[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.19,0:00:02.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this video,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.24,0:00:04.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will introduce negligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.85,0:00:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll say Parry is crossing the street
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.13,0:00:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just then
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.29,0:00:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley comes riding by on his bicycle into the intersection too fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.77,0:00:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's an accident
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Parry gets hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.30,0:00:18.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In everyday conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.08,0:00:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would say that Dudley was careless
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.23,0:00:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that his carelessness caused the accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.58,0:00:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if the parties go to court,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.57,0:00:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would say that this is a case about negligence.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.53,0:00:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The defendant is being sued for being negligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.17,0:00:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Negligence is another name
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.89,0:00:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an unintentional tort.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.32,0:00:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In law school you'll frequently hear people say
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.02,0:00:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a plaintiff must prove duty breach causation and damages
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.22,0:00:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to win a negligence claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.89,0:00:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a short way of saying that the elements of negligence are
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.71,0:00:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the defendant owed a duty of reasonable care to the plaintiff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.75,0:01:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The defendant breached that duty of reasonable care
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.70,0:01:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result of the breach,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.66,0:01:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the defendant caused damages to the plaintiff.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.02,0:01:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, using our bicycle accident as an example,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.14,0:01:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's look at the elements of negligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.23,0:01:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,duty,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.88,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breach,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.18,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.79,0:01:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and damages.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.54,0:01:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll start with duty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.75,0:01:24.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By duty we mean that the defendant had an obligation of reasonable care
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.74,0:01:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to avoid causing this type of injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.67,0:01:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To determine whether that obligation exists,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.01,0:01:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,courts will often ask whether the accident and the injury were foreseeable.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.11,0:01:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.15,0:01:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone would probably agree riding a bicycle too
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.19,0:01:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fast through a crosswalk can foreseeably cause an injury
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.71,0:01:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a pedestrian who is crossing the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.84,0:01:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.53,0:01:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the element of duty is probably satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.32,0:01:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley had a duty of reasonable care to avoid this type of injury to Perry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.81,0:02:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.30,0:02:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's look at breach.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.97,0:02:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To determine whether Dudley breached his duty of reasonable care,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.65,0:02:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a court will probably compare Dudley
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.33,0:02:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the reasonable person.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.62,0:02:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the defendant's level of care
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.05,0:02:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,went below the level of care that we would expect from a reasonable person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.65,0:02:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would say the defendant breached his duty of care.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.62,0:02:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, using this chart as an example,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.99,0:02:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would say that whenever the red line goes below the blue line,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.27,0:02:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the defendant breached his duty of care
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.03,0:02:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he showed less care
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.07,0:02:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the reasonable person would.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.18,0:02:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Turning back to our case,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.02,0:02:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people would probably say that a reasonable
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.66,0:02:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,person would not speed through the crosswalk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.70,0:02:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.78,0:02:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cyclist would slow down or stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.98,0:02:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.22,0:02:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dudley was not as careful as he should have been.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.10,0:02:58.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was not as careful as the reasonable person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.58,0:02:59.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.86,0:03:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he probably breached his duty of reasonable care.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.14,0:03:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next we'll look at causation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.75,0:03:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.99,0:03:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in its analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.43,0:03:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a court will ask whether the defendant's breach of his duty of care
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.14,0:03:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,caused
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.11,0:03:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the plaintiff's injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.99,0:03:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.08,0:03:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,courts discuss two types of causation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.68,0:03:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actual cause and proximate cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.40,0:03:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not going to discuss those in too much detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.71,0:03:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actual cause means
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.54,0:03:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the defendant had done something differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.26,0:03:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would the accident still have occurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.82,0:03:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For proximate cause, we ask whether the defendant's actions were
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.14,0:03:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close enough in time and space to the injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.93,0:03:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Based on the facts as we understand them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.28,0:03:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems the defendant did cause the accident
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.27,0:03:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if he had stopped or ridden more slowly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.60,0:03:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would not have been an accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.04,0:04:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it looks like the third element of causation is also satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.36,0:04:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now let's look at damages briefly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.88,0:04:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that there is no dispute
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.16,0:04:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the plaintiff was injured as a result of Dudley's actions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.68,0:04:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Therefore,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.44,0:04:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can say that all four elements of negligence have been satisfied.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.32,0:04:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can predict that Perry will win in his lawsuit because
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.20,0:04:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he should be able to prove all four elements of negligence.