Hi, friends!

This module discuss about language 
acquisition and language learning.

The factors influencing the acquisition 
of a language,

like the learner factors, environmental 
factors and infrastructural factors

are dealt in detail.

Acquisition and learning.

Language acquisition is the process by
which humans acquired the capacity to

perceive and comprehend language. As well
as to produce and use language.

Acquisition is implicit and subconscious
which take place in an informal situation.

According to Stephen Christian 1985, 
language acquisition does not require

extensive use of conscious grammatical 
rules and tedious drill.

Acquisition requires meaningful 
interaction in the target language,

natural communication in which speakers
are connected,

not with the form of their entrances but
with the messages they are convenient

and understanding.

Language acquisition encompasses the 
development of

four interdependent systems.

Pragmatic: communicative use of language
in a social context;

Phonological: perception and production of
sounds to form words;

Semantics: processing of meaning

and grammatical use of syntactic and
morphological rules to combine words

into meaningful sentences.

The phonological and grammatical systems
constitute the language form.

The pragmatic system describes

how language should be adapted

to specific social situations

in order to convey emotions

and reinforce meaning.

The term acquisition is used for L1

and the term learning is associated
with L2.

Children acquire language through a 
subconscious process

during which they are unaware of 
grammatical rules,

that is no deliberator for to learn the
language.

They pick up language in informal 
situations.

Language acquisition is implicit, and
effortless as meaningful communication

occurs in natural environment.

While communicating the message in the
text is given more important

rather than the form.

... connected through feedback or
when they hear the correct usages.

Later on, they can cut it themselves

when they become masters of linguistic
generalizations.

They will be confident in using the 
language in the real life situations.

Language learning is explicit and
conscious

and takes place in a formal situation.

The rules of the language are taught
directly

and learning is the product of formal
instruction.

It is learning about a language.

Children have the conscious knowledge of
the new language, and can talk about it.

They can memorize the rules to solve a
grammatical problem,

but when it comes to the practical level
of using the language

it may not work.

In the case of second language,

all the third or the fourth language,

this is what happens.

Whatever that is learned

meaningfully and naturally, is retained
and will become acquired.

Factors influencing acquisition.

Language learning is a habit formation,

and so,

if one's acquired it becomes automatic.

According to Paul Roberts:

"When we learn the first language,

we face the universe directly

and learn to clothe it with speech.

When we learn a second language,

we tend to filter the universe through 
the language already known."

By the time the child learns a second 
language,

he is familiar with the system of
mother tongue.

He has to set aside the rules and sets of
his mother tongue

to invite the habits of a new language.

Factors influencing acquisition can be 
broadly classified into three.

They are:

Learner factors.

Infrastructural factors.

Environmental factors.

The learner factors.

The learner factors influencing the 
acquisition of a language are mainly:

Psychological, Physiological and
Sociological.

Factors like aptitude, attitude, 
interest, personality,

multivision, age, sex, intelligence and 
learning styles come under this.

Aptitude

Aptitude refers to the potential for 
achievement.

According to Carrol,

foreign language aptitude consisted of
four independent abilities.

They are:

Phonetic coding ability.

The ability to identify and memorize 
new sounds.

Grammatical sensitivity.

The ability to demonstrate awareness

of the syntactic patterning of sentences 
of a language.

Root learning ability.

The ability to learn associations between
sounds and meaning.

Inductive ability.

The ability to identify similarities and 
differences

in grammatical form and meaning.

It is not necessary that successful 
language learners

are strong in all the envolved components.

Details can identify students 
requirements,

and select appropriate strategies to 
accommodate

their differences in aptitude.

Personality

The personality characteristics we
can affect

language acquisition are:

Extroversion, introversion,

self esteem, anxiety, etcetera.

Personality may be a major factor in the 
acquisition of oral skills,

not in reading and writing skills.

Introverted or anxious learners

make slower progress

especially in communication skill.

They try to get away from opportunities
to speak,

and express themselves.

The extroverts will take risks.

They will not worry about the mistakes,

and make the advantage of opportunities
to interact.

Motivation

This is a strongly favor intrinsic
motivation.

Intrinsically motivated learners, try
for excellence,

autonomy and self-actualization.

A supportive and non-threatening learning
atmosphere,

naturally creates motivation.

Through various activities, tasks and
learning materials in the class,

the teacher can increase students interest
to learn language.

A felt need, develops both intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation.

Learning styles

Learning styles is an individuals natural
habitud

and preferred way of absorbing,

processing and retaining new 
information and skills.

... 1995.

Each individual is different,

and process information in their own 
unique ways.

Types of learning styles are: perceptual 
learning style,

and cognitive learning style.

Perceptual learning style include:

visual, auditory and kinesthetic.

Visual learners have a preference for
seeing.

Auditory learners best learn through
listening.

And tactile or kinesthetic learners
preferred to learn through experience;

That is:

moving, touching and doing.

Cognitive learning style, are the mental
mechanisms

that process the incoming information
through different sources.

Each individual learner has his own way
of processing information

or approaching a task.

This is known as his cognitive style.

According to Ellis:

"Cognitive style is a term used to refer

to a manner in which people perceive

conceptualize, organize and recall 
information.

While designing learning activities,

the teacher has to consider the students 
with valid learning styles.

Age

Age is one of the characteristics which 
affect language acquisition.

Learners who have a solid skill in their
own language,

are found to acquire a new language
more easily.

Motivated adults learn language more 
easily,

but struggles to achieve correct
pronunciation

because of the problems of the transfer

of the habits of native language.

They feel it difficult to recognize the
sounds of the ... in language.

Young children show greater flexibility

in identifying the sounds of the language,

remembering them and reproducing them.

They are less conscious about the mistakes
made,

and already to correct the mistakes
without hesitation.

This will foster language acquisition.

Sex

Girls are found to excel voice in 
language learning.

They start talking earlier than boys,

and uses grammatically correct

and complex sentences.

Auditory sensitivity and all behaviour

is not the same for boys and girls.

The fact that girls mature earlier than
boys,

has direct implications for language
acquisition.

Attitude

Language attitude is the feeling one has
about language learning.

It is greatly influenced by the learning
situation.

Teacher, language, classroom, books, 
friends, homework,

and the school as such determine students'
attitude towards language learning.

Spolsky says,

"In a typical language situation there are
a number of people

whose attitude to each other can be 
significant:

the learner, the teacher,

the learner's peers and parents, and the 
speakers of the language.

Each relationship might well be shown to
be a factor

controlling the learners' motivation to
acquire a language.

A positive or a negative attitude towards
language learning

can be developed in children by the
influence of these factors.

Positive attitude for language learning

has to be created through a congenial 
and motivating environment in school.

Interest

Teachers need to design creative 
activities

to evoke student interest in language 
learning.

Clarity and relevance of the language
learning goals.

Extend of feature and pure support,

learning language through fun and games,

all creates interest in learner.

As Einstein said,

interest is the best teacher,

without interest, the best learning
situations will prove to be ineffective.

Intelligence

Intelligence plays a very important role
in language acquisition.

Kinesthetic intelligence is the ability to
use the physical actions

with linguistic responses to express ideas
more clearly.

While taking part in group discussions,

the learners are using interpersonal
intelligence.

Grammar analysis

falls into the logical intelligence.

The stress timed rhythmic nature of 
English language,

the need to communicate using melody, and
rhythm in a language class

points to the need for musical 
intelligence.

Learning language through the knowledge 
about self

focuses to intrapersonal intelligence.

Linguistic intelligence involves the 
sensitivity

to spoken and written language.

The ability to learn language, and the
capacity to use language

to accomplish certain goals:

The opportunities for learning,

the motivation to learn,

the individual difference in
intelligence,

aptitude, personality,

and also, learning styles

play an important role in the rate of 
learning

and success in learning.

The teacher should consider learners
individual aptitudes,

personalities and learning styles

into account to create a learning 
environment conducive to all.

The environmental factors

The environmental factors include both

school and family.

The classroom should provide a favorable

democratic environment for language 
learning.

Maximum exposure in target language

has to be given in the schools.

Cooperative rather than competitive
atmosphere,

free from tension has to be maintained in 
the classroom.

A felt need to learn the language for real
life communication

has to be evoked in students.

The teacher should be aware of the 
individual difference

and has to provide learning experience 
suitably.

The week and the gifted

has to be considered according to their
language needs.

A tolerant attitude has to be adopted

to student errors while using language.

There is a marked relationship between
the child's linguistic development

and socio-economic status.

The teacher should also consider this
aspect of the students

while planning for language learning 
programs.

The infrastructural factors

The infrastructural facilities

it's magnitude and quality

depends upon the strength, interest
and vision of the organization

which manages the institution.

Facilities to use the equipments like 
audiovisual aids,

language laboratories, libraries, 
etcetera.

which provides maximum exposure and 
practice in the target language

has to be arranged in schools.

First time experience to use the target 
language

as interacting with the native speakers,

spacious classroom with facilities to 
contact learning activities like roleplay,

discussions debates, dramatization, 
etcetera.

where the students use the language

has to be provided.

Problems in acquiring English as a 
second language.

Learning a second language is always a 
challenge

in a place where people hardly use it in
their daily life.

Second language learners face several
difficulties to gain

good command over a foreign language.

English presents a number of issues to non
native speakers

because of their