[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.15,0:00:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Instructor] Think about\Nall the thousands of books Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.86,0:00:04.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and poems and articles and\Ndictionaries and encyclopedias Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.68,0:00:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and textbooks and so much more. Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.84,0:00:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All those English writings are\Nfundamentally made of what? Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.22,0:00:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,26 letters Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.93,0:00:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yeah, some spaces, but that's it. Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.33,0:00:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These 26 letters forms the building block Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.28,0:00:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of almost every single thing, Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.87,0:00:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the uncountable words and\Nsentences that you can make. Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.83,0:00:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, guess what? Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.03,0:00:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out our nature is similar. Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.76,0:00:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost everything that\Nyou can touch and taste Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.07,0:00:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and smell and feel around you, Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.39,0:00:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the germs to microbes Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.49,0:00:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to stuff like cats and dogs Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.96,0:00:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to oceans and mountains\Nand even planets and stars. Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.04,0:00:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turns out all of these are also made Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.52,0:00:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from just a few building\Nblocks, about a hundred of them. Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.66,0:00:47.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each square over here\Nrepresents a building block, Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.91,0:00:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll talk a little bit Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.74,0:00:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we arrange them and stuff, Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.91,0:00:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these building blocks\Nare called the elements, Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we're gonna\Ntalk about in this video. Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.01,0:00:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do that. Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.15,0:00:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, these elements, Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.62,0:01:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the building blocks are\Nalso called pure substances. Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.71,0:01:03.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like I said earlier, Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.21,0:01:05.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they make up almost all\Nthe matter around us. Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.55,0:01:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if you consider water, Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.50,0:01:11.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's made of two kinds of\Nelements: hydrogen and oxygen. Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.73,0:01:14.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And consider any living\Nbeing like yourself, Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.61,0:01:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are mostly made of six elements: Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.91,0:01:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.61,0:01:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus. Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.52,0:01:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, there are other elements, Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.02,0:01:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these mostly make it up. Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.30,0:01:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to give you another example, Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.43,0:01:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you consider any rock, Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:33.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're mostly made of five elements: Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.66,0:01:38.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,silicon, oxygen, aluminium,\Nmagnesium, and iron. Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.49,0:01:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry about remembering the names Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.20,0:01:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these elements for now. Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.52,0:01:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's important, and I keep repeating Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.29,0:01:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's so important, Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.58,0:01:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that almost all the matter\Nin the universe is made Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.51,0:01:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from these elements. Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.97,0:01:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to study matter, we need\Nto study these elements. Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.87,0:01:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's do that. Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.49,0:01:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We arrange these elements\Nin this particular form, Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.22,0:02:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we call this the periodic table. Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.89,0:02:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might seem daunting at first,\Nbut let's look at it, okay? Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.76,0:02:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first of all, you can see Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.75,0:02:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that each element gets\Na square and a number. Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.66,0:02:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So element number one is hydrogen. Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.42,0:02:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Element number two is over here, helium. Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.85,0:02:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Element number three is lithium. Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.10,0:02:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Element number four is beryllium,\Nand so on and so forth. Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.98,0:02:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we wanna notice over here is Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.27,0:02:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that each element has a symbol,\Nkind of an abbreviation. Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.63,0:02:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, for some elements, Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.50,0:02:27.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's basically the\Nfirst letter of the word. Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.63,0:02:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,H for hydrogen, Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.04,0:02:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,B for boron, Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.39,0:02:32.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C for carbon, Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.01,0:02:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,N for nitrogen, and so on and so forth. Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.29,0:02:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And notice we always use capital letters. Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.87,0:02:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about other elements which start Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.46,0:02:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the same letter, for example, helium? Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.16,0:02:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we ensure we don't\Nconfuse it with hydrogen? Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.65,0:02:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we use first two letters, so He. Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.43,0:02:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similarly for calcium, Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.78,0:02:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make sure we don't\Nconfuse it with carbon, Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.55,0:02:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we use the first two letters,\NCa and so on and so forth. Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.96,0:02:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's important again over here is Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.64,0:02:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to notice how we write it. Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.02,0:02:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we have the two letters, Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.46,0:03:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first letter is capital over here, Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.16,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second letter is small. Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we'll never write helium\Nthis way where both are capital Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.72,0:03:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll never write this\Nway where both are small. Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.00,0:03:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll always write as\Nfirst letter capital, Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.68,0:03:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second letter small, and\Nthat's always the case. Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.56,0:03:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, these make sense,\Nbut what about sodium? Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.22,0:03:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sodium is Na, what's going on over here? Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.95,0:03:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there's more such stuff. Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.60,0:03:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, gold is Au. Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.48,0:03:29.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tungsten, which is used in the\Nfilament of our bulbs, is W? Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.19,0:03:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And lead is Pb. Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.63,0:03:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on over here? Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.28,0:03:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, humanity has known\Nabout these elements Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.08,0:03:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long time now, Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.55,0:03:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some of these symbols\Nare taken from the old names Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.07,0:03:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from different languages\Nlike Greek, Latin, Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.74,0:03:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabic, German, and so on. Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.60,0:03:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, Na stands for natrium, Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.21,0:03:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latin word for sodium. Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.31,0:03:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Au comes from aurum. Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.65,0:03:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pb comes from plumbum,\Nthe Latin word for lead. Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.00,0:03:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fun fact earlier pipes Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.65,0:03:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Roman Empire were made from lead, Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.66,0:03:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore people who used Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.16,0:04:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fix those pipes are called plumbers, Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.02,0:04:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the name is stuck today. Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.49,0:04:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And W comes from the German, wolfram. Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.70,0:04:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now again, you might be thinking, Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.36,0:04:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh my God, how am I supposed\Nto remember all of this?" Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.54,0:04:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't worry, we don't have to do that. Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.10,0:04:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we start talking about\Nsome of the common elements Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.35,0:04:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over again, Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.22,0:04:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll start familiarizing\Nourselves with them. Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.81,0:04:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So don't worry about it. Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.64,0:04:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in summary, all the\Nmatter that you see, Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.01,0:04:21.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost everything in the universe, Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.69,0:04:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made of a few, about\Na hundred elements, Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.24,0:04:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which we also call the pure substances. Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.13,0:04:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're arranged this way Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.48,0:04:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what we call the periodic table. Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.79,0:04:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just like how learning\Nthe English language Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.53,0:04:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is basically figuring out Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.55,0:04:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we can combine these different letters Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.23,0:04:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form very interesting\Nwords and sentences. Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.75,0:04:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trick to learning about matter Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.70,0:04:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is learning how we can combine\Nthese different elements Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.19,0:04:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form interesting new things. Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.95,0:04:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of like legos, Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.66,0:04:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plastic building blocks\Nwe used to play with before. Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.03,0:04:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, imagine we had a hundred different Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.35,0:04:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kinds of legos with us. Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.67,0:04:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then by combining them in\Ndifferent combinations, Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.77,0:04:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can build up almost anything you want. Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.47,0:04:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now you can imagine some Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.67,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these lego structures\Nare like mountains Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.44,0:05:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others are like cats. Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.27,0:05:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can build whatever we want. Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.89,0:05:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can let our imagination lose over here, Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.75,0:05:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is pretty awesome. Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.04,0:05:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you break them all\Ndown into their basic pieces, Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.95,0:05:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you get back your elements.