[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.30,0:00:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator)\NAs the world left the Paleolithic Period
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.10,0:00:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and traveled through the Mesolithic,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.57,0:00:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would not be long,\Nhistorically speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.63,0:00:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before humans started to settle down
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.20,0:00:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in permanent farmsteads,\Nvillages, and communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.70,0:00:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Neolithic, or New Stone Age,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.73,0:00:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the final chapter of the Stone Age
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.57,0:00:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first step\Ntowards what we would consider
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.50,0:00:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.20,0:00:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loosely.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.00,0:00:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part of the Neolithic\Nwas the first agricultural revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.37,0:00:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where many human communities\Nbegan transitioning
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.43,0:00:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away from life as hunter-gatherers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.10,0:00:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in favor of farming crops and livestock.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.60,0:00:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This, in turn, allowed for populations\Nto grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.13,0:00:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some settlements spread out\Nto support this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.07,0:00:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forming the world's first\Nlarge-scale communities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.60,0:00:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Neolithic began\Nroughly 12,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.90,0:01:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is actually marked\Nby the first evidence of farming
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.43,0:01:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking place in the fertile crescent\Nof Western Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.63,0:01:10.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These early farms\Ncultivated a small range of crops,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.00,0:01:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as spelt, wheat, einkorn, and millet,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.23,0:01:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still kept dogs in their settlements
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.67,0:01:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to assist with hunting for meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.57,0:01:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It wasn't until 8,000 BC
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.67,0:01:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when modern domesticated animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.80,0:01:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as pigs, goats, and sheep,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.80,0:01:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were brought into human settlements.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.30,0:01:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where the Neolithic ends
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.07,0:01:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depends on where you're located.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.60,0:01:38.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These West Asian cultures
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.63,0:01:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the first\Nto progress out of the Neolithic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.63,0:01:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the advent of metallurgy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.77,0:01:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as they headed into the Bronze Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.03,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other regions of the world\Ntook longer to advance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.60,0:01:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with cultures in Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.20,0:01:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first progressing at around 3,150 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.27,0:02:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Europe in 2,000 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.83,0:02:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we will be examining\Nthese cultures in greater detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.67,0:02:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did the Neolithic humans of Europe,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.43,0:02:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asia, and Africa live their lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.43,0:02:14.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did they progress, learn, and thrive
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.00,0:02:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the early historical landscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.40,0:02:19.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would grow to call home?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.43,0:02:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Join us as we answer\Nthese questions and more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.80,0:02:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exploring the Neolithic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.00,0:02:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mysterious and ancient New Stone Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.20,0:02:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Asian cultures were\Nby far the first to show evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.80,0:02:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stable farming communities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.90,0:02:40.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the earliest forms of civilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.50,0:02:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This technology first came to light
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.77,0:02:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Western Asia and the Levant,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.37,0:02:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encompassing regions\Nmaking up modern day Turkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.90,0:02:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Syria, Iraq, and Jordan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.50,0:02:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is suspected to have begun
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.80,0:02:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when hunter-gatherers\Nbegan to understand the process
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.00,0:02:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which plants grew.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.93,0:03:02.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is thought that, in the first instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.43,0:03:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these hunter-gatherers\Nwould simply scatter seeds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.60,0:03:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around the region they found them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.67,0:03:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to prompt the growth\Nof more plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.87,0:03:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus resulting in more food.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.80,0:03:15.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would have been a great deal
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.83,0:03:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of trial and error involved in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.30,0:03:22.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as is the way with any new technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.30,0:03:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hunter-gatherers are thought\Nto have finally made the leap
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.73,0:03:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when localized climate change\Nforced parts of the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.10,0:03:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into long dry seasons,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.20,0:03:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a climate that favors plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.30,0:03:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which complete their life cycle\Nin one year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.73,0:03:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certain grains and pulses\Nwere available to be harvested
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.83,0:03:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at differing points in the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.67,0:03:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to a wide variety of food\Nready to eat year round.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.83,0:03:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was off the back of this
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.67,0:03:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the first settlements\Nwere able to arise.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.03,0:03:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neolithic communities in the Levant
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.87,0:03:58.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought to have had a basic grasp
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.33,0:04:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over seed selection and reseeding,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.97,0:04:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowing the finest crops\Nto be cultivated and harvested
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.83,0:04:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on preferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.47,0:04:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some grains were ground down into flour
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.57,0:04:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using mortar and pestles,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.53,0:04:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, as technology progressed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.73,0:04:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would eventually be used\Nto make a range of new foods.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.33,0:04:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is evidence from Jericho, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.93,0:04:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that figs were in fact the first crop\Nto be cultivated by humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.23,0:04:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fig remains were discovered\Nin an ancient settlement
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.47,0:04:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which dated back to around 9,400 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.70,0:04:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These figs were a domesticated variety
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.57,0:04:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from trees that are only able to reproduce
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.40,0:04:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cuttings selected by humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.20,0:04:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless another crop is discovered\Nthat predates them,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.87,0:04:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have reason to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.80,0:04:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fig trees\Nwere the first domesticated plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.23,0:04:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Agriculture is not a technology
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.57,0:04:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was discovered once\Nand spread across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.83,0:05:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one that was invented independently
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.40,0:05:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by many different cultures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.33,0:05:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were progressing technologically\Nat the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.73,0:05:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There would have been plenty of spread
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.93,0:05:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the immediate regions\Nit was developed in,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.87,0:05:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but agriculture is thought\Nto have been instigated
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.83,0:05:21.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over 11 separate times\Nby different cultures across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.77,0:05:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting in Western Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.73,0:05:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neolithic humans in Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.73,0:05:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were also the first\Nto have set up a place of worship.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.47,0:05:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A temple-like building located
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.53,0:05:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ancient Turkish archeological site\Nof Göbekli Tepe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.93,0:05:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established around 9,500 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.97,0:05:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is thought\Nto have been the first of its kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.93,0:05:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was actually developed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.60,0:05:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the buildings around it\Nwere established.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.97,0:05:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people who built this structure
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.10,0:05:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were still very much living\Nas hunter-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.93,0:05:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around the temple lie seven stone circles,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.27,0:06:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which\Nare made up of limestone pillars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.20,0:06:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engraved with depictions\Nof various species of mammal,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.93,0:06:07.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bird, and invertebrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Amazingly, hundreds of people
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.07,0:06:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought to have worked\Non these structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.63,0:06:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which may have once been shrines\Nadjacent to the main temple
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.77,0:06:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered by basic roofing mechanisms.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.27,0:06:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar but slightly younger sites\Nhave been uncovered
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.90,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what is now\NIsrael, Jordan, and Lebanon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Asian settlements\Nin the early Neolithic became long term,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.20,0:06:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people started\Nto abandon the nomadic lifestyle
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.60,0:06:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in favor of a solid structure
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.73,0:06:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would keep them warm\Nand sheltered year round.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.33,0:06:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These early houses were circular in shape,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.57,0:06:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only one room\Nthat served as a multi-purpose bedroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.00,0:06:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living area, and makeshift kitchen
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.60,0:06:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prepare food from cultivated crops.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.30,0:07:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These earliest houses\Nwere made of mudbrick,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.03,0:07:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,air-dried blocks\Ncomposed from mud bound with straw.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.67,0:07:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some cases, early communities\Nhad basic stone walls
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.80,0:07:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even stone towers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.30,0:07:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These basic defenses were sufficient
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.90,0:07:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep communities safe\Nfrom wild animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rival groups of humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.80,0:07:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and natural hazards\Nsuch as floods and storms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.43,0:07:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smaller walls can be found within
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.90,0:07:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may have served as animal pens
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.63,0:07:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or food storage areas
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.47,0:07:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been used\Nby the whole settlement.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.43,0:07:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around 8,800 BC,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.00,0:07:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we start to see evidence\Nof what has been coined
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.00,0:07:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the pre-pottery Neolithic B period."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.90,0:07:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One major change taking place\Naround this time
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.70,0:07:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that round houses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.30,0:07:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically switch to rectangular\Nor square houses
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.57,0:07:56.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with multiple rooms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.63,0:08:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would have allowed families\Nresiding within further privacy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.13,0:08:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and would form the bases\Nof the houses we live in today.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.53,0:08:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also start to gain a better insight
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.07,0:08:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into early human religions,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.20,0:08:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beliefs, and cultures at this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.57,0:08:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Figurines of both men and women
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.50,0:08:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found made from gypsum and stone
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.27,0:08:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been discovered in settlements\Nwithin what is now Syria,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.97,0:08:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is evidence\Nthat these early mudbrick houses
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.53,0:08:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the places of religious spectacles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.27,0:08:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be considered obscene\Nin the modern day.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.00,0:08:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human remains found within\Nand outside these houses
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.27,0:08:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest that these people worshiped
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.57,0:08:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or venerated their dead in some way,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.50,0:08:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preserving their skulls within the houses
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.30,0:08:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and plastering them with dried mud\Nto form facial features.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.27,0:08:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps this was a way\Nof keeping the deceased loved one
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.63,0:08:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with them after death,\Nalbeit a way
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.50,0:09:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be considered\Nvery strange in today's world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.93,0:09:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When families preserve their loved ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.57,0:09:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would leave the rest of the body\Noutside to decay
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.67,0:09:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to nothing but bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.83,0:09:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These bones would then be buried
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.87,0:09:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underneath the floor of the abode.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.40,0:09:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Following on from this period,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.47,0:09:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we enter the late Neolithic
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.70,0:09:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focused around the Fertile Crescent\Nof the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.93,0:09:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This time is characterized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.73,0:09:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the first experiments with pottery,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.07,0:09:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed in the southern reaches\Nof the Levant.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.80,0:09:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These experiments are centered\Naround North Mesopotamia
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.77,0:09:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and include sites such as Tell Hassuna\Nand Jarmo.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.63,0:09:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thick, handmade pottery\Nwas developed here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.87,0:09:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alongside clay figurines\Nof humans and animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.93,0:09:50.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of which depict pregnant women,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.67,0:09:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entities that were revered\Nas fertility goddesses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.80,0:09:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, pottery would be decorated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.90,0:09:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with geometric shapes and patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.53,0:10:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which were traded with other settlements
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.60,0:10:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for food and other resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.03,0:10:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some early communities within Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.03,0:10:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,followed the same processes\Nas the ones listed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.23,0:10:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the previous segment of this video,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.53,0:10:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just after they took place\Nin Western Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.23,0:10:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Far Eastern Africa, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.17,0:10:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the first to develop agriculture\Nand farming capabilities,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.37,0:10:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and agrarian societies started to appear
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.13,0:10:32.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 8,000 BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.47,0:10:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Domestication\Nof more advanced animal species,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.87,0:10:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,specifically sheep and goats,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.47,0:10:42.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is thought to have reached Egypt\Nin around 6,000 BC
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.00,0:10:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a direct spread\Nfrom Western Asian societies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.20,0:10:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were perhaps trading with them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.40,0:10:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via the land bridge\Nconnecting the two continents.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.03,0:10:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some regions, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.90,0:10:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the domestication of crops and animals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.03,0:11:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is thought to have happened independently,\Nwith no influence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.33,0:11:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on early hunter-gatherers\Nfrom outside cultures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.33,0:11:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is still a topic of debate\Namong scholars,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.80,0:11:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with some arguing that crops\Nwere domesticated indigenously,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.97,0:11:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and others claiming that migrant farmers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.60,0:11:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,settling in Africa from Asia
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.93,0:11:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought some technologies with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.23,0:11:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whilst Egypt\Nand the regions that surrounded it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.20,0:11:27.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the first\Nto enter the Neolithic period in Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.23,0:11:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other areas of the continent\Ntook slightly longer to progress.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.93,0:11:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In areas such as Algeria and Morocco,\Nfor example,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.13,0:11:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agrarian societies cropped up\Nas a result of farming
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.90,0:11:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being introduced by Europeans
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.13,0:11:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,living on the Iberian Peninsula
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.60,0:11:48.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had already discovered\Nthe technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.53,0:11:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As humans traveled across to Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.43,0:11:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have brought\Ndomesticated grains,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.07,0:11:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as knowledge, with them
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.00,0:11:58.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the early African cultures
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.03,0:12:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who adopted the lifestyle for themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.17,0:12:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This led to some North African societies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.07,0:12:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading pastoralist lifestyles,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.57,0:12:10.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relying on the wide open plains\Nand scrublands of the continent
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.63,0:12:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to allow their livestock to graze.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.80,0:12:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pastoralism is practiced\Nin many modern day mountainous regions,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.43,0:12:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was vital to the lifestyles\Nof these early North Africans.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.60,0:12:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some pastoralists will occasionally move
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.00,0:12:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the seasons\Nand availability of resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.37,0:12:32.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,herding their animals to new locations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.77,0:12:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when pastures are fully grazed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.33,0:12:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This leads to a great degree\Nof flexibility,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.40,0:12:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, as a result,\Nsome of these early people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.17,0:12:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not fixed to the regions\Nin which they initially settled.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.07,0:12:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Morocco was the earliest\Nnon-Egyptian region of Africa
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.13,0:12:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to adopt pottery making technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.90,0:12:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most notably at this site\Nknown as Kaf El Ghar
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.30,0:12:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the modern country's Taza province.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.37,0:13:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is also extensive evidence here
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.00,0:13:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the early adoption\Nof cereal grain domestication,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.80,0:13:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as animal husbandry,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.23,0:13:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as sheep and goats were brought\Ninto the region
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.07,0:13:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from both Europe and the Levant.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.63,0:13:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people of Sub-Saharan Africa\Nadopted pastoralism
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.53,0:13:20.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as their main way of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.43,0:13:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than becoming wholly agrarian.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.63,0:13:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This spread across the regions\Nsurrounding the Rif Valley,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.60,0:13:30.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where sheep, goats, and eventually cattle
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.73,0:13:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were domesticated\Nfor their meat, skins, and milk.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.40,0:13:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Earthenware pots\Nwere developed in these areas,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.57,0:13:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as were mortars and pestles,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.63,0:13:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grindstones, and stone bowls.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.07,0:13:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The dead were buried in "cairns,"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.57,0:13:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a type of communal indoor graveyard,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.50,0:13:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as opposed\Nto within the settlements themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.33,0:13:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually,\Nthis way of life would spread south
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.43,0:14:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tribes\Nsuch as the KhoeKhoe, a group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.10,0:14:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have covered previously\Non this channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.07,0:14:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Farming technologies are thought\Nto have entered Europe
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.27,0:14:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as early as 7,000 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.23,0:14:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the technology\Nspread throughout the Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.63,0:14:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Near East and the Levant.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.33,0:14:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between 5,000 and 4,000 years ago,\Nthis technology
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.60,0:14:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would then reach\Nthe western parts of the continent,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.73,0:14:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running through what is now\NGermany and Poland,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.70,0:14:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through to France,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.03,0:14:33.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as South through Italy\Nand the Iberian Peninsula.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.97,0:14:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scandinavia and the British Isles,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.73,0:14:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a result of their relative isolation,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.43,0:14:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were the last\Nto have developed the technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.33,0:14:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as migrant farmers traveled north
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.63,0:14:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what is today France and Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.47,0:14:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless of the time\Nthey entered the Neolithic,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.93,0:14:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many cultures and communities
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.03,0:14:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sprung up across Europe in this time
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.00,0:15:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared several basic characteristics:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.43,0:15:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they lived in small villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.80,0:15:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often in family groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.77,0:15:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a divided labor\Nbetween both animals and plant farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.07,0:15:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as hunters, potters,\Nand woodworkers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.60,0:15:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wood was chopped using basic stone axes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.63,0:15:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the dense surrounding forests\Nof Europe, which was then applied
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.20,0:15:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the infrastructure\Nof houses and buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.03,0:15:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well as fires to keep communities warm
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.73,0:15:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the long, cold winters.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.10,0:15:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some Neolithic communities\Nfrom around the Mediterranean
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.07,0:15:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took their settlements a step further,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.63,0:15:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reinforcing their villages\Nwith palisade walls and sentry towers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.67,0:15:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,likely to ward off\Nand scout out approaching invaders
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.47,0:15:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or raiders from neighboring settlements.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.43,0:15:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some communities in Neolithic Britain
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.13,0:15:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,favored a pastoralist lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.90,0:15:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would herd cattle\Nacross the hills
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.33,0:15:59.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forests of this ancient land,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.83,0:16:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subsiding on their meat
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.33,0:16:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and supplementing their diet\Nwith plant matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.03,0:16:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is also evidence to suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:16:07.50,0:16:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the Neolithic peoples of Europe\Nwere religious.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.43,0:16:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An artifact discovered\Nat an archeological site
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.90,0:16:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in what is now\Nthe Vidin province of Bulgaria
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.23,0:16:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was identified in 2018
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.50,0:16:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the head of a figure that is thought
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.67,0:16:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have represented a mother goddess.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.83,0:16:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These figures have been found\Nacross Europe and Asia,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.77,0:16:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and are argued by some\Nto represent the embodiment of fertility.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.37,0:16:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others disagree,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.07,0:16:38.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stating that these are figurines
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.27,0:16:42.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are intended\Nto represent wisdom and wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.43,0:16:47.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some cultures are also known\Nto have constructed huge megaliths.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.47,0:16:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These structures can be composed\Nof a single or multiple stones,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.03,0:16:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often arranged in intricate patterns\Nor shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.20,0:17:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most famous of the over 35,000\Nlocated in Europe alone
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.67,0:17:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, without a doubt, Stonehenge,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.20,0:17:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,located on what is now the Salisbury Plain
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.20,0:17:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Wiltshire in England.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.90,0:17:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constructed in the late Neolithic,\Nsome of the stones
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.50,0:17:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought to have been\Nbrought to the location
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.37,0:17:20.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from over 150 miles away.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.37,0:17:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was constructed using joints
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.50,0:17:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are not found\Nin any other megalithic structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.93,0:17:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making it one of the most sophisticated
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.63,0:17:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and advanced pieces of architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.87,0:17:33.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the entire Neolithic.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.53,0:17:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its purpose is thought\Nto have been religious,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.53,0:17:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps used as an ancient temple
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.03,0:17:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aligned with the sun's movements.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.00,0:17:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sun rises directly over the Heel Stone
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.13,0:17:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on both the shortest\Nand longest days of the year,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.73,0:17:52.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Summer and Winter solstices.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.43,0:17:55.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the time the Neolithic came to an end,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.63,0:17:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people of Europe had settled\Ninto more agrarian societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.00,0:18:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complete with a whole host\Nof animals on their farms.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.03,0:18:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As well as cattle, sheep and goats
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.50,0:18:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,provided milk, meat, and wool,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.73,0:18:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whilst wild pigs were kept in the woods
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.23,0:18:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and farmed for their meat.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.63,0:18:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dogs, domesticated much longer ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.53,0:18:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were trained to help on farms,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.80,0:18:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,herding sheep and keeping a close eye out
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.33,0:18:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for predators or raiders.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.97,0:18:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that's a rundown of the key events
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.70,0:18:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and happenings of the Neolithic.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.37,0:18:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Neolithic was\Nto be the last instance in history
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.17,0:18:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when stones were used\Nas a primary construct in technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.23,0:18:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The forthcoming Chalcolithic,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.43,0:18:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject of our next part\Nin this series,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.33,0:18:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would see the introduction\Nof the very first metals
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.33,0:18:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,harnessed and applied by ancient peoples:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.10,0:18:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,copper and tin.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.60,0:18:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As people moved into this new age,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.57,0:19:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would experience a whole host\Nof new technologies,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.53,0:19:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weapons, and ways of living,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.90,0:19:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of which\Nwould contribute significantly
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.70,0:19:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in laying the foundations of the world\Nwe recognize today.