> 00:23:10.664 and being able to talk about them. 00:23:11.367 --> 00:23:15.317 Language learning can be compared to knowing about the language. 00:23:16.112 --> 00:23:18.103 To court Richard Bentley, 00:23:18.346 --> 00:23:19.924 "Every living language 00:23:20.106 --> 00:23:22.971 like the perspiring bodies of living creatures, 00:23:23.268 --> 00:23:26.730 is in perpetual motion and alteration; 00:23:27.467 --> 00:23:30.482 some words go off, and become obsolete; 00:23:30.974 --> 00:23:32.462 others are taken in, 00:23:32.591 --> 00:23:35.407 and by degrees grow into common use; 00:23:35.947 --> 00:23:39.670 or the same word is inverted to a new sense or notion, 00:23:39.979 --> 00:23:41.678 which in tract of time 00:23:41.966 --> 00:23:44.912 makes an observable change in the air 00:23:45.007 --> 00:23:46.694 and features of a language, 00:23:46.928 --> 00:23:50.708 as age makes in the lines and mien of a face." 00:23:51.594 --> 00:23:53.816 Before moving to the next session, 00:23:53.967 --> 00:23:56.608 please try to answer the following questions: 00:23:57.260 --> 00:24:00.758 Point out the factors influencing acquisition. 00:24:01.833 --> 00:24:06.340 What are the major problems in acquiring a second language? 00:24:07.095 --> 00:24:08.977 What is transfer of learning? 00:24:09.704 --> 00:24:13.541 Mention different types of transfer of learning. 00:24:13.900 --> 00:24:15.840 At present to what extend 00:24:15.993 --> 00:24:18.935 does the infrastructural facilities in schools 00:24:19.170 --> 00:24:21.672 aid in learning the second language, 00:24:22.113 --> 00:24:23.178 Substantiate. 00:24:23.738 --> 00:24:25.095 For further references. 00:24:26.070 --> 00:24:28.037 The English Teacher's Hand Book 00:24:28.341 --> 00:24:29.536 by T.C. Baruah. 00:24:30.298 --> 00:24:31.672 Sterling Publishers, 00:24:31.672 --> 00:24:32.776 private limited, 00:24:32.791 --> 00:24:33.529 New Delhi. 00:24:34.166 --> 00:24:35.859 Contemporary English Teaching, 00:24:36.708 --> 00:24:38.226 by author M. Jesa. 00:24:38.983 --> 00:24:41.037 K.M.K Publications, Kollam. 00:24:41.493 --> 00:24:43.166 Modern Teaching of English, 00:24:43.520 --> 00:24:44.793 by Nayyar Shamsi, 00:24:45.323 --> 00:24:46.095 Published by 00:24:46.095 --> 00:24:48.217 Anmol Publications private limited, 00:24:48.217 --> 00:24:49.227 New Delhi. 00:24:49.819 --> 00:24:52.098 Hope you find the session informative. 00:24:52.410 --> 00:24:53.114 Thank you. 00:24:53.222 --> 00:24:54.039 Bye.