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What's going down, APUSH people?
Today, we're taking
a look at Period 7.
It goes from 1890 to 1945,
the end of World War II, and this bad
boy covers 17% of the APUSH exam.
So, to get you started,
it's important you keep in mind kind
of what are the major kind of events or
periods during this timeframe,
and we're gonna break it down
for you real quickly here.
If you take a look at the blue, you have
in the 1890s to 1917, U.S. Expansion abroad.
We have U.S. Imperialism in places like
Cuba, Hawaii, the Philippines, China.
Then we have World War I.
We get into it late in 1917.
It'll go until 1919.
Then you have the period,
the interwar years, that period
between World War I and World War II.
The U.S. is somewhat isolationist.
Some of the events we'll take
a look at in just a moment.
And then of course, in 1941,
the U.S. will get into World War II.
In terms of domestic politics,
you really have from the 1890s to 1917,
the Progressive Era reforms,
and a lot of different things are going
down here during that time
period domestically.
Then you have, of course, World War I.
It will have impacts on the home front.
That's followed up with the Roaring 20s,
you know, this time of relative economic
prosperity for many people, but not all.
And then, of course, the Great Depression,
which will lead us into the New Deal
from 1933 to about 1938.
And then of course,
U.S. entry into World War II.
Hit pause if you wanna copy this down.
But it's important to note that that stuff
in the black is not meant to be all
the important things during Period 7,
just some of the key things to give you
an idea of what's going down during these
different periods in American history,
foreign and domestically.
So, first important idea here is
in the late 19th century,
some began to advocate for overseas
expansion, and there's
a lot of different motives.
For example, the frontier is closed.
Frederick Jackson Turner takes a look
at the 1890 census and says,
"The frontier has closed, so we need
to look abroad for new opportunities."
You have economic motives.
Remember, the Industrial Revolution
is in full swing in the U.S.
Some people wanna open up markets abroad,
for example, in China, and get
access to cheap raw materials.
You have political motives,
a desire of the U.S. To compete with other
nations, especially Europe
and Japan over in Asia.
And then, of course, there are strategic or
military motives to acquire
strategic interests.
For example, naval bases.
Alfred T.
Mahan wrote about this.
And then finally,
we have ideological motives.
We had this duty, some believe,
to civilize the non-American,
non-European people abroad,
bringing democracy and Christianity and
other so-called markers of civilization.
Some examples that you should know about
for Period 7,
the U.S. annexation of Hawaii,
Queen Liliuokalani being removed
from power and the debate over
the annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door
Policy under President McKinley in China.
That policy will be followed
by other U.S. presidents.
The big one is the Spanish-American War,
which was caused by a variety of factors
such as the Maine explosion,
yellow journalism, the economic
motives of the U.S. planters and plantation
owners, and the De Lome letter
where McKinley got dissed.
Remember, the Spanish-American War
is hugely significant.
It is a turning point because under
the Treaty of Paris, the U.S. acquires Cuba,
Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam.
In fact, you're gonna have
a brutal guerrilla war between
the U.S. and the Philippines.
Remember, Emilio Aguinaldo is the leader
of the Filipino independence movement,
and this is gonna lead to the Filipinos
being defeated in a very
controversial war.
You also have presidents pursuing not just
McKinley, but
Roosevelt's Big Stick policy.
You can see his intervention in Panama
and the building of the canal.
Taft's Dollar Diplomacy,
Wilson's Moral Diplomacy.
And you can see that really in Mexico.
So, these are all examples of U.S.
expansion during this time period.
Another important thing you should know
about is the debates over
America's role in the world.
Post-1898 after the Spanish-American War,
there were many people such as McKinley
and Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred T.
Mahan who supported U.S. policies in Cuba,
the Philippines, Hawaii,
and other locations.
However, there was a growing American
anti-imperialist league which opposed
really the annexation of the Philippines,
mobilizes those individuals.
And you have people such as Mark Twain,
Andrew Carnegie opposing
U.S. policies abroad.
Then during the pre-World War I period,
the U.S. is neutral
at the start of World War I.
Wilson tries to keep the country out
of the war, but you have the sinking
of neutral ships such as the Lusitania,
the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico,
and other factors which causes the U.S.
entry into World War I in 1917.
Wilson plays a very active role
in the post-war negotiations at Versailles
with his Fourteen Points proposal.
He tries to get the rest of the allies,
England and France, to agree,
but they only agree on the adoption
of the League of Nations.
They're not interested
in self-determination
and these types of things.
They wanna punish Germany.
The U.S. senate,
led by Republican Henry Cabot Lodge,
rejected membership to the League
of Nations, disappointing Wilson.
And many see this as an effort to preserve
the tradition of non-involvement in
European affairs and permanent alliances.
Remember, Washington in his farewell
address, warned the nation
against those in 1796.
Following the World War I period,
we'll get into the 1920s,
and in the 1920s, the U.S. will pursue
a somewhat isolationist policy.
We will reject membership to the League
of Nations, but we will not be completely
withdrawn from the rest of the world.
For example, we have an active role
in the Washington Naval Arms Deal,
the Kellogg-Briand Pact,
and in various economic matters
in both Latin America and Europe.
However, just like before World War I, we
are gonna attempt to stay out of the war.
We are gonna try to be isolationist.
You're gonna have a series
of Neutrality Acts passed to keep
the U.S. out of a potential war in Europe.
And these are really supported
by an important group called
the America First Committee,
headed by Charles Lindbergh and others.
Finally, of course,
the attack on Pearl Harbor on December
7th, 1941 will lead to U.S.
entry into World War II.
And after World War II,
the U.S. will play a huge role
in international affairs,
much different than any other period
we've studied so far.
Some important stuff domestically.
Keep in mind, in the 1890s prior,
we had large-scale economic transformation
during this Gilded Age,
this Industrial Revolution.
And as a result of these transformation,
we're going to see the U.S. go
from a laissez-faire to increased
government intervention.
And this is really going to be
seen in the Progressive Movement.
Progressive reformers responded
to economic instability,
social inequality,
and political corruption,
and they're going to call for government
intervention in the economy
and society as a whole.
Progressive reformers were
mainly focused on urban areas.
Really, their strength is in the cities.
Remember, the populists also
in the 1890s focused on rural areas.
The progressives were largely middle
class and there was a very large
participation by women in the movement.
And finally, muckrakers are gonna play
a key role, people like Upton Sinclair,
Ida Tarbell, exposing problems
to the American public.
So, real big idea about
the Progressive Movement you should know
is the progressives attempted to regulate
the economy, environment,
and expand democracy.
Couple of examples to know about:
Jane Addams with the Hull House
in Chicago, providing help and assistance
to poor and immigrant communities.
You have Florence Kelley,
who creates the National Consumer League,
which goes for reforms from food safety,
child labor issues, and others.
You have John Muir, who was one
of the founders of the Sierra Club.
He links up with Theodore Roosevelt,
advocating for protection of natural
resources, so preservation
and conservation.
Robert La Follette's Wisconsin Idea in
his home state leads to democratization.
You get reforms like the recall,
the referendum, and initiative,
all of these giving greater power
to the people in the democratic process.
You could see this democratization
continuing with the 17th Amendment,
which provides for the direct
election of senators.
And Theodore Roosevelt uses the old law,
the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
to break up monopolies, trust-busting.
This is gonna be done by both
Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson.
Wilson's gonna have a new tool to do this
called the Clayton Antitrust Act,
which gave more power to the government
to regulate these monopolies.
And finally, the Federal Reserve Bank
under Wilson creates a central bank
to control the money supply,
and this is the first
national banking system since
that Second Bank of the U.S.
that was defeated by Andrew Jackson.
When studying Period 7,
make sure you understand the different
reforms and the successes and the failures
of the Progressive Movement.
Throughout this period,
the U.S. continued to evolve
into a increasingly
industrialized and urban nation.
The Industrial Revolution
is still continuing.
Immigration, urbanization,
and these changes dramatically
changed American society.
You continue to have the rise of large
corporations,
although they are increasingly regulated
by the government
to prevent corporate abuse.
And by 1920, more Americans live in cities
than in rural regions for the first
time in our nation's history.
New technology and consumer goods,
in fact by the 1920s you're gonna have
the radio, the vacuum, the Model T,
the movie industry is gonna rise.
These things are gonna change life
for many Americans and increased
the standard of living.
One of the key kind of themes during this
time period is new
opportunities for new groups.
For example, you're gonna continue to have
large immigration,
but that immigration's gonna change.
You're gonna have the new immigrants
who are especially from Southern
and Eastern Europe,
which are coming to America,
moving into American cities
to work in industrial jobs.
This is gonna slow down in 1924.
We'll see why in just a moment.
Women got jobs during
World War I and World War II.
However, they were expected
to leave when the men returned.
But it's important to keep in mind,
new technology such as telephone, vacuums,
washing machines created new job
opportunities and office-type work as
secretaries and provided some
women with more leisure time.
And finally, African-Americans are going
to undergo a lot of changes
during this time period.
You're gonna have a great migration really
beginning in the early 1900s as this mass
migration of African-Americans out
of the Jim Crow South to Northern cities,
especially during World War I.
With all these changes, you're
gonna see a rise in conflict.
Cultural, political,
and social tension emerged as a result
of changing demographics, modernization,
and a variety of other factors.
And you're gonna see some of these
tensions both during World War I
and during the economic prosperity or
the relative economic prosperity
of the "Roaring" Twenties.
So, let me give you a couple
of examples to keep in mind.
During the war, World War I, you have
the Espionage and Sedition Act passed.
The Sedition Act especially was designed
to limit freedom of speech and other
perceived anti-war attitudes
during World War I.
Many people were arrested during the war
for being nothing more than opposed
to U.S. fighting of the war,
and this was ruled, of course,
constitutional by the famous
Schenck versus U.S. case.
And this really shows you that tension
between security versus liberty
in American society.
Following World War I, you have
the Red Scare and the Palmer Raids,
which led to mass arrests of socialists,
anarchists, union organizers,
and other suspected radicals.
In the 20s, you also see the arrest
and the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti.
Once again, the tension,
security versus liberty,
native-born Americans versus immigrants.
Capitalists versus radicals and workers.
So, you see once again tension
occurring in American society.
The Immigration Act of 1924
was passed in the 1920s.
It was designed to keep out new immigrants
by establishing a quota of 2%,
taking the Census of 1890.
This was supported by the Ku Klux Klan
and other nativist organizations and it
shows the nativist tension of the 1920s.
Scopes Trial is another great
example of the tensions of change.
A teacher in Dayton,
Tennessee was arrested for teaching
evolution and you could see the kind
of battle between fundamentalism
of the 1920s and science,
the rural values versus urban.
Prohibition was also passed
at the beginning of the 1920s
with the 18th Amendment and an effort
to ban the sale of alcohol that led
to widespread lawlessness and the rise
of organized crime, people
like Al Capone in Chicago.
And then finally, throughout this period
you're gonna have tension amongst American
society and African Americans and this is
gonna increase as the great migration
to Northern cities increase racial
tensions and contributed to race riots and
the resurgence of the KKK in the 1920s.
The boom of the 1920s is going to be ended
with the Great Depression
that begins in 1929.
And another important idea of Period 7
is the fact that economic upheavals,
the problems associated with laissez-faire
capitalism,
and ultimately the Great Depression,
led to the New Deal and it's gonna take
place roughly from 1933, inauguration
of Franklin Roosevelt, till around 1938.
Couple things about the New Deal to keep
in mind: It focused on the three Rs.
Remember, it's designed to try to get
the country out of the Great Depression
and it does so by providing relief,
recovery, and reform.
The New Deal reformed American society
by creating a limited welfare state while
also increasing the size
of the federal government.
Not all Americans are gonna like these
things, but it is going
to provide that basic safety net.
Couple of key New Deal programs to keep
in mind: FDIC insured bank deposits;
Securities and Exchange Commission
regulated the stock market; the AAA sought
to stop overproduction by paying farmers
subsidies not to produce crops;
the WPA and the Civilian Conservation
Corps paid the unemployed to do public
works projects, build bridges,
roads, and other items. The Wagner Act,
also known as
the National Labor Relations Act,
protected the rights of workers to form
and join a union; and Social Security
established the safety net for those
individuals, the elderly, the disabled,
women with dependent children, and so on.
It's important when studying Period 7
to kind of compare and contrast the
New Deal with the Progressive Era reforms.
And some things to keep in mind about
the New Deal, it created a limited welfare
state and dramatically increased
the size of the federal government.
We're still debating
what is the appropriate role
of the federal government even today.
Some New Deal programs are still popular
today such as Social Security and FDIC.
And the New Deal continued reforms
of the Progressive Era and reforms
of the New Deal will be followed up
by other reform efforts such as
the Fair Deal under President Truman
and really the Great Society
under Lyndon Baines Johnson.
So, make sure you're able to compare and
contrast these different reform periods.
It's important to note although
the New Deal did not take up the cause
of civil rights, it oftentimes ignored
the plight of African Americans,
African Americans began to vote in large
numbers for the Democratic Party under
Franklin Roosevelt.
There were critics of the New Deal.
Some felt the New Deal did not do enough.
You had people like Huey Long who proposed
a major redistribution of wealth with his
program "Share Our Wealth" Program.
You have conservatives who thought
the New Deal increased the size
of the government too much and were
really concerned about deficit spending.
And the Supreme Court ruled some
of the programs unconstitutional,
for example the National Recovery Act
and the Agricultural Adjustment Act.
And finally, it did not completely
end the Great Depression.
The Depression was only ended as
the country began to shift to war
production for World War II,
which leads us to the final thing
in Period 7, World War II.
World War II, you should break down in two
areas, the home front and the battlefield
and a couple things to keep
in mind about the home front.
World War II led to a shift
to war production and contributed
to the end of the Great Depression.
Jobs in war industries led
to new opportunities for women.
You have the famous "Rosie the Riveter"
icon, and other minority groups
such as African Americans.
Although deported during
the Great Depression, Mexican
and Mexican Americans were kicked out
of the country, it's called "repatriation,"
the need for labor in the agricultural
sector led to the Bracero Program,
which allowed Mexican immigrants to come
into the United States
during World War II.
Although, there was numerous opportunities
presented by World War II on the home
front, there were also tensions at home.
You have African Americans struggling
for equality
with the "Double Victory Campaign,"
you have the fight for Executive Order
8802 to provide equal
opportunity in defense work,
Japanese Internment which was upheld
by Korematsu versus The United States,
and of course in Los Angeles you have
the Zoot Suit Riots between
Mexican American youth
and American military personnel.
And it's important to know scientific
and technological advances such as
the atomic bomb
created by the Manhattan Project
and the development of sonar
will aid the Allied cause.
U.S. industrial power will be a major reason
for the Allied victory along with the huge
Red Army of the Soviet Union but U.S.
production is phenomenal during the war
providing a lot of the supplies even
before U.S. enters the war in 1941.
The decision to drop the atomic bomb will
remain a source of controversy so make
sure you know about some of the different
arguments for and against
the dropping of the bomb.
And it's important to know the "Big Three,"
Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill,
will struggle to maintain their alliance
of convenience as they
debate wartime strategy.
Stalin continued to want the second front
and he felt Churchill and Roosevelt were
delaying that and the post-war world.
Roosevelt and Churchill and later Truman
are gonna want a world based upon
self-determination, capitalism,
and these agreements were
gonna be difficult to achieve.
Finally, following World War II,
the U.S. will emerge as a dominant
superpower and end its tradition
of avoiding foreign organizations.
We are gonna join the United Nations
and shortly after World War II, we will
also find ourself engaged in a cold war.
This video is not meant to cover
everything you need to know about APUSH
Period 7 but it's just to highlight
some of the key things and themes
you should keep in mind.
I highly suggest you check out any
of these videos about any of the topics
covered in Period 7 to get way
more ready for this APUSH exam.
So, click the link
and learn a whole lot more.
That's gonna do it for today.
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Peace.