[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.02,0:00:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This video is sponsored by Incogni
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.03,0:00:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Life's but a walking shadow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.65,0:00:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"a poor player.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.49,0:00:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That struts and frets his hour\Nupon the stage."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.52,0:00:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And then is heard no more."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.97,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is a tale, told by an idiot, \Nfull of sound and fury."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.06,0:00:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Signifying nothing."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.13,0:00:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite being arguably\Nthe most famous writer of all time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.97,0:00:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Shakespeare is still a widely \Nmisunderstood figure.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.70,0:00:39.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, Shakespeare is often viewed
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.02,0:00:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the property of the cultural elite
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.70,0:00:47.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his work is often approached\Nout of obligation rather than desire.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.45,0:00:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet Shakespeare's plays
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.90,0:00:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were written first and foremost\Nto entertain audiences of all kinds,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.46,0:00:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are full of humour, \Nslapstick, and clever word play
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.96,0:01:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and have a deep simpathy\Nfor ordinary people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.26,0:01:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the heartache, beauty, \Njoy, and pain of human life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.60,0:01:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are also hugely popular\Nall over the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.23,0:01:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have been translated\Ninto more than 100 languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.87,0:01:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare has had more impact\Non the English language and culture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.23,0:01:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any other writer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.29,0:01:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it all started with one book,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.67,0:01:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembled by two\Nof his friends and colleagues,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.38,0:01:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and published in 1623,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.64,0:01:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seven years after Shakespeare's death.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.41,0:01:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Without this book, we may have lost\Nso much of his work
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.82,0:01:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- as 18 out of the 36 plays\Nincluded in the first folio
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.94,0:01:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had never been published before,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.02,0:01:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including Julia Caesar, \NThe Tempest, and Macbeth.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.69,0:01:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it were not for this book,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.88,0:01:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare might be considered\Njust another Elizabethan writer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.60,0:01:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of his plays\Nare about Kings or nobility,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.55,0:01:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Shakespeare always wrote\Nabout the human being beneath the crown.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.94,0:02:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Likewise, he would not want to be seen\Nas a one-of-a-kind "genius",
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.93,0:02:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but instead he would want us\Nto try and understand him as a man,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.92,0:02:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a person with feelings, flaws\Nand contradictions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.41,0:02:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as his character,\NRichard II wishes, when he says:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.13,0:02:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"throw away respect, tradition,\Nform and ceremonious duty."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.81,0:02:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"For you have but mistook me\Nall this while."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.90,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I live with bread like you,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.22,0:02:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"feel want,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.05,0:02:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"taste grief, need friends,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.32,0:02:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"subjected.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.56,0:02:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"How can you say to me I am a King."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.19,0:03:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"All the world's a stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.88,0:03:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And all the men and women merely players;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.29,0:03:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"They have their exits\Nand their entrances;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.90,0:03:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and one man in his time\Nplays many parts."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.40,0:03:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William Shakespeare was born\Nin 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.72,0:03:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then a small unexceptional town.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.74,0:03:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,William went to a grammar school
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.87,0:03:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he learned Classics \Nlike Ovid and Plutarch,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.61,0:03:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose work he would later\Ndraw upon in his plays.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.85,0:03:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike other dramatists of his time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.40,0:03:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare did not attend University.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.10,0:03:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1582 William married \Na farmer's daughter called Anne Hathaway.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.48,0:03:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was only 18 on his wedding day\Nwhile Anne was 26
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.22,0:03:48.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- she was also pregnant\Nwith their first child.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.68,0:03:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The couple had three children together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.65,0:03:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a daughter called Susanna,\Nand then twins Judith and Hamnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.15,0:03:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His family would remain in Stratford
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.58,0:04:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while he moved to London\Nto pursue his dreams.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.48,0:04:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by 1592 Shakespeare was\Na well-known actor on the London stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.30,0:04:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare co-founded his Theatre Company
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.04,0:04:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Lord Chamberlain's men"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.72,0:04:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which would later be called\N"The King's Men", in 1594,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.18,0:04:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and began writing plays\Nfor them to perform.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.85,0:04:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first he wrote \Nhistory plays and comedies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.98,0:04:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The London audience\Nflocked to the history plays
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.04,0:04:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which there are ten\Nthat cover English history
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.41,0:04:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the 12th to the 16th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.00,0:04:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way Shakespeare's comedies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.29,0:04:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have some dark themes\Nand tragic situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.89,0:04:38.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the tragedies have some comic moments,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.51,0:04:40.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Shakespeare history plays
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.13,0:04:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not just about history\Nwith a capital H.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.28,0:04:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Is this a dagger which I see before me?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.32,0:04:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are first and foremost human dramas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.58,0:04:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact they are the source
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.18,0:04:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of some of Shakespeare's\Nmost memorable characters,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.89,0:04:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the flamboyant, camp,\Nverbose, and vain Richard II.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.95,0:05:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With mine own tears I wash away my balm."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.06,0:05:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With mine own hands,\NI give away my crown.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.45,0:05:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With mine own tongue\Ndeny my sacred state."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.33,0:05:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fiery and impetuous\Nyoung Knight Hotspur
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.17,0:05:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yea, on his part I'll empty\Nall these veins,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.45,0:05:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and shed my dear blood\Ndrop by drop on the dust."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.88,0:05:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But I will lift the downtrodden Mortimer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.07,0:05:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"as high in the air\Nas this unthankful king."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.22,0:05:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the conniving \Nmachiavellian Richard III,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.67,0:05:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a power hungry character
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.14,0:05:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose hunchbacked form symbolised\Nhis crooked morality:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.66,0:05:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Now is the winter of our discontent
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.67,0:05:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"made glorious summer\Nby this son of York."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.64,0:05:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The histories are as much about people,\Ntheir lives, relationships, and feelings,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.36,0:05:49.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they are about the story of a nation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.57,0:05:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare was primarily a storyteller
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.20,0:05:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like popular entertainment today,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.34,0:05:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plays sometimes\Ndeviate from historical facts
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.05,0:05:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the purpose of dramatic effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.81,0:06:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Richard III was not the villain\NShakespeare made him out to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.92,0:06:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it suited Tudor propaganda
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.14,0:06:08.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- as did Shakespeare's version\Nof "The War of the Roses",
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.39,0:06:11.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in Richard II he has the King
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.14,0:06:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same age \Nas his wife Isabella of Valois,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.26,0:06:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the real Richard II was 29\Nwhen he married the 7-year-old Isabella.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.80,0:06:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the early histories and comedies,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.20,0:06:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare started \Nto move towards tragedies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.46,0:06:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The period follows the death\Nof Shakespeare's 11-year-old son Hamnet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.82,0:06:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(the twin of Judith) who died in 1596,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.89,0:06:35.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which must have been \Non Shakespeare's mind
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.68,0:06:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when writing the late comedy\N"Twelfth Night",
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.15,0:06:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a play about Viola and Sebastian,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.62,0:06:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twins who were separated\Nduring a wild storm
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.40,0:06:45.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are eventually reunited.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.72,0:06:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can only imagine\Nhow Shakespeare desperately wished
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.82,0:06:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his own twins could also be reunited.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.24,0:06:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then five years later in 1601,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.78,0:06:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his beloved father John Shakespeare \Nalso passed away,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.04,0:07:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and around this time we get\None of his greatest tragedies, Hamlet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.11,0:07:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a son grieving for his father.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.42,0:07:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I am thy father's spirit,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.88,0:07:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"doomed for a certain term\Nto walk the night."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.70,0:07:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It begins with Hamlet's declaration
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.79,0:07:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he is experiencing a grief\Nthat he cannot express.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.82,0:07:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The entire play sees Hamlet\Ntrying to verbalise
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.38,0:07:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is going on inside his head,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.83,0:07:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or,as he says,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.71,0:07:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"he must unpack his heart with words".
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.40,0:07:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a character, Hamlet is seen\Nas a a turning point
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.27,0:07:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards a new level of psychological\Nand emotional realism in theatre,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.27,0:07:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and its themes such as\Nindecision and inaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.69,0:07:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the corrupting influence of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.97,0:07:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the complexities of the human psyche,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.57,0:07:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continue to resonate\Nwith modern audiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.79,0:07:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This work was a revelation, \Nand after Hamlet,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.93,0:07:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare entered \Na great middle period of his career,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.37,0:07:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which he wrote some of his\Nmost monumental and powerful tragic plays,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.69,0:08:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including King Lear and Othello.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.74,0:08:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Othello has been described
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.49,0:08:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as "the most painfully exciting\Nand most terrible of these tragedies".
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.63,0:08:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has an explosive and melodramatic plot,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.53,0:08:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as a particularly\Ngrandiose and musical poetry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.72,0:08:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story tells of a racial outsider \Nturned military hero,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.67,0:08:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is tricked by the evil Iago,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.09,0:08:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ends up being eaten alive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.08,0:08:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by what is referred to as \N"the green-eyed monster of jealousy",
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.78,0:08:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and killing his wife Desdemona.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.68,0:08:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tragic Othello kills himself,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.22,0:08:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to take responsibility\Nfor killing Desdemona,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.34,0:08:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in his dying soliloquy recognizes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.90,0:08:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is his pursuit of love\Nthat has led to his undoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.64,0:08:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Then must you speak of one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.22,0:08:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"that loved not wisely but too well,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.34,0:08:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Of one not easily jealous \Nbut, being wrought,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.07,0:08:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"perplexed i the extreme..."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.01,0:09:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the start of the Elizabethan period,\Ntheatres were not popular,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.48,0:09:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actors were seen\Nas little more than beggars
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.21,0:09:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and writers earned even less than actors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by the end of it, \Ntheatre was thriving,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.29,0:09:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as was Shakespeare.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.11,0:09:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became mass market entertainment:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.64,0:09:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fast-moving money-making business,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.17,0:09:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Shakespeare was\None of its biggest successes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.40,0:09:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earning more money from his work\Nthan virtually all of his contemporaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.76,0:09:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Theatre was popular with all classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.41,0:09:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The "Lord's rooms" were the best seats,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.66,0:09:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and despite seeing the back\Nof the actor's heads,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.37,0:09:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were able to hear\Nevery word of the play
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.13,0:09:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the noise of the audience.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.53,0:09:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The galleries had wooden seats\Nbut were covered in case it rained.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.42,0:09:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The poor known as the "Groundlings",
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.53,0:09:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paid a penny to stand very close\Nto the action on stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.44,0:09:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the height of summer, \Nthe Groundlings were also referred to
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.59,0:09:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as "the stinkards" for obvious reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.52,0:10:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They ate, drank, cheered and booed \Nduring the performances,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.33,0:10:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and demanded the play\Nhad to entertain them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.20,0:10:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and Shakespeare did entertain them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.43,0:10:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using themes that had broad appeal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.49,0:10:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- love, death, ambition, power, and fate.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.25,0:10:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mixing clever word play \Nand intellectual jokes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.08,0:10:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with crude innuendos,\Nlow humour and slapstick.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.69,0:10:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"This is old Ninny's tomb?"
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.25,0:10:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Contrary to what many people think,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.35,0:10:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare had a very commercial side.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.66,0:10:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a theatreowning businessman,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.65,0:10:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he wrote to entertain audiences\Nand to earn money.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.53,0:10:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As he suggested in the epilogue\Nof his late play The Tempest,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.98,0:10:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wanted to give audiences a good time
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.86,0:10:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wanted to please people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.42,0:10:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Gentle breath of yours\Nmy sails must fill
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.12,0:10:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"or else my project fails,\Nwhich was to please."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.67,0:11:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this fast-paced marketplace,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.18,0:11:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trend was not for writing\Nnew plays from scratch,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.89,0:11:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead the norm was for playwrights\Nto adapt stories
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.28,0:11:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were already well known.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.41,0:11:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before Shakespeare wrote his plays,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.93,0:11:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there already existed a play\Nidentical to Hamlet,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.63,0:11:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one that was\Nactually called "King Leir",
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.08,0:11:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which were written\Nby Thomas Kidd.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.11,0:11:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The "Winters Tale" takes its plot\Nfrom a popular book at the time Pandosto,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.86,0:11:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Romeo and Juliet \Nwas already well known in England
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.38,0:11:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Arthur Brook's poem,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.18,0:11:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which tells the exact same story.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.33,0:11:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is what Shakespeare\Ndoes with his sources
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.70,0:11:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes him Shakespeare.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.84,0:11:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in the earlier version\Nof the Romeo and Juliet story,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.28,0:11:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenJuliet kisses Romeo after he has died,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.37,0:11:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his mouth is described\Nas being "cold as stone",
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.13,0:11:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas in Shakespeare's play,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.24,0:11:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Juliet kisses the mouth of Romeo and says:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.30,0:11:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Thy lips are warm."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.83,0:12:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ingenious, but tiny change,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.67,0:12:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emphasises that Romeo has just died\Nseconds before Juliet wakes up,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.12,0:12:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making the kiss both more tragic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.32,0:12:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as more intimate and sensual,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.92,0:12:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as Juliet feels with her lips \NRomeo's dwindling body heat.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.07,0:12:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of Shakespeare's plays\Nhave sources from classical history
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.19,0:12:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,— like Julius Caesar, Anthony and Cleopatra,\Nand Coriolanus,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.02,0:12:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I come to bury Caesar, \Nnot to praise him" —
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.89,0:12:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while another major source for Shakespeare
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.31,0:12:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a volume of English History\Ncalled "Holinshead's Chronicles".
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.20,0:12:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas now we might feel
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.20,0:12:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we don't want\Nthe plot "spoiled" for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.54,0:12:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of Shakespeare's audiences knew\Nhow the story would end up.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.24,0:12:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of Romeo and Juliet,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.52,0:12:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are told in the prologue \Nexactly what will happen:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.95,0:12:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A pair of star-cross'd lovers\Ntake their life."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.45,0:12:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare asks you, as the audience,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.57,0:13:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to submerge yourselves\Nin the "imagined world" fully,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.82,0:13:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the Winter's Tale
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.86,0:13:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before a statue of Leontes' \Ndead wife Hermione comes to life,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.47,0:13:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare says to his audiences:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.52,0:13:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is required you do awake your faith".
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.92,0:13:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, suspend your disbelief.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.24,0:13:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first folio organised\NShakespeare's plays into three categories:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.76,0:13:24.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Comedies, Histories and Tragedies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.39,0:13:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But within those categories\Nthere is always a cross fertilisation
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.28,0:13:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of seriousness and triviality,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.45,0:13:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,darkness and light.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.42,0:13:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the breadth of feelings\Nexpressed in Shakespeare's plays
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.63,0:13:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so astonishing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.23,0:13:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in his works we can always see
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.03,0:13:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his willingness to embrace\Nthe contradictory aspects of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.63,0:13:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some of Shakespeare's greatest works\Nsuch as King Lear
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.08,0:13:50.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he creates scenes\Nof unbelievable tenderness and love
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.37,0:13:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as the darkest depths\Nof despair and rage.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.13,0:13:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or in Twelfth Night,\Nwhen a very funny prank
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.08,0:13:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which has the audience in stitches
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.24,0:14:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly turns\Nto intense psychological manipulation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.67,0:14:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ending with a dark promise from Malvolio:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.74,0:14:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'l be revenged..."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.13,0:14:13.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"on the whole pack of you."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.48,0:14:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Titus Andronicus,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.18,0:14:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare expertly weaves\Ngore and black humour,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.56,0:14:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as when the main character Titus\Nserves Tamora,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.66,0:14:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her own dead sons baked into a pie!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.06,0:14:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is so gory and violent,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.04,0:14:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it almost becomes perversely comic
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.28,0:14:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the use of insane melodrama.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.40,0:14:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Why, there they are,\Nboth baked in this pie."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.54,0:14:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Whereof their mother daintily hath fed,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.64,0:14:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Eating the flesh\Nthat she herself hath bred."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.95,0:14:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"'tis true, 'tis true!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.96,0:14:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Witness my knife's sharp point."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.59,0:14:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, the bounds\Nof the comic and tragic genre
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.56,0:14:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were being tested in Elizabethan theatre
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.26,0:14:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Shakespeare was at the forefront\Nof this theatrical revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.64,0:15:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pioneering, particularly\Nin his later plays,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.38,0:15:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the genre of "tragi-comedy",
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.85,0:15:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare's tragi- comic way\Nof looking at the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.11,0:15:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is best demonstrated in the Winter's Tale,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.31,0:15:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a play where\Nthe good-hearted man Antigonus,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.92,0:15:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is mauled to death by a bear,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.19,0:15:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a fundamentally tragic event,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.14,0:15:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which becomes simultaneously comic
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.27,0:15:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a man in a bear costume \Nchases Antigonus across the stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.90,0:15:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also an opportunity for Shakespeare\Nto give us a rare stage Direction:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.68,0:15:33.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Exit pursued by a bear".
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.52,0:15:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tragi-comic death\Nis followed immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.30,0:15:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the discovery of a newborn child.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.13,0:15:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a classic Shakespearean moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.56,0:15:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which despair and hope rub shoulders,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.48,0:15:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and tragedy switches suddenly\Ninto the hopefulness of comedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.36,0:15:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a noisy open air theatre, \Nwith so many distractions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.42,0:15:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare was a master\Nat keeping the audience engaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.19,0:16:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his plays show us the truth\Nagain and again
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.83,0:16:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- that life can be\Nboth silly and sorrowful,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.90,0:16:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tragic and comic at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.02,0:16:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On New Year's Eve in 1607, \NShakespeare's brother Edmund died,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.93,0:16:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed by Shakespeare's nephew\Nonly a few months later.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.88,0:16:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both deaths occurred during\Na significant outbreak of he plague in London,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.95,0:16:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Shakespeare returned\Nto Stratford-upon-Avon to write.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.49,0:16:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare's daughter Susanna, \Nmarried the same year,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.54,0:16:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was soon pregnant\Nwith his first grandchild.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.48,0:16:36.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This tumultuous year with its sad deaths\Nand happy announcements,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.66,0:16:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precipitated a surprising change\Nin Shakespeare's career.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.51,0:16:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was around this time\Nhe turned to magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.08,0:16:48.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If this be magic let it be an art.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.62,0:16:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Lawful as eating."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.10,0:16:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His final four works:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.72,0:16:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, \NPericles, and the Tempest,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.67,0:16:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all drew on magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.47,0:17:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are sentimental works with characters\Nlooking for a way to return home,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.95,0:17:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be reunited with their loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.38,0:17:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In much the same way, Shakespeare had, \Nwhen he returned to Stratford-upon-Avon.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.22,0:17:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare died in 1616, aged 52.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.47,0:17:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite the seeming suddenness\Nof the playwright's death,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.62,0:17:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his later plays - written years earlier -
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.16,0:17:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appear to be the work of a writer
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.13,0:17:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oddly aware of the imminence \Nof his own passing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.98,0:17:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his final solo \Nauthored play, "The Tempest",
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.39,0:17:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the protagonist Prospero,\Nhere played by a woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.83,0:17:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is aware that he is approaching\Nthe end of his life,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.87,0:17:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plans to return home to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.69,0:17:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"And thence retire me to my Milan,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.71,0:17:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"where every third thought
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.04,0:17:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"shall be my grave."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.65,0:17:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in "The Winter's Tale",
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.48,0:17:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world weary Camillo also makes plans\Nto go home to die.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.20,0:18:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It is fifteen years \Nsince I saw my country.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.97,0:18:05.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Though I have for the most part\Nbeen aired abroad,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.91,0:18:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I desire to lay my bones there."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.89,0:18:11.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Shakespeare's bones were laid "there"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.49,0:18:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- in his hometown of Stratford-upon-Avon,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.99,0:18:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once a small, unremarkable town.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.18,0:18:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, thanks to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.01,0:18:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most visited places on the planet.
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