[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.86,0:00:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was studying ancient Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.22,0:00:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most difficult things for me to understand is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.03,0:00:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how all of these ancient ruins fit together,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.26,0:00:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but luckily we have Dr. Bernard Frischer
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.57,0:00:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has built an extraordinary video simulation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.59,0:00:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to move through this space.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.06,0:00:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The difficulty is always two-fold.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.03,0:00:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, that ancient cities are now in ruins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.86,0:00:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the one problem we have is
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.45,0:00:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you go from ruins to the way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.60,0:00:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it did look in antiquity.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.85,0:00:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, we only have random ruins,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.80,0:00:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.63,0:00:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So even if you can visualize what the Pantheon looks like
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.86,0:00:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the Colosseum,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.77,0:00:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are a mile apart in the city .
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.02,0:00:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was everything else? Most of it is missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.98,0:00:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the visualization is trying to put the whole city together
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.49,0:00:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so let's take a look. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.25,0:00:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is just beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.88,0:00:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're now flying low over the city, over the Tibre.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.36,0:00:50.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a good place to start because you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.03,0:00:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Tibre does divide Rome into two parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.34,0:00:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I see in the distance a very large temple.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.18,0:00:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.50,0:00:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jupiter, the best and the greatest,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.94,0:01:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was the main temple of the Roman state cult.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.04,0:01:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's on top of the Capitoline Hill
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.43,0:01:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which because of this temple and some others,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.73,0:01:10.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was considered the center of the state cult
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.09,0:01:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the state religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.26,0:01:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what moment in Rome's history have you chosen?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.14,0:01:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is notionally the year 320 AD,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.71,0:01:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the peak of Rome's urban development,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.64,0:01:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly in terms of public architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.14,0:01:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the simple reason that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.34,0:01:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Emperor at this time was Constantine the Great
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.97,0:01:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shortly after this year
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.44,0:01:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he moved the capital from Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.26,0:01:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his city of Constantinople.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.04,0:01:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok so we're flying up the river
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.31,0:01:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after the Capitoline Hill we see the Palatine Hill,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.44,0:01:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another one of the seven canonical hills of Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.70,0:01:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Palatine is obvious to anybody who visits Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.19,0:01:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're in the forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.64,0:01:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the great hill with the palaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.21,0:01:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the word palace derives from the word Palatine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.74,0:01:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans, as time went on in their history,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.46,0:01:54.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said "where ever the emperor is, there the palace is,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.83,0:01:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the paletine. So, the term palace got detached
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.31,0:01:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from this physical hill
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.91,0:02:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and came to just mean "a place where the ruler lives".
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.91,0:02:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually as we're flying past
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.11,0:02:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is the Circus Maximus,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.85,0:02:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see the imperial palace, it is so large.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.80,0:02:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is literally enveloped the entire hillside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.26,0:02:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to remember this was not only
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.87,0:02:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the emperor lived, and his family with him,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.83,0:02:17.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was also the center of the government.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.31,0:02:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any important relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between this enormous circus and the palace?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.66,0:02:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are in fact connected
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.09,0:02:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Emperor was a great giver of the circus games
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.96,0:02:31.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could easily come down to the Imperial box
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.18,0:02:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the palace,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.32,0:02:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if he even wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.27,0:02:36.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could watch the circus races at the Palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.05,0:02:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not talking about Barnum & Bailey,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.36,0:02:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about sporting events.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.92,0:02:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're mainly talking about chariot races.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.12,0:02:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think Ben Hur, the very famous chariot race scenes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.12,0:02:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there were also animal hunts,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.46,0:02:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were parades, religious processions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.06,0:02:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the triumphal processions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.62,0:02:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's go into the city proper. We know that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.14,0:02:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome was this mercantile culture that has real markets.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.66,0:02:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much do we know about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.20,0:03:01.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the daily lives of the inhabitants?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.51,0:03:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know a huge amount.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.69,0:03:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know about their hundreds of trades and professions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.82,0:03:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different social classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.36,0:03:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know about their diet, we know about their longevity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.77,0:03:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scholars have really reconstructed in great detail
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.88,0:03:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what everyday life was like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.27,0:03:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the most impressive structures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.71,0:03:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm seeing is this aqueduct, this highway for water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.16,0:03:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, the Romans are famous for their aqueducts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.19,0:03:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They never could have had their big city
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.93,0:03:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a million or even the 2 million that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.32,0:03:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're now seeing without the aqueducts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.46,0:03:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that brought water in from
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.86,0:03:29.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 or 30 miles away in the mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.23,0:03:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They kept this gravitational sytem working
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.38,0:03:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by getting the sources up into the mountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.73,0:03:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bringing it down into the city
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.90,0:03:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the valley which gave the force to the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.52,0:03:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were able to somehow calculate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.53,0:03:43.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a slope of even just 1 foot every 2000 feet,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.22,0:03:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.24,0:03:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know how they could measure so accurately
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.46,0:03:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the water kept moving gently downhill
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.12,0:03:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but relentlessly downhill.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.68,0:03:52.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is this kind of ambition,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.35,0:03:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this notion that man can control nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.95,0:03:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does not need to build a city where the water is already,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.85,0:04:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but one can actually bend nature to man's will.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.06,0:04:04.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans were remarkable engineers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.33,0:04:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used the water for drinking purposes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.65,0:04:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously cooking, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.56,0:04:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also a lot of these aqueducts
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.56,0:04:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ended at great fountains,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.12,0:04:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also in the great public baths.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.100,0:04:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this area seems to be sort of set apart from
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.63,0:04:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this denser, urban part of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.47,0:04:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these are the baths of Trajan.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.25,0:04:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, these were not the first public baths,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.47,0:04:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were the baths
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.98,0:04:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that gave the standard design for public baths.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.58,0:04:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Block of bathing buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.28,0:04:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of a kind of garden area,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.00,0:04:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,delimited by a wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.54,0:04:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we were talking earlier about the way
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.58,0:04:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the emperors would provide for
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.27,0:04:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the well- being of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.34,0:04:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is really a prime example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.48,0:04:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we are moving to some of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.54,0:04:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well known monuments in ancient Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.67,0:04:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Colosseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.100,0:04:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're in a fairly late moment in Roman history.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.39,0:04:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before the Colosseum, wasn't there another palace here?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.16,0:04:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.75,0:04:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Colosseum was built by the emperor of Vespasian,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.32,0:04:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who became emperor in 69 AD.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.10,0:04:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the suicide of Nero, a very unpopular emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.94,0:05:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the reasons he was so unpopular was that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.49,0:05:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the great fire of 64 AD
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.36,0:05:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which a lot of the city was destroyed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.24,0:05:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he took over 100 acres in the heart of the city
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.25,0:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and converted it from private property
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.97,0:05:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his own personal use as a palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.60,0:05:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Golden House of Nero.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.98,0:05:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Colosseum was actually a lake in that palace.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.02,0:05:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Vespasian,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.20,0:05:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to show that he was a friend of the people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.10,0:05:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled in that lake and built a Colosseum on top of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.33,0:05:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Colosseum was not originally called the Colosseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.40,0:05:27.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No. That's a term that
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.55,0:05:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only goes back to the early middle ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.38,0:05:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheatre
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.76,0:05:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the Vespasians' family name was Flavius,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.84,0:05:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Flavian.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.30,0:05:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an Amphitheatre, or kind of a double theatre,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.85,0:05:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an oval in shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.48,0:05:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans certainly didn't call it Colosseum,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.51,0:05:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they did call this enormous statue the Colossus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.03,0:05:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a statue of the sun god.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.53,0:05:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you have mentioned that this is the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.54,0:05:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when Constantine rules Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.34,0:05:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has not yet moved the capital to the east.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.72,0:05:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's interesting to look at his arch,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.68,0:05:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the arch of Constantine,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.15,0:05:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and realize that this is brand new.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.12,0:06:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's only a couple of years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.78,0:06:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Constantine left Rome after he defeated Maxentius
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.30,0:06:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.03,0:06:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.05,0:06:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he never came back to Rome to actually see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.70,0:06:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've just risen over the edge of the Colosseum
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.03,0:06:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're looking down.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.20,0:06:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is in a way, a mirror of Roman society.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.61,0:06:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best seats are the ones farthest down,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.80,0:06:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,closest to the arena,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.26,0:06:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that was reserved for the emperor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.46,0:06:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,top office holders, priests, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.22,0:06:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then behind them were the senators.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.91,0:06:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind them, the wealthy business men.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.56,0:06:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And behind them, the free born, normal citizens.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.93,0:06:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the very top, sat women, slaves, and foreigners.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.32,0:06:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what were they coming to watch?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.91,0:06:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we can see now what's going on
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.61,0:06:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the main thing that we associate with the Colosseum,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.53,0:06:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the gladiatorial combats.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.24,0:06:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that went on here that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.51,0:06:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Romans loved was hunts of wild animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.21,0:06:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third thing is the execution of criminals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.11,0:06:51.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often in very colorful ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.26,0:06:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ways we would find very cruel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.40,0:06:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's make a left turn and move towards the forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.77,0:06:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is that enormous temple?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.88,0:07:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the biggest temple of the state religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.50,0:07:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the temple of Venus and Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.19,0:07:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was built by the emperor Hadrian.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.27,0:07:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually interesting because
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.56,0:07:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's two temples back-to-back.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.07,0:07:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One part of it is dedicated to the worship
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.57,0:07:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the goddess, Venus.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.02,0:07:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the one facing the Coliseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.57,0:07:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other, to the goddess, Roma, that's facing the forum.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.03,0:07:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there seems to be a reason for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.74,0:07:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venus is looking at the Colosseum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.44,0:07:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is associated with fun and games.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.04,0:07:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otium, the Romans would say. Leisure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.32,0:07:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas Roma is a more serious goddess.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.00,0:07:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's facing the forum which is the area of negotium,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.20,0:07:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or business and work.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.13,0:07:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, so now we're moving over to the forum itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.86,0:07:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we'll stop first at the Basilica of Maxentius,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.06,0:07:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last of the great civic buildings
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.42,0:07:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,built in Rome before Constantine moved the capital.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.29,0:07:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a huge structure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.69,0:07:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the word Basilica is familiar to us.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.45,0:07:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We often call churches "basilicas" now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.23,0:07:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the Romans it was a civic building
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.68,0:07:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used mainly for courts,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.79,0:07:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Christians adopted the building forum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.83,0:07:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they worshipped inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.23,0:07:58.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they adopted this preexisting building forum
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.67,0:07:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gave it a new content.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.81,0:08:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now we're moving into
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.24,0:08:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most complicated parts of Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.33,0:08:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when you try to look at the ruins
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.20,0:08:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand how these buildings related to each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.73,0:08:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always say the forum is like the wall in Washington.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.33,0:08:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a big open public space
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.24,0:08:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used for public events like parades and speeches.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.10,0:08:19.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The buildings around that open space are also public
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.42,0:08:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they are courthouses and temples.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.93,0:08:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, on the forum plaza are,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.16,0:08:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the case of the wall in Washington,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.79,0:08:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monuments commemorating
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.100,0:08:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great men and important events.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.32,0:08:31.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adjacent to the forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.69,0:08:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private property was increasingly bought up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.27,0:08:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that each emperor could build his own forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.64,0:08:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the so called imperial fora of the emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.41,0:08:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've made a full circle
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.93,0:08:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're now looking again at the Capitoline.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.13,0:08:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're flying over the Roman forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.87,0:08:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll acutally come back to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.78,0:08:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're flying over the Capitoline hill,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.52,0:08:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can see the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.24,0:08:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're going beyond, back to the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.45,0:08:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we find a big flat area of Rome
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.81,0:08:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called the Campus Martius,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.18,0:08:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the field of Mars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.40,0:09:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was called that because in the Roman republic
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.70,0:09:01.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there was a citizen army,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.77,0:09:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the army would meet here and train.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.78,0:09:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we've just moved over this lovely squared pond,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.37,0:09:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're looking at the flank
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.30,0:09:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an enormously important building, the Pantheon.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.15,0:09:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rotunda, the round part,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.74,0:09:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wouldn't really see in antiquity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.95,0:09:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would see the part that has the eight columns
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.32,0:09:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the front that looks like a traditional temple.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.71,0:09:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to say that it was built as a building
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.25,0:09:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a surprise on the inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.62,0:09:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it does look like a regular
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.93,0:09:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greek or Roman temple
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.97,0:09:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you get inside,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.04,0:09:33.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's when you notice that there's actually a rotunda.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.77,0:09:35.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just want to spend just a second
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.48,0:09:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marvelling at the scale of this structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.96,0:09:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at those columns, they are enormous.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.70,0:09:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ability to get stones that large upright
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.20,0:09:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just a phenomenal feat in itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.24,0:09:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's phenomenal and even more so when you consider that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.51,0:09:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is granite, and it's all from Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.62,0:09:54.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was brought from very far away.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.64,0:09:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a building that celebrates the Roman emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.50,0:09:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This building we know had statues of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.50,0:10:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Julius Caesar and Augustus,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.65,0:10:04.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we think that this building was dedicated always
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.81,0:10:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the worship of the emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.69,0:10:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this space opens up just magically.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.02,0:10:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It does, and the magic is really remarkable,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.48,0:10:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've taken many visitors there,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.09,0:10:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've asked them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.20,0:10:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they've had the same experience that I've had.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.18,0:10:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you stop right on the threshold,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.54,0:10:21.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you hold your head straight, I always say,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.16,0:10:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"what can you see?" And everybody always agrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.23,0:10:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the hole in the dome up at the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.91,0:10:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it the eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.82,0:10:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see the floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.77,0:10:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the two sides left and right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.47,0:10:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is to say that this is a grandiose space.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.26,0:10:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's right at the limit of human vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.63,0:10:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for me it always defines what is the classical,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.22,0:10:41.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is always derived from the human form,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.53,0:10:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its proportions and its limitations.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.16,0:10:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by building a building that exactly
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.75,0:10:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,corresponds to the limits of our vision it ennobles us.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.52,0:10:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes us feel as big and great
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.29,0:10:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we can feel as humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.58,0:10:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't reduce us. Had it been ten times bigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.50,0:10:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would have felt ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.20,0:11:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reduced to the size of an ant, or something.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.49,0:11:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The building is obsessively concerned with circular form.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.20,0:11:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it is also concerned with squares.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.78,0:11:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We look at the floor we actually see
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.51,0:11:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this play of squares and circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.04,0:11:12.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then of course there are the coffers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.83,0:11:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that create this beautiful sense of rhythm.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.26,0:11:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely. And notice we also there
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.09,0:11:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get the play of squares and circles,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.45,0:11:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because these are square coffers that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.08,0:11:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give us a semi circular dome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.74,0:11:24.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's interesting to me about it is
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.09,0:11:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first of all it's painted,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.33,0:11:25.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you go there today,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.93,0:11:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the paint has been completely lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.48,0:11:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a dome of heaven motifs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.15,0:11:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the ground of the dome is painted blue.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.84,0:11:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The coffers are highlighted in yellow as if
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.30,0:11:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radiating the light of the sun,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.59,0:11:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the middle were probably rosettes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.87,0:11:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are supposed to be suns or stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.72,0:11:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even in antiquity we know from a historian
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.28,0:11:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote only a hundred years
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.84,0:11:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after the building was built.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.24,0:11:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People wondered, how did they build the dome?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.75,0:11:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could they do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.14,0:11:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They marvelled at it even in antiquity.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.09,0:11:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The light is very interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.80,0:11:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at the coffering, you can get the idea that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.15,0:12:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know the light from the eye is going to
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.34,0:12:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,direct the sunbeams to different coffers
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.92,0:12:04.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at different times of day, on different days of the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.89,0:12:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recent scholarship suggests that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.29,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this wasn't really a sundial,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there was a play of the passage of time
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.74,0:12:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a play of light on space to indicate
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.67,0:12:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the passage of time during the year.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.40,0:12:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is though one alignment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.45,0:12:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to be very intentional
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.07,0:12:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is the sunlight coming through the eye
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.66,0:12:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at noon on April 21
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.20,0:12:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly illuminated the main door of the Pantheon.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.08,0:12:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember Hadrian was the man
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.67,0:12:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsible for the Pantheon in this phase.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.27,0:12:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,April 21 was the birthday festival of Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.21,0:12:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Hadrian's very interested in the birthday festival,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.54,0:12:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed the name to the Romaea festival
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.28,0:12:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in honor of the goddess Roma.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.94,0:12:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He seems to have aligned the building in such a way that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.06,0:12:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be this dramatic effect at noon,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.77,0:12:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can only imagine that
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.98,0:12:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there must of been some sort of birthday festival
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.41,0:12:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happening in the Pantheon that day.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.61,0:12:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let's move back down to the forum now.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.32,0:12:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the main roads going through the city
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.48,0:13:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met here in the forum,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.35,0:13:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a place that the average Roman
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.00,0:13:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on an average day might well pass through.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.18,0:13:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the camera pulls back
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.74,0:13:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can really see the full extent of the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.79,0:13:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you really understand how complex,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.40,0:13:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how advanced this ancient world was.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.58,0:13:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many buildings were here, do we think?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.97,0:13:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have two censuses from the fourth century AD that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.27,0:13:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggest there were
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.48,0:13:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between eight and ten thousand buildings here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.58,0:13:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think the population
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.97,0:13:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might have been between one and two million.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.51,0:13:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The total surface area was about
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.32,0:13:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twenty-five square kilometers,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.45,0:13:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it was the biggest city in the Western world anyway
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.54,0:13:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 19th Century London.