WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:02.866 The magnificent coastal waters of British Columbia NOTE Paragraph 00:00:02.866 --> 00:00:05.625 are home to an abundance of incredible marine wildlife 00:00:05.805 --> 00:00:08.409 including humpback whales, steller sea lions, 00:00:08.409 --> 00:00:11.458 orcas, porpoises, and harbour seals. 00:00:11.688 --> 00:00:13.208 The BC coast is also home 00:00:13.208 --> 00:00:17.625 to one of the most iconic, recognizable and lovable aquatic mammals: 00:00:17.625 --> 00:00:19.000 the sea otter. 00:00:19.000 --> 00:00:22.180 With its long whiskers and grizzled facial fur, 00:00:22.180 --> 00:00:25.142 these endearing animals have fittingly earned the nickname: 00:00:25.170 --> 00:00:26.916 the “old man of the sea”. 00:00:27.046 --> 00:00:29.699 But despite their cute appearance and engaging antics, 00:00:29.905 --> 00:00:31.450 sea otters have actually endured 00:00:31.450 --> 00:00:33.602 a long dark history in North America, 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:36.708 once pushed to the very brink of extinction. 00:00:36.938 --> 00:00:38.503 My name is John E. Marriott. 00:00:38.503 --> 00:00:40.493 With this episode, we’re exposing you 00:00:40.493 --> 00:00:43.626 to one of Canada’s great environmental success stories: 00:00:43.816 --> 00:00:47.200 the miraculous recovery of the once-extirpated sea otter 00:00:47.281 --> 00:00:48.798 on the BC coast. 00:00:49.515 --> 00:00:51.898 (Music) 00:01:02.553 --> 00:01:03.601 Sea otters are unique 00:01:03.611 --> 00:01:06.620 in that they're the smallest member of the marine mammal family, 00:01:06.620 --> 00:01:09.466 yet also the largest member of the weasel family. 00:01:09.726 --> 00:01:12.638 Found around sheltered islands, reefs, fjords, and bays, 00:01:13.045 --> 00:01:15.196 sea otters feed on a variety of seafood, 00:01:15.196 --> 00:01:18.786 including clams, mussels, crabs and sea urchins. 00:01:18.876 --> 00:01:20.416 It’s not uncommon for sea otters 00:01:20.416 --> 00:01:22.500 to float around in the water on their back 00:01:22.500 --> 00:01:23.936 with their food on their belly 00:01:23.936 --> 00:01:25.668 like a picnic spread on a table, 00:01:25.668 --> 00:01:28.781 and remarkably, they are one of the only animals in the world 00:01:28.795 --> 00:01:30.545 to use tools like we do. 00:01:30.625 --> 00:01:32.685 Using rocks and other objects 00:01:32.685 --> 00:01:34.750 to crack open their hard-shelled food 00:01:34.750 --> 00:01:36.921 to get at the yummy stuff inside. 00:01:36.971 --> 00:01:39.155 Sea otters require a ton of food 00:01:39.155 --> 00:01:42.041 to stay warm in the cold, coastal pacific waters 00:01:42.041 --> 00:01:44.083 and eat up to 30% 00:01:44.083 --> 00:01:46.244 of their body weight every single day. 00:01:46.805 --> 00:01:48.211 Unlike other marine mammals, 00:01:48.211 --> 00:01:50.256 they don’t actually have a lot of body fat 00:01:50.256 --> 00:01:51.356 to insulate themselves, 00:01:51.356 --> 00:01:53.797 which is why they have one of the thickest fur coats 00:01:53.797 --> 00:01:54.845 in the animal kingdom, 00:01:54.845 --> 00:01:56.423 made up of two types of hair: 00:01:56.423 --> 00:01:58.338 long, sparse guard hairs 00:01:58.368 --> 00:02:02.425 and feathery-soft, super dense warm underfur. 00:02:03.129 --> 00:02:06.546 Unfortunately, it is these beautiful, luxurious coats 00:02:06.586 --> 00:02:09.140 that are the very reason sea otters once vanished 00:02:09.220 --> 00:02:12.090 from British Columbia and Canada altogether. 00:02:12.900 --> 00:02:15.561 Before the fur trade began in the early 1800s, 00:02:15.811 --> 00:02:18.046 the world’s sea otter population was estimated 00:02:18.056 --> 00:02:21.791 at between 150,000 and 300,000 animals. 00:02:22.121 --> 00:02:25.221 But by the early 1900s, just over a century later, 00:02:25.251 --> 00:02:27.898 the population had been totally decimated 00:02:27.978 --> 00:02:30.560 by our insatiable appetite for their fur 00:02:30.620 --> 00:02:33.066 and less than 2,000 animals remained. 00:02:33.436 --> 00:02:34.676 Eventually, the sea otter 00:02:34.726 --> 00:02:37.126 disappeared from the BC Coast completely 00:02:37.186 --> 00:02:38.498 The last otter shot 00:02:38.518 --> 00:02:41.708 and killed off Vancouver Island in 1929. 00:02:42.218 --> 00:02:44.363 The long road to recovery for our sea otters 00:02:44.363 --> 00:02:45.879 began with the combined efforts 00:02:45.879 --> 00:02:48.249 of federal, state and provincial governments 00:02:48.329 --> 00:02:50.641 in both Canada and the United States. 00:02:50.766 --> 00:02:53.643 Between 1969 and 1972, 00:02:53.693 --> 00:02:55.500 89 sea otters from Alaska 00:02:55.500 --> 00:02:57.545 were released in Checleset Bay 00:02:57.545 --> 00:03:00.038 off the west coast of Vancouver Island. 00:03:00.288 --> 00:03:04.007 Amazingly, this reintroduced population prospered almost immediately 00:03:04.007 --> 00:03:06.048 in the superb coastal habitat 00:03:06.192 --> 00:03:07.450 and by 1996, 00:03:07.470 --> 00:03:11.750 had doubled more than four times to over 1500 otters. 00:03:11.970 --> 00:03:14.348 The stunning initial success of the reintroduction 00:03:14.348 --> 00:03:17.730 led the federal government to downgrade the sea otters’ status 00:03:17.740 --> 00:03:19.476 as a species at risk 00:03:19.486 --> 00:03:21.538 from ‘endangered’ to ‘threatened’. 00:03:21.538 --> 00:03:25.646 By 2004, the population had expanded even more dramatically, 00:03:25.887 --> 00:03:29.928 with sea otters found as far south as Vargas Island in Clayoquot Sound, 00:03:30.491 --> 00:03:34.213 as far north as the northern tip of Vancouver Island, at Cape Scott, 00:03:34.373 --> 00:03:37.733 and as far east as Hope Island in Queen Charlotte Strait. 00:03:38.703 --> 00:03:40.306 Today, sea otters have expanded 00:03:40.306 --> 00:03:42.477 even further afield in British Columbia 00:03:42.535 --> 00:03:44.423 and their status has been downgraded 00:03:44.443 --> 00:03:47.236 from a ‘threatened’ species to one of ‘special concern’. 00:03:47.446 --> 00:03:50.634 Their continued recovery and expansion on the West Canadian coast 00:03:50.634 --> 00:03:52.109 is now considered to be NOTE Paragraph 00:03:52.109 --> 00:03:55.388 one of the most successful mammal reintroductions in Canadian history! 00:03:55.980 --> 00:03:58.750 But this astonishing success story doesn’t end there: 00:03:58.910 --> 00:04:01.128 sea otters are known as a ‘keystone species’ 00:04:01.128 --> 00:04:03.320 meaning that even a small number of them 00:04:03.320 --> 00:04:06.685 can have a dramatic effect on shaping healthy ecosystems. 00:04:07.215 --> 00:04:09.808 If we look back at when sea otters were eradicated, 00:04:10.008 --> 00:04:12.222 rocks and reefs quickly became overrun 00:04:12.532 --> 00:04:14.783 with dense populations of sea urchins 00:04:14.933 --> 00:04:18.039 and these sea urchins in turn wiped out the kelp forests 00:04:18.243 --> 00:04:20.693 that are so critical to our ocean’s health, 00:04:20.883 --> 00:04:24.233 essentially removing this ‘rainforest of the sea’ 00:04:24.583 --> 00:04:27.333 so-called because of the kelp forests’ ability 00:04:27.333 --> 00:04:31.508 to provide food, shelter, oxygen and a nursery environment 00:04:31.508 --> 00:04:33.713 for a wide variety of sea life. 00:04:34.823 --> 00:04:36.380 So with sea otters reintroduced 00:04:36.380 --> 00:04:38.563 and reoccupying their former habitat 00:04:38.623 --> 00:04:43.180 and resuming their crucial role in the ecology of BC’s coastal ecosystems, 00:04:43.446 --> 00:04:45.948 the environmental spin-off has been remarkable: 00:04:46.048 --> 00:04:48.138 the out-of-control sea urchin populations 00:04:48.138 --> 00:04:49.998 have been brought back under control, 00:04:49.998 --> 00:04:52.611 and the kelp forests have returned and flourished, 00:04:53.011 --> 00:04:54.665 completely reshaping our coast 00:04:54.665 --> 00:04:56.340 in a wonderful way. 00:04:57.310 --> 00:04:59.534 Despite the success of their reintroduction, 00:04:59.543 --> 00:05:02.203 sea otters continue to face a number of threats. 00:05:02.403 --> 00:05:05.166 The most serious is from environmental contaminants 00:05:05.166 --> 00:05:06.710 like oil spills. 00:05:06.868 --> 00:05:09.290 Oil spills are catastrophic for sea otters 00:05:09.571 --> 00:05:12.618 their fur loses its buoyancy and insulating capabilities 00:05:12.778 --> 00:05:15.135 and the otters end up dying from exposure. 00:05:15.436 --> 00:05:17.453 Those otters that do survive initially, 00:05:17.673 --> 00:05:19.640 end up inhaling and ingesting oil 00:05:19.640 --> 00:05:21.876 when they groom their oil-slicked fur 00:05:21.966 --> 00:05:23.938 causing even more deaths. 00:05:24.018 --> 00:05:26.368 Not surprisingly, the sea otter populations 00:05:26.368 --> 00:05:28.768 took almost three decades to recover 00:05:28.788 --> 00:05:32.261 from the Exxon-Valdez spill off the coast of Alaska. 00:05:33.125 --> 00:05:34.351 For these reasons 00:05:34.364 --> 00:05:37.826 it's critical that we continue to protect sea otter habitat 00:05:37.866 --> 00:05:39.831 and continue to monitor and reduce 00:05:39.831 --> 00:05:42.355 the risk of oil spills along the BC coast. 00:05:43.365 --> 00:05:44.828 Thanks for watching everyone, 00:05:44.828 --> 00:05:46.470 we really appreciate the support! 00:05:46.470 --> 00:05:49.025 Please let us know what you thought about the episode 00:05:49.025 --> 00:05:50.155 in the comments below, 00:05:50.165 --> 00:05:51.600 and don’t forget to subscribe 00:05:51.600 --> 00:05:53.526 and click that little notification bell 00:05:53.526 --> 00:05:55.168 so you don't miss our next episode 00:05:55.168 --> 00:05:57.116 Thanks everyone, see you soon! 00:05:56.660 --> 00:05:59.000 Margarida Ferreira's captions (november-2023)