[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Behavioral psychologists have\Ncome up with new views,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.40,0:00:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only of animal behavior, \Nbut of human nature as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.64,0:00:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these views all concern a process\Nthat we take for granted: learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.81,0:00:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we are all truly born to learn.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.21,0:00:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ironically, one of the most important figures\Nin the study of learning, Ivan Pavlov,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.24,0:00:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't concerned with the subject at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.69,0:00:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At least, not at first.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.48,0:00:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pavlov, a noted Russian scientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.16,0:00:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,won the Nobel Prize for Physiology\Nand Medicine in 1904.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.47,0:00:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As this original footage shows, Pavlov \Nwas initially interested in digestion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.62,0:00:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the action of the salivary glands.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.83,0:00:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By diverting the saliva of dogs into test\Ntubes, he could precisely measure
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.09,0:00:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if and how much they salivated\Nduring digestion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.68,0:00:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When food was presented,\Nthe dog salivated quickly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.47,0:00:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an inherited salivary reflex.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.02,0:01:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But over repeated testings,\Na strange thing happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.06,0:01:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dog salivated\Nbefore contact with the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.38,0:01:12.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just the sight of the food was enough\Nto stimulate their drooling.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.64,0:01:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, just seeing the food dish, or even\Nhearing the footsteps of Pavlov or his assistants,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.47,0:01:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was enough to trigger this built-in reflex.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.75,0:01:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was going on to elicit this response?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.47,0:01:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pavlov decided to find out,\Nby systematically varying the stimuli
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.68,0:01:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measuring the dogs' reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.36,0:01:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Metronome clicking]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.87,0:01:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metronomes, lights, and bells\Nwere all used as stimuli,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.43,0:01:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all worked as stand-ins for\Nthe food.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.77,0:01:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What mattered was not the kind of\Nstimulus that was used,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.14,0:01:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the fact that it reliably signaled\Nthat food was on the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.17,0:01:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,♫ Electronic Music ♫
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.57,0:01:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pavlov had discovered a fundamental\Ntype of learning called "Classical Conditioning."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.77,0:02:01.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An original stimulus elicits an automatic\Nunlearned response.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.34,0:02:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both stimulus and response\Nhappen naturally. They are unconditioned.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.80,0:02:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then a second, neutral stimulus, that never\Nelicits the unconditional response by itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.60,0:02:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is introduced just before the presentation\Nof the original stimulus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.43,0:02:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.14,0:02:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.80,0:02:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.78,0:02:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the neutral or signaling stimulus is\Npresented alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.85,0:02:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a response occurs, as if \Nthe original stimulus were still there,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.31,0:02:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say that conditioning has taken place.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.64,0:02:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.74,0:02:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The arbitrary neutral stimulus\Nbecomes a conditioned stimulus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.48,0:02:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.17,0:02:47.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reverse is also true.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.74,0:02:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pavlov and others studied the extinction\Nover time of such conditioned responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.62,0:02:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.45,0:02:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the subject learns that the conditioned\Nstimulus no longer signals a desired event,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.61,0:03:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.61,0:03:05.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the acquisition process is reversed\Nas the learned connection is gradually weakened.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.62,0:03:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell rings continuously]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.24,0:03:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pavlov's work, and the work of those who\Nfollowed him, led to a remarkable conclusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.99,0:03:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is,\Nany stimulus an organism can perceive
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.82,0:03:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is capable of eliciting any reaction\Nthe organism is capable of making.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.05,0:03:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This means that virtually any sound, sight, or smell\Ncan influence the way our muscles tense or relax,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.99,0:03:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our moods fluctuate, or even the way our\Nattitudes are formed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.31,0:03:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, if I say "Relax," and then do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.98,0:03:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gun shot]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.05,0:03:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to be startled and upset.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.35,0:03:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After five or six pairings of "relax",\N[gun shot]
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.44,0:03:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just saying the word "relax"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.58,0:03:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to generate a negative response,\Nrather than its usual learned reaction.