WEBVTT 00:00:00.080 --> 00:00:10.367 [TYPING] [MUSIC] Welcome 00:00:10.400 --> 00:00:12.480 back to another Jocs Productions video. 00:00:12.520 --> 00:00:13.487 Today, we're gonna be taking 00:00:13.520 --> 00:00:14.920 a look at World War I. 00:00:15.200 --> 00:00:16.407 We're gonna try to help you score 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:18.360 a five on that APUSH exam in May. 00:00:18.560 --> 00:00:20.640 And if you're reading any APUSH textbook, 00:00:20.680 --> 00:00:22.160 and you're studying World War I, 00:00:22.440 --> 00:00:24.560 this video is gonna help you out. 00:00:24.960 --> 00:00:27.000 And one important point to keep in mind is 00:00:27.040 --> 00:00:29.000 remember, U.S. entry 00:00:29.200 --> 00:00:31.720 into World War I was a slow process. 00:00:31.760 --> 00:00:32.887 In the beginning of the war, 00:00:32.920 --> 00:00:34.080 we are neutral, 00:00:34.520 --> 00:00:36.480 but continued violations of U.S. 00:00:36.513 --> 00:00:38.760 neutrality is gonna put Woodrow Wilson 00:00:39.160 --> 00:00:40.240 in a difficult position. 00:00:40.280 --> 00:00:42.047 Remember, we had learned about events such 00:00:42.080 --> 00:00:43.490 as the sinking of the British ship the 00:00:43.523 --> 00:00:46.560 Lusitania, the French ship the Sussex. 00:00:46.680 --> 00:00:48.807 And Germany does apologize for the sinking 00:00:48.840 --> 00:00:49.920 of some of those ships, 00:00:50.080 --> 00:00:51.840 and there is a temporary pause 00:00:52.280 --> 00:00:54.287 in German sinking of ships. 00:00:54.320 --> 00:00:55.207 After the Sussex, 00:00:55.240 --> 00:00:56.687 they issued the Sussex Pledge, 00:00:56.720 --> 00:00:58.160 where they promised not to sink 00:00:58.240 --> 00:01:00.720 any more ships without warning. 00:01:01.280 --> 00:01:04.120 However, Germany proceeds to commit other 00:01:04.240 --> 00:01:06.800 acts which angers many people in America. 00:01:07.160 --> 00:01:08.800 There is the Zimmermann Note you should 00:01:08.840 --> 00:01:11.280 know about, where the British intercept 00:01:11.360 --> 00:01:13.720 a German proposal to Mexico 00:01:14.200 --> 00:01:16.160 calling for a joint alliance. 00:01:16.193 --> 00:01:18.320 And basically, in the Zimmermann Note, 00:01:18.600 --> 00:01:21.000 Germany's asking Mexico 00:01:21.200 --> 00:01:22.847 to attack the United States, 00:01:22.880 --> 00:01:24.040 to form an alliance, 00:01:24.480 --> 00:01:26.800 and they would be allowed to recover 00:01:27.160 --> 00:01:28.480 the lost territory, 00:01:28.520 --> 00:01:30.600 that territory in the light green. 00:01:30.800 --> 00:01:32.240 This obviously causes a lot 00:01:32.273 --> 00:01:34.320 of anger in the United States. 00:01:34.640 --> 00:01:38.120 And in spring of 1917, Germany returns 00:01:38.160 --> 00:01:40.407 to unrestricted submarine warfare. 00:01:40.440 --> 00:01:42.080 They just start sinking ships. 00:01:42.320 --> 00:01:44.000 And they knew that this would cause 00:01:44.033 --> 00:01:46.040 the U.S. to enter into World War I, 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:47.447 but they were hoping they would win 00:01:47.480 --> 00:01:48.880 the war before U.S. troops 00:01:48.920 --> 00:01:49.880 could get to Europe. 00:01:50.120 --> 00:01:51.120 Well, enough was enough, 00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:53.680 and in April of 1917, Congress 00:01:53.720 --> 00:01:55.760 declares war against Germany. 00:01:56.040 --> 00:01:58.367 The United States enters World War I. 00:01:58.800 --> 00:02:00.800 In fact, when Wilson asks Congress 00:02:00.840 --> 00:02:01.800 to declare war, 00:02:02.240 --> 00:02:04.207 he says one of the things that he was 00:02:04.240 --> 00:02:05.640 hoping for was to make 00:02:05.680 --> 00:02:07.320 the world safe for democracy. 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:08.920 Wilson really believed that this 00:02:08.960 --> 00:02:11.560 would be the war to end all wars. 00:02:11.920 --> 00:02:13.287 But make sure you know that the key 00:02:13.320 --> 00:02:14.520 factors for our involvement 00:02:14.600 --> 00:02:16.000 in World War I, one, 00:02:16.040 --> 00:02:17.680 German attacks on American shipping; 00:02:17.800 --> 00:02:19.400 two, the Zimmermann telegram 00:02:19.920 --> 00:02:21.680 proposing an alliance with Mexico. 00:02:22.040 --> 00:02:24.680 But don't forget that Wilson has a desire 00:02:24.800 --> 00:02:27.667 to be involved in the post-war settlement. 00:02:27.960 --> 00:02:29.607 Now, when the war starts, the United States 00:02:29.640 --> 00:02:31.640 is completely unprepared for war. 00:02:31.680 --> 00:02:33.120 We have a lack of fighting men, 00:02:33.200 --> 00:02:34.800 factories are not prepared for war 00:02:34.880 --> 00:02:36.240 production, and the country 00:02:36.520 --> 00:02:38.840 has to mobilize for war. 00:02:39.200 --> 00:02:41.120 In fact, one of the first things they do 00:02:41.153 --> 00:02:43.367 is they pass the Selective Service Act, 00:02:43.400 --> 00:02:44.920 which basically starts 00:02:45.160 --> 00:02:46.847 conscription or a draft. 00:02:46.880 --> 00:02:48.160 It organizes a draft 00:02:48.480 --> 00:02:50.200 for soldiers to fight in the war. 00:02:50.240 --> 00:02:51.280 All men between a certain 00:02:51.320 --> 00:02:52.800 age have to register. 00:02:53.080 --> 00:02:54.800 And the big fighting force under 00:02:55.240 --> 00:02:56.240 General Pershing 00:02:56.880 --> 00:02:57.560 will be known as 00:02:57.600 --> 00:02:59.927 the American Expeditionary Force, 00:02:59.960 --> 00:03:01.560 and they will do a lot of the heavy 00:03:01.640 --> 00:03:02.760 fighting over in Europe 00:03:03.120 --> 00:03:04.320 near the end of the war. 00:03:04.720 --> 00:03:06.440 This is a total war effort, 00:03:06.473 --> 00:03:08.640 which basically means all aspects of 00:03:08.720 --> 00:03:11.120 the country mobilize for the war effort. 00:03:11.240 --> 00:03:12.687 So, not just on the battlefield, 00:03:12.720 --> 00:03:14.160 but also on the home front. 00:03:14.840 --> 00:03:16.447 In fact, one of the big things that they 00:03:16.480 --> 00:03:18.200 needed to do was pay for the war. 00:03:18.233 --> 00:03:20.887 And the war will be financed by war bonds, 00:03:20.920 --> 00:03:23.040 sometimes referred to as liberty loans, 00:03:23.440 --> 00:03:27.120 and income taxes, which were allowed to be 00:03:27.200 --> 00:03:28.727 taken by the government as 00:03:28.760 --> 00:03:30.640 a result of the 16th Amendment. 00:03:31.360 --> 00:03:33.160 An important point you definitely need 00:03:33.200 --> 00:03:34.800 to keep in mind is that all these 00:03:34.880 --> 00:03:37.440 different agencies where the federal 00:03:37.560 --> 00:03:40.280 government and business working together 00:03:40.400 --> 00:03:42.640 will be created during World War I. 00:03:42.840 --> 00:03:44.520 This is a huge mobilization. 00:03:44.720 --> 00:03:45.400 So, for example, 00:03:45.440 --> 00:03:47.400 you have the National War Labor Board, 00:03:47.600 --> 00:03:49.680 which was intended to help mediate 00:03:49.960 --> 00:03:52.000 labor disputes and prevent strikes, 00:03:52.200 --> 00:03:53.680 so the federal government working 00:03:53.760 --> 00:03:55.440 with organized labor and business 00:03:55.720 --> 00:03:57.840 to try to keep the war production going. 00:03:58.080 --> 00:03:58.727 Unions had different 00:03:58.760 --> 00:04:00.320 opinions about World War I. 00:04:00.400 --> 00:04:02.887 The American Federation of Labor supported 00:04:02.920 --> 00:04:06.120 the war effort, whereas the IWW oftentimes 00:04:06.240 --> 00:04:07.720 opposed the war and called 00:04:07.760 --> 00:04:10.000 for strikes during war production. 00:04:10.520 --> 00:04:13.200 Another government agency working with 00:04:13.240 --> 00:04:15.520 business was the War Industries Board. 00:04:15.760 --> 00:04:17.607 They would set production priorities 00:04:17.640 --> 00:04:18.160 for the war, 00:04:18.200 --> 00:04:20.280 so allocating scarce resources, 00:04:20.560 --> 00:04:23.000 centralizing control over raw materials 00:04:23.120 --> 00:04:24.840 and prices so that the war could 00:04:24.873 --> 00:04:27.520 be won with efficient production. 00:04:27.560 --> 00:04:28.760 Another one you should know about is 00:04:28.793 --> 00:04:30.880 the U.S. Food Administration headed 00:04:30.920 --> 00:04:33.760 by a future president, Herbert Hoover, 00:04:33.840 --> 00:04:36.080 which encouraged Americans to conserve 00:04:36.520 --> 00:04:38.407 food for the war effort so that there 00:04:38.440 --> 00:04:39.687 would be enough meat, sugar, 00:04:39.720 --> 00:04:41.520 and other supplies for soldiers 00:04:41.560 --> 00:04:43.320 over on the battlefield. 00:04:43.440 --> 00:04:45.407 And an interesting thing happens as 00:04:45.440 --> 00:04:46.880 a result of this war effort, 00:04:47.160 --> 00:04:49.520 is World War I boosted support 00:04:49.880 --> 00:04:52.120 for temperance, or rather prohibition. 00:04:52.440 --> 00:04:54.640 In fact, support for the 18th Amendment 00:04:54.880 --> 00:04:56.600 increases, and the 18th Amendment 00:04:56.720 --> 00:04:59.080 prohibited the sale, consumption, 00:04:59.240 --> 00:05:02.520 manufacture, or transport of alcohol. 00:05:02.880 --> 00:05:03.927 And there's a couple of different 00:05:03.960 --> 00:05:05.880 reasons why the war will do this. 00:05:06.200 --> 00:05:08.200 One, you wanna conserve resources, which 00:05:08.240 --> 00:05:10.920 we need food resources for the war effort. 00:05:11.160 --> 00:05:13.400 But also there's a lot of anti-German 00:05:13.560 --> 00:05:15.040 sentiment in the United States. 00:05:15.280 --> 00:05:17.130 And if you don't know much about beer, 00:05:17.163 --> 00:05:20.067 beer is very much a German tradition. 00:05:20.400 --> 00:05:22.010 Another aspect of the war that's important 00:05:22.043 --> 00:05:24.200 to know about is the effort to silence 00:05:24.280 --> 00:05:26.287 dissent, or to stop people 00:05:26.320 --> 00:05:28.200 from opposing the war. 00:05:28.520 --> 00:05:31.200 And there were organizations 00:05:31.240 --> 00:05:32.960 run by the federal government, such as 00:05:33.000 --> 00:05:35.040 the Committee of Public Information. 00:05:35.240 --> 00:05:37.040 This one was headed by George Creel, 00:05:37.240 --> 00:05:39.447 very important guy, who promoted 00:05:39.480 --> 00:05:41.960 the US war effort with propaganda. 00:05:42.240 --> 00:05:44.000 And their job was to create films 00:05:44.033 --> 00:05:46.440 and posters and speeches to get people 00:05:46.480 --> 00:05:49.520 to buy liberty loans and war bonds 00:05:49.840 --> 00:05:53.000 and to get people to support World War I. 00:05:53.160 --> 00:05:54.960 For those people that tried to oppose it, 00:05:55.040 --> 00:05:57.000 different laws were put in place. 00:05:57.320 --> 00:05:58.760 Espionage Act is one. 00:05:58.920 --> 00:06:01.920 In 1917, it prohibited interference 00:06:02.040 --> 00:06:03.967 with the draft or the war effort. 00:06:04.000 --> 00:06:05.840 You could actually be put in jail. 00:06:06.160 --> 00:06:08.367 The Sedition Act was passed in 1918. 00:06:08.400 --> 00:06:09.767 This is much more broad 00:06:09.800 --> 00:06:11.167 than the Espionage Act. 00:06:11.200 --> 00:06:12.480 It banned anybody from 00:06:12.560 --> 00:06:13.880 criticizing the government. 00:06:14.160 --> 00:06:16.120 So, you could not speak ill of Congress, 00:06:16.160 --> 00:06:17.440 the president, the military, 00:06:17.680 --> 00:06:18.840 the American flag. 00:06:19.120 --> 00:06:21.120 And nearly around 2,000 00:06:21.200 --> 00:06:22.360 people are arrested, 00:06:22.680 --> 00:06:23.800 many put in jail, 00:06:23.833 --> 00:06:26.040 such as Eugene Debs for violating 00:06:26.320 --> 00:06:28.967 the Espionage and Sedition Acts. 00:06:29.240 --> 00:06:31.040 In fact, one of the things that happens as 00:06:31.080 --> 00:06:33.200 a result of the war is a huge 00:06:33.240 --> 00:06:35.800 increase in anti-German sentiment. 00:06:35.920 --> 00:06:37.760 In fact, nativists, anti-immigrant 00:06:37.800 --> 00:06:40.567 individuals attack all things German. 00:06:40.600 --> 00:06:43.200 They're referred to as the Huns in popular 00:06:43.560 --> 00:06:45.480 posters like the one you see right there. 00:06:45.800 --> 00:06:46.887 Now, I know what you're wondering, 00:06:46.920 --> 00:06:48.440 what about the First Amendment? 00:06:48.640 --> 00:06:50.880 And the Supreme Court of the United States 00:06:51.320 --> 00:06:53.520 did hear a case, one of the first cases, 00:06:53.640 --> 00:06:55.920 the first case about the First Amendment, 00:06:56.240 --> 00:06:58.320 Schenck versus the United States. 00:06:58.600 --> 00:07:00.080 And what happens is, there's a guy 00:07:00.120 --> 00:07:01.967 named Charles Schenck who was arrested. 00:07:02.000 --> 00:07:02.960 He's a socialist. 00:07:03.200 --> 00:07:05.400 He's arrested under the Espionage Act 00:07:05.680 --> 00:07:07.960 for mailing leaflets, pamphlets, 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:09.807 to men eligible for the draft. 00:07:09.840 --> 00:07:11.080 And he basically is telling them, 00:07:11.113 --> 00:07:13.647 "Don't go and fight in this war." 00:07:13.680 --> 00:07:16.280 He's arrested under the Espionage Act, 00:07:16.320 --> 00:07:18.407 and he sues the government on the grounds 00:07:18.440 --> 00:07:19.520 that they are violating 00:07:19.600 --> 00:07:21.320 his First Amendment rights. 00:07:21.440 --> 00:07:22.127 And what happens, 00:07:22.160 --> 00:07:23.520 in an unanimous decision, 00:07:23.560 --> 00:07:25.520 the Supreme Court supports the argument 00:07:25.800 --> 00:07:26.920 that freedom of speech 00:07:27.160 --> 00:07:28.240 could be restricted. 00:07:28.480 --> 00:07:30.920 And they basically say Congress has 00:07:30.960 --> 00:07:33.160 the power to restrain speech, 00:07:33.360 --> 00:07:35.280 to ban speech, if it posed 00:07:35.320 --> 00:07:37.080 a clear and present danger. 00:07:37.113 --> 00:07:40.007 And they use this example that you're not 00:07:40.040 --> 00:07:42.207 allowed to go into a crowded theater 00:07:42.240 --> 00:07:43.840 and yell fire and claim 00:07:44.000 --> 00:07:45.320 First Amendment rights. 00:07:45.600 --> 00:07:47.000 And they say freedom 00:07:47.040 --> 00:07:49.360 of speech can be restricted. 00:07:49.440 --> 00:07:50.730 And it's really important that you 00:07:50.763 --> 00:07:53.000 understand there was a very restrictive 00:07:53.240 --> 00:07:55.800 atmosphere for civil liberties 00:07:55.920 --> 00:07:58.000 in America during World War I. 00:07:58.480 --> 00:08:00.720 And this is not the first time we've seen 00:08:00.760 --> 00:08:03.960 this delicate balance between security, 00:08:04.560 --> 00:08:06.440 being safe, and liberty, 00:08:06.600 --> 00:08:08.440 our freedoms in a time of crisis. 00:08:08.680 --> 00:08:10.280 So, World War I, we see things like 00:08:10.320 --> 00:08:12.280 the Espionage Act, the Sedition Act. 00:08:12.320 --> 00:08:14.320 And recall during the French Revolution, 00:08:14.600 --> 00:08:16.080 Federalists passed the Alien 00:08:16.120 --> 00:08:18.560 and Sedition Acts, basically taking away 00:08:18.720 --> 00:08:19.967 rights from people at a 00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:21.680 time of alleged crisis. 00:08:21.880 --> 00:08:23.840 And once again, during the Civil War, 00:08:23.880 --> 00:08:26.720 you see Lincoln using his suspension 00:08:26.760 --> 00:08:28.847 of the writ of Habeas Corpus to try 00:08:28.880 --> 00:08:30.840 to keep the border states in the union. 00:08:31.000 --> 00:08:32.960 And we're gonna see this again and again. 00:08:33.000 --> 00:08:35.433 World War I is not the first time. 00:08:35.560 --> 00:08:36.680 World War I is going to have 00:08:36.720 --> 00:08:38.760 a huge impact on the home front. 00:08:38.960 --> 00:08:40.320 A lot of different groups are 00:08:40.353 --> 00:08:42.400 gonna be impacted by the war. 00:08:42.720 --> 00:08:44.720 And in fact, African-Americans were 00:08:44.760 --> 00:08:47.000 already, before the war even started, 00:08:47.240 --> 00:08:49.200 kind of roughly in 1910, 00:08:49.560 --> 00:08:52.040 large migration of African-Americans 00:08:52.120 --> 00:08:54.320 to Northern cities like Chicago. 00:08:54.560 --> 00:08:56.607 And this is called the Great Migration, 00:08:56.640 --> 00:08:57.807 and you can see that in this 00:08:57.840 --> 00:08:58.720 painting right here. 00:08:58.960 --> 00:09:00.007 There's a lot of reasons why 00:09:00.040 --> 00:09:01.720 African-Americans are moving north. 00:09:02.040 --> 00:09:04.240 One, crappy racial relations, 00:09:04.280 --> 00:09:06.240 Jim Crow laws in the South, 00:09:06.480 --> 00:09:07.800 and so you wanna get out. 00:09:08.000 --> 00:09:10.480 But what changes during World War I is 00:09:10.520 --> 00:09:13.720 the opening of new economic opportunities, 00:09:14.120 --> 00:09:16.640 jobs in Northern factories as white 00:09:16.720 --> 00:09:19.760 men were drafted and sent off to war. 00:09:19.960 --> 00:09:21.720 During this time, you also see an increase 00:09:21.760 --> 00:09:24.360 in Mexican immigration into the US to work 00:09:24.400 --> 00:09:25.680 in agriculture, 00:09:25.720 --> 00:09:27.360 primarily in the Southwest, 00:09:27.560 --> 00:09:29.360 to take over jobs that were 00:09:29.400 --> 00:09:30.607 needed during the war effort. 00:09:30.640 --> 00:09:32.527 Nearly 400,000 African-Americans 00:09:32.560 --> 00:09:34.320 served in the US Armed Forces. 00:09:34.353 --> 00:09:36.840 They do unfortunately serve in segregated 00:09:36.920 --> 00:09:39.000 units, but civil rights leaders like 00:09:39.120 --> 00:09:41.120 W.E.B. Du Bois felt that if 00:09:41.160 --> 00:09:42.240 African-Americans fought 00:09:42.280 --> 00:09:43.880 for the United States during the war, 00:09:44.160 --> 00:09:46.120 that this would lead to greater 00:09:46.240 --> 00:09:47.800 equality when they return. 00:09:48.200 --> 00:09:50.080 This, unfortunately, was not a reality 00:09:50.400 --> 00:09:53.800 as race riots break out in 1919. 00:09:54.000 --> 00:09:55.560 There's a lot of racial tension as 00:09:55.600 --> 00:09:57.640 a result of these demographic changes, 00:09:57.880 --> 00:09:59.200 such as the Great Migration, 00:09:59.280 --> 00:10:00.367 and you have race riots break 00:10:00.400 --> 00:10:02.360 out in cities, such as Chicago. 00:10:02.400 --> 00:10:04.640 Women will play a key role in the war as 00:10:04.760 --> 00:10:06.080 well and will experience their 00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:08.240 own set of social changes. 00:10:08.440 --> 00:10:09.727 Women are gonna take over jobs 00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:11.760 in factories as men leave. 00:10:11.960 --> 00:10:13.960 Jobs that were normally not open to women 00:10:14.000 --> 00:10:15.920 suddenly become available 00:10:16.000 --> 00:10:17.440 because the country needs them. 00:10:17.800 --> 00:10:20.167 In fact, because of the sacrifices 00:10:20.200 --> 00:10:22.320 of women on the home front during 00:10:22.360 --> 00:10:23.160 World War I, 00:10:23.440 --> 00:10:26.120 you will see finally the two-thirds needed 00:10:26.160 --> 00:10:29.400 majority in Congress finally supporting 00:10:29.640 --> 00:10:31.840 the 19th Amendment, which grants 00:10:32.040 --> 00:10:33.920 women suffrage, the right to vote. 00:10:34.200 --> 00:10:35.727 And great image right there of women 00:10:35.760 --> 00:10:37.600 protesting in front of the White House 00:10:37.960 --> 00:10:39.720 demanding for the basic 00:10:39.800 --> 00:10:41.400 rights, such as voting. 00:10:41.640 --> 00:10:43.080 As the war is winding down, 00:10:43.160 --> 00:10:45.440 Wilson has a vision for the post-war 00:10:45.560 --> 00:10:46.480 world, which is known 00:10:46.520 --> 00:10:48.040 as the 14 Points. 00:10:48.280 --> 00:10:50.120 This is his proposal, and in it, 00:10:50.360 --> 00:10:52.120 he really wants to prevent 00:10:52.280 --> 00:10:54.480 another world war from happening. 00:10:54.760 --> 00:10:56.440 He wants to address the causes 00:10:56.480 --> 00:10:58.487 of the First World War and try to make 00:10:58.520 --> 00:11:00.560 sure that those things never take place. 00:11:00.680 --> 00:11:03.127 There are 14 points in this document, 00:11:03.160 --> 00:11:04.247 but we're only gonna break down 00:11:04.280 --> 00:11:05.400 some of the important ones. 00:11:05.440 --> 00:11:06.767 So, how's Wilson thinking 00:11:06.800 --> 00:11:07.967 he's gonna accomplish this? 00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:09.600 Well, he's gonna address some of those 00:11:09.760 --> 00:11:11.400 causes of the First World War. 00:11:11.433 --> 00:11:13.880 He wants to guarantee freedom of the seas, 00:11:14.120 --> 00:11:16.280 eliminate economic trade barriers, 00:11:16.400 --> 00:11:17.680 military reductions, 00:11:17.713 --> 00:11:19.840 no huge arms races taking place. 00:11:20.040 --> 00:11:22.527 He wants to get rid of colonies, in fact, 00:11:22.560 --> 00:11:24.960 allow self-determination for nations 00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:26.160 to have self-government, 00:11:26.200 --> 00:11:27.680 no more colonization. 00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:29.800 He wants no more secret treaties. 00:11:30.040 --> 00:11:31.920 And the big thing he really wants 00:11:32.320 --> 00:11:34.960 is he calls for the formation of a league 00:11:35.000 --> 00:11:38.467 of nations to help prevent another war. 00:11:38.533 --> 00:11:40.967 The problem for Wilson is he does not get 00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:42.527 to dictate the terms 00:11:42.560 --> 00:11:43.880 of the post-war settlement. 00:11:44.240 --> 00:11:46.600 He has to work with the Big Four. 00:11:46.640 --> 00:11:47.800 It includes Wilson over 00:11:47.840 --> 00:11:48.527 there on the right. 00:11:48.560 --> 00:11:49.727 You have England, 00:11:49.760 --> 00:11:51.480 Italy, and France. 00:11:51.680 --> 00:11:53.200 And these allies are not really 00:11:53.233 --> 00:11:56.527 idealistic as Wilson was. 00:11:56.560 --> 00:11:58.520 Here he is in the political cartoon kind 00:11:58.553 --> 00:12:00.720 of asking for everlasting peace, 00:12:01.000 --> 00:12:02.960 but for nations such as France 00:12:02.993 --> 00:12:05.400 and England, they want to punish Germany, 00:12:05.720 --> 00:12:08.487 gain territory, and use the war as 00:12:08.520 --> 00:12:11.407 an opportunity to benefit their country. 00:12:11.440 --> 00:12:13.320 So, while Wilson wants peace without 00:12:13.360 --> 00:12:15.800 victory, the other allies are not really 00:12:16.040 --> 00:12:18.700 interested in his idealistic ideas. 00:12:19.320 --> 00:12:21.480 So, the Treaty of Versailles very much 00:12:21.560 --> 00:12:23.480 reflects this rejection 00:12:23.960 --> 00:12:27.160 of much of Wilson's 14 points. 00:12:27.400 --> 00:12:29.207 They're rejected by the other allied 00:12:29.240 --> 00:12:31.080 powers, and you can see in the political 00:12:31.160 --> 00:12:32.000 cartoon kind of some 00:12:32.040 --> 00:12:33.920 of the things that they want. 00:12:33.960 --> 00:12:35.567 Wilson does get the League 00:12:35.600 --> 00:12:37.000 of Nations included. 00:12:37.240 --> 00:12:39.400 He really kind of is hopeful that this 00:12:39.440 --> 00:12:42.207 will be a worldwide organization that will 00:12:42.240 --> 00:12:43.440 prevent future wars, 00:12:43.640 --> 00:12:45.920 but he has to get it approved 00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:49.160 by the Republican-controlled Congress. 00:12:49.320 --> 00:12:51.480 And many Republicans in Congress hated 00:12:51.520 --> 00:12:53.920 the idea of the U.S. joining 00:12:53.960 --> 00:12:54.807 the League of Nations. 00:12:54.840 --> 00:12:56.160 And one of the big opponents 00:12:56.560 --> 00:12:59.567 of the treaty was Henry Cabot Lodge. 00:12:59.600 --> 00:13:01.720 And he belonged to a group called 00:13:01.760 --> 00:13:04.200 the reservationists, and he believed 00:13:04.240 --> 00:13:05.367 that he would accept the League 00:13:05.400 --> 00:13:07.200 of Nations, he would accept the treaty 00:13:07.520 --> 00:13:10.480 if certain changes were made. 00:13:10.640 --> 00:13:13.360 And Wilson was reluctant to compromise. 00:13:13.400 --> 00:13:15.120 There was another group of Republicans 00:13:15.160 --> 00:13:17.480 known as the irreconcilables, and they were 00:13:17.520 --> 00:13:18.720 against the treaty no matter 00:13:18.880 --> 00:13:21.067 what Wilson was willing to do. 00:13:21.533 --> 00:13:24.120 And there's substantial debate over 00:13:24.400 --> 00:13:26.200 the League of Nations between 00:13:26.400 --> 00:13:27.840 Wilson and the Senate. 00:13:27.960 --> 00:13:29.760 And it comes down to a couple of things. 00:13:29.960 --> 00:13:31.200 One, there's a tradition 00:13:31.240 --> 00:13:32.840 of isolationist policies. 00:13:32.873 --> 00:13:35.120 We try to avoid European affairs. 00:13:35.480 --> 00:13:37.400 If you recall, George Washington had 00:13:37.560 --> 00:13:38.960 warned about the dangers 00:13:39.000 --> 00:13:40.880 of permanent foreign alliances. 00:13:41.000 --> 00:13:42.880 Another problem with the League of Nations 00:13:42.920 --> 00:13:44.040 amongst Republicans was 00:13:44.073 --> 00:13:46.200 the opposition over Article 10. 00:13:46.520 --> 00:13:47.640 And under Article 10, 00:13:47.673 --> 00:13:49.727 it said that member nations of the League 00:13:49.760 --> 00:13:51.760 of Nations would have to help other 00:13:51.880 --> 00:13:54.120 nations out in the event 00:13:54.240 --> 00:13:55.640 of external aggression. 00:13:56.040 --> 00:13:56.767 And there was a fear, 00:13:56.800 --> 00:13:58.560 as you can see in the political cartoon, 00:13:58.800 --> 00:14:01.440 that the league would force the U.S. 00:14:01.480 --> 00:14:03.487 to deal with foreign issues around Europe, 00:14:03.520 --> 00:14:04.960 that we'd get dragged 00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:06.880 into Europeans' mess. 00:14:07.320 --> 00:14:09.520 And there also was the fear that Europe 00:14:09.560 --> 00:14:11.480 would meddle in the Western hemisphere, 00:14:11.720 --> 00:14:13.040 which under the Monroe Doctrine, 00:14:13.280 --> 00:14:15.080 we did not want them to do. 00:14:15.400 --> 00:14:18.407 Another kind of factor amongst Republicans 00:14:18.440 --> 00:14:21.040 and others was the desire amongst many 00:14:21.160 --> 00:14:23.800 to be isolationists following World War I. 00:14:24.120 --> 00:14:25.400 We fought this brutal, 00:14:25.640 --> 00:14:27.360 horrible war, and there was a feeling 00:14:27.393 --> 00:14:29.600 we just kind of wanted to focus on us. 00:14:29.920 --> 00:14:30.640 And ultimately, 00:14:31.080 --> 00:14:32.560 Congress rejects the treaty. 00:14:32.760 --> 00:14:34.240 The League of Nations is formed 00:14:34.400 --> 00:14:36.933 and without the United States. 00:14:37.200 --> 00:14:38.887 A super important point to keep in mind— 00:14:38.920 --> 00:14:40.480 there's an old World War I tank— 00:14:40.880 --> 00:14:42.680 many marked the U.S. rejection 00:14:43.040 --> 00:14:45.240 of the League of Nations as a withdrawal 00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:47.240 of the U.S. from international 00:14:47.280 --> 00:14:48.800 affairs in the 1920s. 00:14:49.160 --> 00:14:51.007 And as we're gonna see in the next video, 00:14:51.040 --> 00:14:52.160 this is a little bit more 00:14:52.200 --> 00:14:53.520 complicated than that. 00:14:53.767 --> 00:14:55.360 But until next time, thank you for 00:14:55.400 --> 00:14:57.520 watching another Jocs Productions video. 00:14:57.600 --> 00:14:59.200 If you haven't done so, subscribe. 00:14:59.400 --> 00:15:00.647 Help me spread the word all over 00:15:00.680 --> 00:15:02.400 the internets and tell your classmates. 00:15:02.600 --> 00:15:04.007 If the video helped you out, click like, 00:15:04.040 --> 00:15:05.167 and if you have any questions, 00:15:05.200 --> 00:15:05.960 post a comment. 00:15:06.200 --> 00:15:08.040 And until next time, peace.