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[TYPING] [MUSIC] Welcome

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back to another Jocs Productions video.

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Today, we're gonna be taking

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a look at World War I.

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We're gonna try to help you score

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a five on that APUSH exam in May.

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And if you're reading any APUSH textbook,

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and you're studying World War I,

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this video is gonna help you out.

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And one important point to keep in mind is

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remember, U.S. entry

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into World War I was a slow process.

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In the beginning of the war,

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we are neutral,

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but continued violations of U.S.

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neutrality is gonna put Woodrow Wilson

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in a difficult position.

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Remember, we had learned about events such

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as the sinking of the British ship the

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Lusitania, the French ship the Sussex.

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And Germany does apologize for the sinking

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of some of those ships,

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and there is a temporary pause

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in German sinking of ships.

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After the Sussex,

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they issued the Sussex Pledge,

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where they promised not to sink

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any more ships without warning.

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However, Germany proceeds to commit other

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acts which angers many people in America.

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There is the Zimmermann Note you should

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know about, where the British intercept

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a German proposal to Mexico

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calling for a joint alliance.

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And basically, in the Zimmermann Note,

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Germany's asking Mexico

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to attack the United States,

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to form an alliance,

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and they would be allowed to recover

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the lost territory,

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that territory in the light green.

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This obviously causes a lot

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of anger in the United States.

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And in spring of 1917, Germany returns

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to unrestricted submarine warfare.

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They just start sinking ships.

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And they knew that this would cause

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the U.S. to enter into World War I,

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but they were hoping they would win

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the war before U.S. troops

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could get to Europe.

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Well, enough was enough,

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and in April of 1917, Congress

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declares war against Germany.

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The United States enters World War I.

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In fact, when Wilson asks Congress

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to declare war,

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he says one of the things that he was

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hoping for was to make

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the world safe for democracy.

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Wilson really believed that this

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would be the war to end all wars.

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But make sure you know that the key

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factors for our involvement

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in World War I, one,

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German attacks on American shipping;

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two, the Zimmermann telegram

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proposing an alliance with Mexico.

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But don't forget that Wilson has a desire

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to be involved in the post-war settlement.

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Now, when the war starts, the United States

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is completely unprepared for war.

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We have a lack of fighting men,

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factories are not prepared for war

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production, and the country

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has to mobilize for war.

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In fact, one of the first things they do

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is they pass the Selective Service Act,

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which basically starts

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conscription or a draft.

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It organizes a draft

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for soldiers to fight in the war.

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All men between a certain

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age have to register.

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And the big fighting force under

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General Pershing

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will be known as

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the American Expeditionary Force,

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and they will do a lot of the heavy

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fighting over in Europe

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near the end of the war.

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This is a total war effort,

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which basically means all aspects of

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the country mobilize for the war effort.

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So, not just on the battlefield,

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but also on the home front.

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In fact, one of the big things that they

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needed to do was pay for the war.

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And the war will be financed by war bonds,

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sometimes referred to as liberty loans,

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and income taxes, which were allowed to be

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taken by the government as

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a result of the 16th Amendment.

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An important point you definitely need

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to keep in mind is that all these

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different agencies where the federal

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government and business working together

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will be created during World War I.

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This is a huge mobilization.

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So, for example,

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you have the National War Labor Board,

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which was intended to help mediate

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labor disputes and prevent strikes,

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so the federal government working

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with organized labor and business

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to try to keep the war production going.

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Unions had different

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opinions about World War I.

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The American Federation of Labor supported

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the war effort, whereas the IWW oftentimes

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opposed the war and called

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for strikes during war production.

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Another government agency working with

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business was the War Industries Board.

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They would set production priorities

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for the war,

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so allocating scarce resources,

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centralizing control over raw materials

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and prices so that the war could

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be won with efficient production.

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Another one you should know about is

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the U.S. Food Administration headed

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by a future president, Herbert Hoover,

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which encouraged Americans to conserve

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food for the war effort so that there

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would be enough meat, sugar,

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and other supplies for soldiers

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over on the battlefield.

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And an interesting thing happens as

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a result of this war effort,

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is World War I boosted support

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for temperance, or rather prohibition.

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In fact, support for the 18th Amendment

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increases, and the 18th Amendment

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prohibited the sale, consumption,

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manufacture, or transport of alcohol.

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And there's a couple of different

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reasons why the war will do this.

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One, you wanna conserve resources, which

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we need food resources for the war effort.

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But also there's a lot of anti-German

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sentiment in the United States.

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And if you don't know much about beer,

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beer is very much a German tradition.

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Another aspect of the war that's important

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to know about is the effort to silence

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dissent, or to stop people

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from opposing the war.

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And there were organizations

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run by the federal government, such as

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the Committee of Public Information.

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This one was headed by George Creel,

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very important guy, who promoted

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the US war effort with propaganda.

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And their job was to create films

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and posters and speeches to get people

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to buy liberty loans and war bonds

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and to get people to support World War I.

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For those people that tried to oppose it,

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different laws were put in place.

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Espionage Act is one.

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In 1917, it prohibited interference

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with the draft or the war effort.

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You could actually be put in jail.

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The Sedition Act was passed in 1918.

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This is much more broad

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than the Espionage Act.

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It banned anybody from

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criticizing the government.

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So, you could not speak ill of Congress,

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the president, the military,

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the American flag.

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And nearly around 2,000

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people are arrested,

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many put in jail,

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such as Eugene Debs for violating

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the Espionage and Sedition Acts.

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In fact, one of the things that happens as

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a result of the war is a huge

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increase in anti-German sentiment.

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In fact, nativists, anti-immigrant

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individuals attack all things German.

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They're referred to as the Huns in popular

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posters like the one you see right there.

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Now, I know what you're wondering,

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what about the First Amendment?

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And the Supreme Court of the United States

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did hear a case, one of the first cases,

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the first case about the First Amendment,

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Schenck versus the United States.

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And what happens is, there's a guy

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named Charles Schenck who was arrested.

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He's a socialist.

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He's arrested under the Espionage Act

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for mailing leaflets, pamphlets,

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to men eligible for the draft.

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And he basically is telling them,

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"Don't go and fight in this war."

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He's arrested under the Espionage Act,

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and he sues the government on the grounds

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that they are violating

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his First Amendment rights.

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And what happens,

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in an unanimous decision,

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the Supreme Court supports the argument

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that freedom of speech

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could be restricted.

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And they basically say Congress has

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the power to restrain speech,

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to ban speech, if it posed

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a clear and present danger.

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And they use this example that you're not

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allowed to go into a crowded theater

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and yell fire and claim

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First Amendment rights.

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And they say freedom

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of speech can be restricted.

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And it's really important that you

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understand there was a very restrictive

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atmosphere for civil liberties

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in America during World War I.

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And this is not the first time we've seen

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this delicate balance between security,

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being safe, and liberty,

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our freedoms in a time of crisis.

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So, World War I, we see things like

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the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act.

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And recall during the French Revolution,

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Federalists passed the Alien

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and Sedition Acts, basically taking away

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rights from people at a

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time of alleged crisis.

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And once again, during the Civil War,

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you see Lincoln using his suspension

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of the writ of Habeas Corpus to try

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to keep the border states in the union.

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And we're gonna see this again and again.

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World War I is not the first time.

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World War I is going to have

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a huge impact on the home front.

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A lot of different groups are

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gonna be impacted by the war.

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And in fact, African-Americans were

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already, before the war even started,

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kind of roughly in 1910,

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large migration of African-Americans

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to Northern cities like Chicago.

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And this is called the Great Migration,

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and you can see that in this

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painting right here.

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There's a lot of reasons why

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African-Americans are moving north.

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One, crappy racial relations,

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Jim Crow laws in the South,

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and so you wanna get out.

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But what changes during World War I is

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the opening of new economic opportunities,

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jobs in Northern factories as white

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men were drafted and sent off to war.

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During this time, you also see an increase

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in Mexican immigration into the US to work

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in agriculture,

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primarily in the Southwest,

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to take over jobs that were

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needed during the war effort.

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Nearly 400,000 African-Americans

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served in the US Armed Forces.

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They do unfortunately serve in segregated

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units, but civil rights leaders like

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W.E.B. Du Bois felt that if

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African-Americans fought

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for the United States during the war,

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that this would lead to greater

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equality when they return.

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This, unfortunately, was not a reality

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as race riots break out in 1919.

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There's a lot of racial tension as

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a result of these demographic changes,

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such as the Great Migration,

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and you have race riots break

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out in cities, such as Chicago.

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Women will play a key role in the war as

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well and will experience their

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own set of social changes.

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Women are gonna take over jobs

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in factories as men leave.

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Jobs that were normally not open to women

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suddenly become available

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because the country needs them.

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In fact, because of the sacrifices

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of women on the home front during

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World War I,

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you will see finally the two-thirds needed

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majority in Congress finally supporting

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the 19th Amendment, which grants

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women suffrage, the right to vote.

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And great image right there of women

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protesting in front of the White House

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demanding for the basic

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rights, such as voting.

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As the war is winding down,

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Wilson has a vision for the post-war

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world, which is known

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as the 14 Points.

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This is his proposal, and in it,

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he really wants to prevent

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another world war from happening.

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He wants to address the causes

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of the First World War and try to make

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sure that those things never take place.

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There are 14 points in this document,

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but we're only gonna break down

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some of the important ones.

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So, how's Wilson thinking

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he's gonna accomplish this?

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Well, he's gonna address some of those

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causes of the First World War.

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He wants to guarantee freedom of the seas,

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eliminate economic trade barriers,

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military reductions,

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no huge arms races taking place.

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He wants to get rid of colonies, in fact,

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allow self-determination for nations

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to have self-government,

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no more colonization.

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He wants no more secret treaties.

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And the big thing he really wants

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is he calls for the formation of a league

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of nations to help prevent another war.

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The problem for Wilson is he does not get

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to dictate the terms

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of the post-war settlement.

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He has to work with the Big Four.

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It includes Wilson over

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there on the right.

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You have England,

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Italy, and France.

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And these allies are not really

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idealistic as Wilson was.

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Here he is in the political cartoon kind

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of asking for everlasting peace,

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but for nations such as France

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and England, they want to punish Germany,

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gain territory, and use the war as

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an opportunity to benefit their country.

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So, while Wilson wants peace without

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victory, the other allies are not really

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interested in his idealistic ideas.

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00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:21,480
So, the Treaty of Versailles very much

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reflects this rejection

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of much of Wilson's 14 points.

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They're rejected by the other allied

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00:12:29,240 --> 00:12:31,080
powers, and you can see in the political

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cartoon kind of some

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of the things that they want.

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Wilson does get the League

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of Nations included.

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He really kind of is hopeful that this

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will be a worldwide organization that will

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prevent future wars,

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but he has to get it approved

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00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,160
by the Republican-controlled Congress.

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And many Republicans in Congress hated

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the idea of the U.S. joining

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the League of Nations.

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00:12:54,840 --> 00:12:56,160
And one of the big opponents

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00:12:56,560 --> 00:12:59,567
of the treaty was Henry Cabot Lodge.

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And he belonged to a group called

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the reservationists, and he believed

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00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:05,367
that he would accept the League

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00:13:05,400 --> 00:13:07,200
of Nations, he would accept the treaty

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00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:10,480
if certain changes were made.

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00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:13,360
And Wilson was reluctant to compromise.

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00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:15,120
There was another group of Republicans

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00:13:15,160 --> 00:13:17,480
known as the irreconcilables, and they were

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00:13:17,520 --> 00:13:18,720
against the treaty no matter

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00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:21,067
what Wilson was willing to do.

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00:13:21,533 --> 00:13:24,120
And there's substantial debate over

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00:13:24,400 --> 00:13:26,200
the League of Nations between

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00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:27,840
Wilson and the Senate.

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00:13:27,960 --> 00:13:29,760
And it comes down to a couple of things.

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One, there's a tradition

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00:13:31,240 --> 00:13:32,840
of isolationist policies.

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00:13:32,873 --> 00:13:35,120
We try to avoid European affairs.

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00:13:35,480 --> 00:13:37,400
If you recall, George Washington had

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00:13:37,560 --> 00:13:38,960
warned about the dangers

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00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:40,880
of permanent foreign alliances.

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00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,880
Another problem with the League of Nations

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00:13:42,920 --> 00:13:44,040
amongst Republicans was

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00:13:44,073 --> 00:13:46,200
the opposition over Article 10.

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00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:47,640
And under Article 10,

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00:13:47,673 --> 00:13:49,727
it said that member nations of the League

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00:13:49,760 --> 00:13:51,760
of Nations would have to help other

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00:13:51,880 --> 00:13:54,120
nations out in the event

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00:13:54,240 --> 00:13:55,640
of external aggression.

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00:13:56,040 --> 00:13:56,767
And there was a fear,

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00:13:56,800 --> 00:13:58,560
as you can see in the political cartoon,

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00:13:58,800 --> 00:14:01,440
that the league would force the U.S.

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00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:03,487
to deal with foreign issues around Europe,

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00:14:03,520 --> 00:14:04,960
that we'd get dragged

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00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:06,880
into Europeans' mess.

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00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:09,520
And there also was the fear that Europe

413
00:14:09,560 --> 00:14:11,480
would meddle in the Western hemisphere,

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00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:13,040
which under the Monroe Doctrine,

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00:14:13,280 --> 00:14:15,080
we did not want them to do.

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00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,407
Another kind of factor amongst Republicans

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00:14:18,440 --> 00:14:21,040
and others was the desire amongst many

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00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:23,800
to be isolationists following World War I.

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00:14:24,120 --> 00:14:25,400
We fought this brutal,

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00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:27,360
horrible war, and there was a feeling

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00:14:27,393 --> 00:14:29,600
we just kind of wanted to focus on us.

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00:14:29,920 --> 00:14:30,640
And ultimately,

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00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:32,560
Congress rejects the treaty.

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00:14:32,760 --> 00:14:34,240
The League of Nations is formed

425
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:36,933
and without the United States.

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00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:38,887
A super important point to keep in mind—

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00:14:38,920 --> 00:14:40,480
there's an old World War I tank—

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00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:42,680
many marked the U.S. rejection

429
00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:45,240
of the League of Nations as a withdrawal

430
00:14:45,440 --> 00:14:47,240
of the U.S. from international

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00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:48,800
affairs in the 1920s.

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And as we're gonna see in the next video,

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00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:52,160
this is a little bit more

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00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:53,520
complicated than that.

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00:14:53,767 --> 00:14:55,360
But until next time, thank you for

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00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:57,520
watching another Jocs Productions video.

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00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,200
If you haven't done so, subscribe.

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00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:00,647
Help me spread the word all over

439
00:15:00,680 --> 00:15:02,400
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440
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:04,007
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441
00:15:04,040 --> 00:15:05,167
and if you have any questions,

442
00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:05,960
post a comment.

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00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,040
And until next time, peace.