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[TYPING] [MUSIC] Welcome

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back to another Jocs Productions video.

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Today, we're gonna be taking

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a look at World War I.

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We're gonna try to help you score

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a five on that APUSH exam in May.

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And if you're reading any APUSH textbook,

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and you're studying World War I,

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this video is gonna help you out.

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And one important point to keep in mind is

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remember, U.S. entry

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into World War I was a slow process.

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In the beginning of the war,

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we are neutral,

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but continued violations of U.S.

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neutrality is gonna put Woodrow Wilson

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in a difficult position.

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Remember, we had learned about events such

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as the sinking of the British ship the

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Lusitania, the French ship the Sussex.

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And Germany does apologize for the sinking

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of some of those ships,

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and there is a temporary pause

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in German sinking of ships.

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After the Sussex,

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they issued the Sussex Pledge,

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where they promised not to sink

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any more ships without warning.

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However, Germany proceeds to commit other

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acts which angers many people in America.

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There is the Zimmermann Note you should

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know about, where the British intercept

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a German proposal to Mexico

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calling for a joint alliance.

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And basically, in the Zimmermann Note,

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Germany's asking Mexico

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to attack the United States,

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to form an alliance,

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and they would be allowed to recover

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the lost territory,

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that territory in the light green.

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This obviously causes a lot

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of anger in the United States.

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And in spring of 1917, Germany returns

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to unrestricted submarine warfare.

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They just start sinking ships.

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And they knew that this would cause

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the U.S. to enter into World War I,

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but they were hoping they would win

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the war before U.S. troops

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could get to Europe.

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Well, enough was enough,

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and in April of 1917, Congress

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declares war against Germany.

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The United States enters World War I.

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In fact, when Wilson asks Congress

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to declare war,

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he says one of the things that he was

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hoping for was to make

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the world safe for democracy.

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Wilson really believed that this

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would be the war to end all wars.

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But make sure you know that the key

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factors for our involvement

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in World War I, one,

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German attacks on American shipping;

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two, the Zimmermann telegram

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proposing an alliance with Mexico.

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But don't forget that Wilson has a desire

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to be involved in the post-war settlement.

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Now, when the war starts, the United States

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is completely unprepared for war.

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We have a lack of fighting men,

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factories are not prepared for war

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production, and the country

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has to mobilize for war.

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In fact, one of the first things they do

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is they pass the Selective Service Act,

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which basically starts

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conscription or a draft.

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It organizes a draft

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for soldiers to fight in the war.

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All men between a certain

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age have to register.

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And the big fighting force under

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General Pershing

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will be known as

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the American Expeditionary Force,

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and they will do a lot of the heavy

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fighting over in Europe

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near the end of the war.

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This is a total war effort,

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which basically means all aspects of

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the country mobilize for the war effort.

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So, not just on the battlefield,

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but also on the home front.

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In fact, one of the big things that they

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needed to do was pay for the war.

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And the war will be financed by war bonds,

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sometimes referred to as liberty loans,

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and income taxes, which were allowed to be

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taken by the government as

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a result of the 16th Amendment.

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An important point you definitely need

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to keep in mind is that all these

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different agencies where the federal

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government and business working together

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will be created during World War I.

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This is a huge mobilization.

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So, for example,

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you have the National War Labor Board,

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which was intended to help mediate

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labor disputes and prevent strikes,

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so the federal government working

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with organized labor and business

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to try to keep the war production going.

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Unions had different

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opinions about World War I.

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The American Federation of Labor supported

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the war effort, whereas the IWW oftentimes

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opposed the war and called

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for strikes during war production.

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Another government agency working with

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business was the War Industries Board.

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They would set production priorities

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for the war,

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so allocating scarce resources,

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centralizing control over raw materials

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and prices so that the war could

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be won with efficient production.

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Another one you should know about is

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the U.S. Food Administration headed

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by a future president, Herbert Hoover,

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which encouraged Americans to conserve

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food for the war effort so that there

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would be enough meat, sugar,

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and other supplies for soldiers

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over on the battlefield.

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And an interesting thing happens as

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a result of this war effort,

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is World War I boosted support

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for temperance, or rather prohibition.

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In fact, support for the 18th Amendment

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increases, and the 18th Amendment

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prohibited the sale, consumption,

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manufacture, or transport of alcohol.

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And there's a couple of different

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reasons why the war will do this.

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One, you wanna conserve resources, which

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we need food resources for the war effort.

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But also there's a lot of anti-German

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sentiment in the United States.

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And if you don't know much about beer,

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beer is very much a German tradition.

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Another aspect of the war that's important

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to know about is the effort to silence

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dissent, or to stop people

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from opposing the war.

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And there were organizations

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run by the federal government, such as

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the Committee of Public Information.

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This one was headed by George Creel,

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very important guy, who promoted

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the US war effort with propaganda.

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And their job was to create films

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and posters and speeches to get people

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to buy liberty loans and war bonds

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and to get people to support World War I.

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For those people that tried to oppose it,

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different laws were put in place.

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Espionage Act is one.

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In 1917, it prohibited interference

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with the draft or the war effort.

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You could actually be put in jail.

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The Sedition Act was passed in 1918.

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This is much more broad

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than the Espionage Act.

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It banned anybody from

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criticizing the government.

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So, you could not speak ill of Congress,

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the president, the military,

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the American flag.

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And nearly around 2,000

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people are arrested,

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many put in jail,

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such as Eugene Debs for violating

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the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

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In fact, one of the things that happens as

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a result of the war is a huge

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increase in anti-German sentiment.

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In fact, nativists, anti-immigrant

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individuals attack all things German.

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They're referred to as the Huns in popular

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posters like the one you see right there.

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Now, I know what you're wondering,

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what about the First Amendment?

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And the Supreme Court of the United States

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did hear a case, one of the first cases,

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the first case about the First Amendment,

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Schenck versus the United States.

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And what happens is, there's a guy

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named Charles Schenck who was arrested.

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He's a socialist.

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He's arrested under the Espionage Act

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for mailing leaflets, pamphlets,

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to men eligible for the draft.

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And he basically is telling them,

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"Don't go and fight in this war."

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He's arrested under the Espionage Act,

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and he sues the government on the grounds

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that they are violating

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his First Amendment rights.

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And what happens,

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in an unanimous decision,

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the Supreme Court supports the argument

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that freedom of speech

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could be restricted.

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And they basically say Congress has

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the power to restrain speech,

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to ban speech, if it posed

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a clear and present danger.

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And they use this example that you're not

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allowed to go into a crowded theater

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and yell fire and claim

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First Amendment rights.

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And they say freedom

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of speech can be restricted.

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And it's really important that you

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understand there was a very restrictive

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atmosphere for civil liberties

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in America during World War I.

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And this is not the first time we've seen

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this delicate balance between security,

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being safe, and liberty,

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our freedoms in a time of crisis.

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So, World War I, we see things like

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the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act.

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And recall during the French Revolution,

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Federalists passed the Alien

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and Sedition Acts, basically taking away

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rights from people at a

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time of alleged crisis.

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And once again, during the Civil War,

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you see Lincoln using his suspension

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of the writ of Habeas Corpus to try

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to keep the border states in the union.

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And we're gonna see this again and again.

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World War I is not the first time.

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World War I is going to have

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a huge impact on the home front.

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A lot of different groups are

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gonna be impacted by the war.

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And in fact, African-Americans were

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already, before the war even started,

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kind of roughly in 1910,

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large migration of African-Americans

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to Northern cities like Chicago.

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And this is called the Great Migration,

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and you can see that in this

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painting right here.

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There's a lot of reasons why

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African-Americans are moving north.

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One, crappy racial relations,

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Jim Crow laws in the South,

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and so you wanna get out.

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But what changes during World War I is

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the opening of new economic opportunities,

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jobs in Northern factories as white

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men were drafted and sent off to war.

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During this time, you also see an increase

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in Mexican immigration into the US to work

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in agriculture,

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primarily in the Southwest,

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to take over jobs that were

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needed during the war effort.

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Nearly 400,000 African-Americans

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served in the US Armed Forces.

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They do unfortunately serve in segregated

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units, but civil rights leaders like

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W.E.B. Du Bois felt that if

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African-Americans fought

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for the United States during the war,

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that this would lead to greater

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equality when they return.

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This, unfortunately, was not a reality

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as race riots break out in 1919.

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There's a lot of racial tension as

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a result of these demographic changes,

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such as the Great Migration,

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and you have race riots break

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out in cities, such as Chicago.

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Women will play a key role in the war as

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well and will experience their

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own set of social changes.

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Women are gonna take over jobs

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in factories as men leave.

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Jobs that were normally not open to women

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suddenly become available

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because the country needs them.

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In fact, because of the sacrifices

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of women on the home front during

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World War I,

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you will see finally the two-thirds needed

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majority in Congress finally supporting

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the 19th Amendment, which grants

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women suffrage, the right to vote.

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And great image right there of women

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protesting in front of the White House

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demanding for the basic

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rights, such as voting.

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As the war is winding down,

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Wilson has a vision for the post-war

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world, which is known

0:10:46.520,0:10:48.040
as the 14 Points.

0:10:48.280,0:10:50.120
This is his proposal, and in it,

0:10:50.360,0:10:52.120
he really wants to prevent

0:10:52.280,0:10:54.480
another world war from happening.

0:10:54.760,0:10:56.440
He wants to address the causes

0:10:56.480,0:10:58.487
of the First World War and try to make

0:10:58.520,0:11:00.560
sure that those things never take place.

0:11:00.680,0:11:03.127
There are 14 points in this document,

0:11:03.160,0:11:04.247
but we're only gonna break down

0:11:04.280,0:11:05.400
some of the important ones.

0:11:05.440,0:11:06.767
So, how's Wilson thinking

0:11:06.800,0:11:07.967
he's gonna accomplish this?

0:11:08.000,0:11:09.600
Well, he's gonna address some of those

0:11:09.760,0:11:11.400
causes of the First World War.

0:11:11.433,0:11:13.880
He wants to guarantee freedom of the seas,

0:11:14.120,0:11:16.280
eliminate economic trade barriers,

0:11:16.400,0:11:17.680
military reductions,

0:11:17.713,0:11:19.840
no huge arms races taking place.

0:11:20.040,0:11:22.527
He wants to get rid of colonies, in fact,

0:11:22.560,0:11:24.960
allow self-determination for nations

0:11:25.000,0:11:26.160
to have self-government,

0:11:26.200,0:11:27.680
no more colonization.

0:11:28.000,0:11:29.800
He wants no more secret treaties.

0:11:30.040,0:11:31.920
And the big thing he really wants

0:11:32.320,0:11:34.960
is he calls for the formation of a league

0:11:35.000,0:11:38.467
of nations to help prevent another war.

0:11:38.533,0:11:40.967
The problem for Wilson is he does not get

0:11:41.000,0:11:42.527
to dictate the terms

0:11:42.560,0:11:43.880
of the post-war settlement.

0:11:44.240,0:11:46.600
He has to work with the Big Four.

0:11:46.640,0:11:47.800
It includes Wilson over

0:11:47.840,0:11:48.527
there on the right.

0:11:48.560,0:11:49.727
You have England,

0:11:49.760,0:11:51.480
Italy, and France.

0:11:51.680,0:11:53.200
And these allies are not really

0:11:53.233,0:11:56.527
idealistic as Wilson was.

0:11:56.560,0:11:58.520
Here he is in the political cartoon kind

0:11:58.553,0:12:00.720
of asking for everlasting peace,

0:12:01.000,0:12:02.960
but for nations such as France

0:12:02.993,0:12:05.400
and England, they want to punish Germany,

0:12:05.720,0:12:08.487
gain territory, and use the war as

0:12:08.520,0:12:11.407
an opportunity to benefit their country.

0:12:11.440,0:12:13.320
So, while Wilson wants peace without

0:12:13.360,0:12:15.800
victory, the other allies are not really

0:12:16.040,0:12:18.700
interested in his idealistic ideas.

0:12:19.320,0:12:21.480
So, the Treaty of Versailles very much

0:12:21.560,0:12:23.480
reflects this rejection

0:12:23.960,0:12:27.160
of much of Wilson's 14 points.

0:12:27.400,0:12:29.207
They're rejected by the other allied

0:12:29.240,0:12:31.080
powers, and you can see in the political

0:12:31.160,0:12:32.000
cartoon kind of some

0:12:32.040,0:12:33.920
of the things that they want.

0:12:33.960,0:12:35.567
Wilson does get the League

0:12:35.600,0:12:37.000
of Nations included.

0:12:37.240,0:12:39.400
He really kind of is hopeful that this

0:12:39.440,0:12:42.207
will be a worldwide organization that will

0:12:42.240,0:12:43.440
prevent future wars,

0:12:43.640,0:12:45.920
but he has to get it approved

0:12:46.160,0:12:49.160
by the Republican-controlled Congress.

0:12:49.320,0:12:51.480
And many Republicans in Congress hated

0:12:51.520,0:12:53.920
the idea of the U.S. joining

0:12:53.960,0:12:54.807
the League of Nations.

0:12:54.840,0:12:56.160
And one of the big opponents

0:12:56.560,0:12:59.567
of the treaty was Henry Cabot Lodge.

0:12:59.600,0:13:01.720
And he belonged to a group called

0:13:01.760,0:13:04.200
the reservationists, and he believed

0:13:04.240,0:13:05.367
that he would accept the League

0:13:05.400,0:13:07.200
of Nations, he would accept the treaty

0:13:07.520,0:13:10.480
if certain changes were made.

0:13:10.640,0:13:13.360
And Wilson was reluctant to compromise.

0:13:13.400,0:13:15.120
There was another group of Republicans

0:13:15.160,0:13:17.480
known as the irreconcilables, and they were

0:13:17.520,0:13:18.720
against the treaty no matter

0:13:18.880,0:13:21.067
what Wilson was willing to do.

0:13:21.533,0:13:24.120
And there's substantial debate over

0:13:24.400,0:13:26.200
the League of Nations between

0:13:26.400,0:13:27.840
Wilson and the Senate.

0:13:27.960,0:13:29.760
And it comes down to a couple of things.

0:13:29.960,0:13:31.200
One, there's a tradition

0:13:31.240,0:13:32.840
of isolationist policies.

0:13:32.873,0:13:35.120
We try to avoid European affairs.

0:13:35.480,0:13:37.400
If you recall, George Washington had

0:13:37.560,0:13:38.960
warned about the dangers

0:13:39.000,0:13:40.880
of permanent foreign alliances.

0:13:41.000,0:13:42.880
Another problem with the League of Nations

0:13:42.920,0:13:44.040
amongst Republicans was

0:13:44.073,0:13:46.200
the opposition over Article 10.

0:13:46.520,0:13:47.640
And under Article 10,

0:13:47.673,0:13:49.727
it said that member nations of the League

0:13:49.760,0:13:51.760
of Nations would have to help other

0:13:51.880,0:13:54.120
nations out in the event

0:13:54.240,0:13:55.640
of external aggression.

0:13:56.040,0:13:56.767
And there was a fear,

0:13:56.800,0:13:58.560
as you can see in the political cartoon,

0:13:58.800,0:14:01.440
that the league would force the U.S.

0:14:01.480,0:14:03.487
to deal with foreign issues around Europe,

0:14:03.520,0:14:04.960
that we'd get dragged

0:14:05.000,0:14:06.880
into Europeans' mess.

0:14:07.320,0:14:09.520
And there also was the fear that Europe

0:14:09.560,0:14:11.480
would meddle in the Western hemisphere,

0:14:11.720,0:14:13.040
which under the Monroe Doctrine,

0:14:13.280,0:14:15.080
we did not want them to do.

0:14:15.400,0:14:18.407
Another kind of factor amongst Republicans

0:14:18.440,0:14:21.040
and others was the desire amongst many

0:14:21.160,0:14:23.800
to be isolationists following World War I.

0:14:24.120,0:14:25.400
We fought this brutal,

0:14:25.640,0:14:27.360
horrible war, and there was a feeling

0:14:27.393,0:14:29.600
we just kind of wanted to focus on us.

0:14:29.920,0:14:30.640
And ultimately,

0:14:31.080,0:14:32.560
Congress rejects the treaty.

0:14:32.760,0:14:34.240
The League of Nations is formed

0:14:34.400,0:14:36.933
and without the United States.

0:14:37.200,0:14:38.887
A super important point to keep in mind—

0:14:38.920,0:14:40.480
there's an old World War I tank—

0:14:40.880,0:14:42.680
many marked the U.S. rejection

0:14:43.040,0:14:45.240
of the League of Nations as a withdrawal

0:14:45.440,0:14:47.240
of the U.S. from international

0:14:47.280,0:14:48.800
affairs in the 1920s.

0:14:49.160,0:14:51.007
And as we're gonna see in the next video,

0:14:51.040,0:14:52.160
this is a little bit more

0:14:52.200,0:14:53.520
complicated than that.

0:14:53.767,0:14:55.360
But until next time, thank you for

0:14:55.400,0:14:57.520
watching another Jocs Productions video.

0:14:57.600,0:14:59.200
If you haven't done so, subscribe.

0:14:59.400,0:15:00.647
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0:15:00.680,0:15:02.400
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0:15:02.600,0:15:04.007
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0:15:04.040,0:15:05.167
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0:15:05.200,0:15:05.960
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0:15:06.200,0:15:08.040
And until next time, peace.