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Welcome back, APUSH crew.

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Today, we're taking

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a look at the Roaring 20s.

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If you're studying the periods 1919

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to around 1929 in your APUSH class,

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or using any of these textbook,

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this video is gonna help you

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get a five on that APUSH exam.

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And important to keep in mind is even

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before the Roaring 20s,

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there was a fear following World War I.

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It actually begins during the war.

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If you recall, in 1917, the

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Communist Party came to power in Russia.

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This is the Bolshevik Revolution,

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and many Americans were concerned

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that perhaps this was the start of a

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communist movement all over the globe.

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Strikes actually occur also in 1919.

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This is a completely separate issue.

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Even though some people blame these

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strikes on radical movements,

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most of them were about increasing

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workers' wages, reducing hours,

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and improving safety conditions.

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But you get strikes going down

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in many important industries.

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You have this great steel strike in 1919,

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the Boston Police strike, where

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police officers actually go on strike.

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And one of the important outcomes of these

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strikes is very often,

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the National Guard was called out to break

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up these strikes.

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And public opinion throughout

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the 1920s is gonna be very anti-union.

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Race riots also occur following and,

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in fact, during the war.

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This was a result of American

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cities changing demographically.

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There was a lot of resentment over

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competition for jobs between White

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and Black residents and over housing.

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In fact, some of the worst racial rioting

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takes place in 1919 in Chicago, where over

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40 people are killed during the riots.

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And then you have bombs go off in 1919-1920

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in eight American cities.

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And many people in the country

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think that this is the start of a radical

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movement, a revolution

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going to take place in America,

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and this becomes known as the Red Scare.

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And it's important to keep in mind

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that these events you see,

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these four things,

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are not necessarily connected,

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but when all of them are happening around

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the same time, you have the bombings,

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you have this Red Scare developing.

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And the guy who's gonna play a key role

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during this is the Attorney General

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of the United States, A.

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Mitchell Palmer, and he's going to lead

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a series of raids of suspected

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radicals in the United States.

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And thousands of people are going to be

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arrested during these Palmer Raids

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during the first Red Scare.

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Another thing that kind of continues going

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into the 1920s is, once again,

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a rise of nativism.

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You know, the Palmer Raids led to the mass

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arrest of socialists, anarchists,

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union organizers,

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or other suspected radicals.

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And very often these people,

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these individuals were being arrested

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for their ideas. And in many cases,

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there was very little evidence, if any,

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because these people were just guilty

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of believing in things that were

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unpopular during the decade.

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And with this Red Scare,

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there is going to be a continued hatred

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towards new immigrants in the 1920s.

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In fact, in 1921, the Quota Act will be

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passed signed into law by President Harding,

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and it's gonna limit immigration

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numbers to three percent of those living

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in the U.S. as of 1910.

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Add another law to immigration policy

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called the National Quota Act of 1924.

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This one sets the quota at two percent

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of the immigrants in the U.S., and they use

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the year 1890, and they use

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the numbers of the 1890 Census.

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And the reason why they switch that year

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to 1890 is they're trying to limit

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the new immigrants that were largely

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coming in from Southern

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and Eastern Europe.

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These immigrants were considered

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undesirable, and they want to cut off

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that immigration from those

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countries in particular.

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And 1890's kind of the year where

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there were less of those

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immigrants than in years following.

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The Quota Act of 1924 is also gonna

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severely restrict Asian immigrants.

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In fact, no Japanese immigrants

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are allowed to come at all.

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But it's important to keep in mind,

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during the 1920s,

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you're gonna have an unrestricted

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immigration from the Western hemisphere.

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So, lots of immigrants coming in,

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especially from Mexico,

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working in jobs in the Southwest,

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predominantly in agriculture.

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And one of the most important cases,

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and really symbolic of the anti-immigrant

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feeling of the 1920s,

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is the case of Sacco and Vanzetti.

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And there they are, Sacco and Vanzetti.

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And what happens is these two men are

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Italian immigrants who are charged

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with robbery and murder in 1921, Boston.

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And they're found guilty

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and sentenced to death.

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And this trial really demonstrates

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the tensions of the era.

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Many people felt that Sacco

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and Vanzetti were not receiving justice.

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And what occurs, and the reasons why they

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say this is very often during the case,

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it's the fact that they're Italian

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immigrants, they're radicals,

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they're anarchists,

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and they're World War I draft dodgers.

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Those become the issues in the case.

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And ultimately, both men will be executed

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in 1927, in spite of the fact that there's

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a lot of people around the world

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calling for their release.

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Another thing about the 1920s that occurs

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kind of connected to the issue

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of immigration and anti-radical

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feelings is the resurgence of the KKK.

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If you recall, the KKK is created

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following the Civil War during

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Reconstruction. And in the '20s,

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the Klan broadens its influence

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throughout the decade.

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They expand their influence not just

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in the South, but also in the Midwest

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and in other regions of the country.

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And their hatred isn't confined to African

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American people exclusively any longer.

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They are going to speak out and be against

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not only African Americans,

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but immigrants, especially those Southern

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and Eastern European immigrants,

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Catholics, radicals,

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and any other people that were not White,

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Anglo-Saxon, Protestant.

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In fact, just before the 1920s,

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a popular film, a very pro-KKK film,

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The Birth of a Nation is extremely

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popular in the United States,

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and in the film it is the Klan

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that are the heroes of Reconstruction.

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They're gonna organize

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themselves throughout the decade.

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They're gonna become very powerful,

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up to five million members by 1925,

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and what they are saying to the American

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people is that they are

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a patriotic organizations.

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They support

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largely, and they're gonna get support

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largely, White Protestants,

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especially in the small towns and cities.

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And the Klan itself will exert

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tremendous political influence.

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Here you see them marching in Washington,

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D.C. So far, this decade's been kind

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of a downer, but kind of why

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is it called the Roaring 20s?

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Well, one of the things that happens is

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you have the rise, the development

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of the mass consumption economy.

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In 1920, it is the first time a majority

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of Americans live in urban areas.

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You can see that on the

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chart right there, 51 percent.

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And the economic prosperity as a whole,

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the economy is going to roar.

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There's a tremendous growth in the stock

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market, and very often this growth

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was built on people buying on margin.

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They're taking out loans to buy stock.

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And we're gonna see how

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that turns out in the next video.

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And the reason they're doing this is

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they're investing based on speculation.

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They feel this market is going to continue

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to go up, and for much of the decade, it

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will go up until the great crash in 1929.

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The mass consumption economy is really

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gonna be dependent upon a large number

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of new and affordable consumer goods

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becoming available, things like the vacuum

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cleaner, the washing machine, and other

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goods are going to be purchased by people.

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And really, electricity in homes

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leads to this increased demand

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for consumer appliances.

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Once people are moving to cities

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and electricity is available in more

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and more homes, you can now have these new

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consumer goods, and these are gonna save

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time in doing things like housework.

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Fueling this consumerism

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was buying goods on credit.

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The installment plan is really kind

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of introduced on a wide scale in the 20s,

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and the idea is you can

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possess today and pay tomorrow.

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So, of course now, lots of people are able

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to buy things that they

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normally could not.

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The downside of this, of course, is debt.

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And we're gonna see, once again,

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the consequences of this debt

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in our next video.

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And advertising is gonna

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play a key role in the 1920s.

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You see one of the popular ads in the '20s

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right there, bad breath,

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halitosis makes you unpopular.

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So, brush your teeth, childrens.

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And advertising industry is gonna

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manipulate consumer demand by increasing

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people's desire to have various products.

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Another area that's gonna really transform

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itself in the 1920s is transportation.

0:09:03.600,0:09:05.407
Frederick Taylor's Principles

0:09:05.440,0:09:06.720
of Scientific Management,

0:09:06.753,0:09:09.720
and his whole idea was that workers can

0:09:09.760,0:09:11.607
improve their productivity,

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that management can improve

0:09:13.033,0:09:15.200
the productivity of workers by having them

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eliminate certain motions

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in the production process.

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And the guy who really kind of adopts

0:09:21.533,0:09:23.920
many of these ideas is Henry Ford.

0:09:24.320,0:09:26.320
Cars become affordable for the average

0:09:26.360,0:09:28.447
American, the famous Model T, you can see

0:09:28.480,0:09:31.400
there. And really, the assembly line

0:09:31.440,0:09:34.280
introduced by Henry Ford allows for this

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mass production to take place

0:09:37.840,0:09:39.160
in the automobile history.

0:09:39.240,0:09:40.727
Now, while the railroad industry's gonna

0:09:40.760,0:09:41.920
be hurt by cars,

0:09:42.400,0:09:44.800
there is going to be a huge boom in other

0:09:44.840,0:09:46.847
industries, such as steel and rubber

0:09:46.880,0:09:48.567
and gasoline, highway construction,

0:09:48.600,0:09:50.240
and a whole host of others,

0:09:50.680,0:09:53.280
because of the rise of the automobile,

0:09:53.480,0:09:55.927
and not just economic impacts of the car,

0:09:55.960,0:09:57.607
but also the car becomes

0:09:57.640,0:09:59.560
a badge of freedom and equality,

0:09:59.800,0:10:01.160
and it's going to have

0:10:01.280,0:10:02.880
social consequences as well.

0:10:03.040,0:10:04.440
The airplane plays a key role.

0:10:04.473,0:10:06.480
In fact, one of the key kinda figures

0:10:06.520,0:10:08.487
in this story is Charles Lindbergh,

0:10:08.520,0:10:10.000
who becomes the first person

0:10:10.033,0:10:12.400
to fly solo across the Atlantic.

0:10:12.640,0:10:14.560
He goes from New York to Paris

0:10:14.960,0:10:18.600
in a very long journey of over 33 hours in

0:10:18.640,0:10:21.440
a single-engine plane, some scary stuff.

0:10:21.600,0:10:22.410
And when he comes back,

0:10:22.443,0:10:24.560
he becomes a national hero,

0:10:24.600,0:10:26.720
an instant celebrity because people are

0:10:26.760,0:10:30.500
able to follow his journey with the radio.

0:10:30.680,0:10:32.520
And that leads us to the mass media

0:10:32.560,0:10:35.400
and the impact of mass media on the '20s.

0:10:35.600,0:10:36.607
It's really important

0:10:36.640,0:10:38.520
to understand the impact of the radio.

0:10:38.800,0:10:40.240
In November of 1920,

0:10:40.280,0:10:42.320
we have the first radio broadcast out

0:10:42.360,0:10:44.240
of Pittsburgh, and it announces

0:10:44.320,0:10:45.800
the election of Warren G.

0:10:45.920,0:10:48.840
Harding to the American public.

0:10:49.160,0:10:50.720
And really the radio is gonna play

0:10:50.753,0:10:53.800
a key role in tying the nation together.

0:10:54.040,0:10:56.320
It provides shared experiences.

0:10:56.640,0:10:58.480
People are listening to the same

0:10:58.560,0:11:00.520
advertisements, the same speeches,

0:11:00.560,0:11:02.160
the same forms of entertainment

0:11:02.440,0:11:03.800
on a national scale.

0:11:04.040,0:11:05.887
You also see in the 1920s the rise

0:11:05.920,0:11:07.207
of the movie industry,

0:11:07.240,0:11:10.478
and especially in Hollywood, out in Los Angeles.

0:11:10.678,0:11:11.760
There is the famous

0:11:11.840,0:11:13.040
Hollywood sign as it

0:11:13.080,0:11:14.567
looked back in the day.

0:11:14.760,0:11:17.080
Innovations in the movie industry itself,

0:11:17.120,0:11:19.640
you have The Jazz Singer in 1927.

0:11:19.960,0:11:21.800
It becomes the first talkie.

0:11:22.320,0:11:24.880
And a part of this rise of mass media like

0:11:24.960,0:11:26.800
radio and movies is the celebrity

0:11:26.960,0:11:28.920
culture of the 1920s.

0:11:29.267,0:11:31.600
You have people that become national

0:11:31.680,0:11:34.207
celebrities, people such as Babe Ruth,

0:11:34.240,0:11:35.640
the famous New York Yankee.

0:11:36.080,0:11:38.600
And the radio and the movie, once again,

0:11:38.840,0:11:41.000
fuel the consumption economy

0:11:41.320,0:11:43.367
that characterizes the 1920s.

0:11:43.800,0:11:44.967
Gender in the 1920s is

0:11:45.000,0:11:46.240
another important thing.

0:11:46.273,0:11:49.407
This image of the decade was a decade

0:11:49.440,0:11:51.680
of social customs being challenged,

0:11:51.720,0:11:52.800
not just for women,

0:11:53.040,0:11:54.800
but for all different groups.

0:11:54.960,0:11:56.887
And it was young women in cities that were

0:11:56.920,0:11:58.360
really challenging the social

0:11:58.440,0:12:00.000
customs of America.

0:12:00.400,0:12:01.840
Jazz music, dancing,

0:12:01.880,0:12:03.200
drinking bootleg liquor,

0:12:03.233,0:12:05.400
and other challenges to traditional values

0:12:05.480,0:12:06.800
do have, for example,

0:12:07.280,0:12:08.767
labor-saving devices,

0:12:08.800,0:12:10.000
such as the vacuum cleaner,

0:12:10.033,0:12:12.127
the washing machine, changing

0:12:12.160,0:12:15.047
the roles of homemakers for some women.

0:12:15.080,0:12:16.760
If you were a woman who was able

0:12:16.840,0:12:18.600
to afford these new appliances,

0:12:18.800,0:12:20.800
you now have more free time.

0:12:21.200,0:12:23.207
And the ultimate symbol of this kind

0:12:23.240,0:12:26.327
of youthful rebellion of young women was,

0:12:26.360,0:12:27.560
of course, the flappers.

0:12:27.640,0:12:29.520
You have some women who go much further

0:12:29.553,0:12:32.000
with their challenging of existing social

0:12:32.080,0:12:33.240
customs of the decade,

0:12:33.480,0:12:35.847
and one of those women is Margaret Sanger,

0:12:35.880,0:12:39.000
who spoke openly in spite of protests

0:12:39.040,0:12:40.720
and in spite of her being arrested

0:12:40.753,0:12:44.727
for obscenity laws in the support of

0:12:44.760,0:12:46.360
birth control and demanding that women

0:12:46.400,0:12:48.360
should have the right to have

0:12:48.440,0:12:50.040
access to birth control.

0:12:50.440,0:12:52.360
These changes in the 1920s lead

0:12:52.400,0:12:54.800
to a growth of fundamentalism,

0:12:55.080,0:12:56.280
and, eventually, you're gonna

0:12:56.360,0:12:58.200
see the Scopes Monkey Trial.

0:12:58.560,0:13:01.160
So, as the decade is seeing a battle

0:13:01.200,0:13:03.280
between the values of the modernizing

0:13:03.400,0:13:05.720
cities and the traditional values of rural

0:13:05.800,0:13:07.487
areas, you're going to see the growth

0:13:07.520,0:13:09.120
of a fundamentalist movement.

0:13:09.400,0:13:11.600
And fundamentalists believe that every

0:13:11.720,0:13:13.520
word in the Bible should be

0:13:13.600,0:13:15.480
considered literally true.

0:13:15.640,0:13:17.880
And the radio allows for preachers, such as

0:13:17.920,0:13:20.480
Billy Sunday, to reach a mass audience,

0:13:20.760,0:13:22.567
and he did so in the '20s when he spoke

0:13:22.600,0:13:24.160
out against things like drinking,

0:13:24.440,0:13:26.887
and dancing, jazz music, and gambling,

0:13:26.920,0:13:28.320
and other things that some

0:13:28.400,0:13:29.920
fundamentalists opposed.

0:13:30.840,0:13:32.960
And the big moment happens when the ACLU,

0:13:33.000,0:13:34.760
the American Civil Liberties Union,

0:13:35.080,0:13:37.280
sought to challenge a law in Tennessee,

0:13:37.320,0:13:40.120
the Butler Act, that outlawed the teaching

0:13:40.160,0:13:42.267
of evolution in public schools.

0:13:42.733,0:13:45.560
And they find a teacher, John Scopes,

0:13:45.880,0:13:47.640
who will violate the law,

0:13:47.680,0:13:50.520
and in 1925 he is arrested for teaching

0:13:50.640,0:13:52.480
evolution in a school

0:13:52.600,0:13:54.160
in Dayton, Tennessee.

0:13:55.000,0:13:56.880
The entire world follows the trial

0:13:56.960,0:13:58.600
by listening on the radio,

0:13:58.920,0:14:00.680
the famous Scopes Monkey Trial,

0:14:00.720,0:14:02.360
because it dealt with evolution.

0:14:02.560,0:14:03.447
You have two of the best

0:14:03.480,0:14:04.720
lawyers in the country.

0:14:04.880,0:14:06.160
The prosecutor is a religious

0:14:06.240,0:14:08.720
fundamentalist, also former presidential

0:14:08.800,0:14:10.887
candidate William Jennings Bryan,

0:14:10.920,0:14:11.960
and the defense attorney is

0:14:11.993,0:14:14.000
Clarence Darrow, probably the most famous

0:14:14.033,0:14:16.080
defense attorney in this time period.

0:14:16.233,0:14:18.847
The trial goes on and Scopes is convicted.

0:14:18.880,0:14:20.720
He gets off on a technicality,

0:14:21.000,0:14:22.160
and really

0:14:22.200,0:14:24.560
the Scopes Trial demonstrated the tensions

0:14:24.600,0:14:26.640
between the modern and the traditional

0:14:26.720,0:14:29.100
religious values of the 1920s.

0:14:29.167,0:14:32.487
Prohibition is a key part of the 1920s.

0:14:32.520,0:14:34.360
If you recall, the 18th Amendment was

0:14:34.440,0:14:37.600
ratified in 1919, and it prohibited

0:14:37.840,0:14:39.727
the manufacture and sale

0:14:39.760,0:14:41.280
of alcoholic beverages.

0:14:41.600,0:14:43.607
And the Volstead Act is passed,

0:14:43.640,0:14:45.720
which was the federal law that would

0:14:45.760,0:14:48.040
enforce the 18th Amendment.

0:14:48.360,0:14:49.367
The issue of prohibition

0:14:49.400,0:14:50.927
was very controversial.

0:14:50.960,0:14:52.440
There was fierce opposition,

0:14:52.480,0:14:54.280
especially in large cities,

0:14:54.313,0:14:56.360
especially amongst immigrant communities

0:14:56.800,0:14:58.240
to the banning of alcohol.

0:14:58.440,0:15:00.720
Bootleg liquor was served at speakeasies,

0:15:00.760,0:15:02.880
illegal clubs where alcohol was sold.

0:15:03.040,0:15:04.880
People were making their own alcohol,

0:15:05.200,0:15:06.520
and in many cases they were

0:15:06.560,0:15:08.640
completely ignoring the law.

0:15:09.160,0:15:10.480
Part of the problem was there was

0:15:10.600,0:15:12.727
understaffed law enforcement.

0:15:12.760,0:15:14.720
There wasn't enough police to police

0:15:14.760,0:15:16.520
the borders of the United States to get

0:15:16.560,0:15:18.040
all the different areas where alcohol

0:15:18.120,0:15:20.240
was being distributed and made.

0:15:20.560,0:15:21.767
And the other issue you can see

0:15:21.800,0:15:23.000
in the political cartoon

0:15:23.280,0:15:25.080
was widespread corruption.

0:15:25.113,0:15:27.800
Very often police, politicians, and judges

0:15:27.840,0:15:29.760
were paid off to look the other way.

0:15:29.960,0:15:31.647
And as a result of prohibition,

0:15:31.680,0:15:33.567
you get the rise of organized crime.

0:15:33.600,0:15:35.560
The big guy, the famous guy

0:15:35.593,0:15:37.800
is of course Al Capone in Chicago.

0:15:38.040,0:15:39.160
You have events like the St.

0:15:39.280,0:15:40.720
Valentine's Day Massacre

0:15:40.960,0:15:43.040
where violence increases.

0:15:43.120,0:15:45.040
In spite of all this kind of controversy,

0:15:45.073,0:15:47.647
drinking does go down in the 1920s,

0:15:47.680,0:15:50.440
but ultimately prohibition will be seen as

0:15:50.520,0:15:52.800
a noble experiment that will fail,

0:15:53.040,0:15:55.080
and eventually it will be overturned with

0:15:55.120,0:15:58.267
the 21st Amendment in the early 1930s.

0:15:58.560,0:15:59.640
And the big problem is,

0:15:59.840,0:16:01.720
you can make something like alcohol

0:16:01.760,0:16:04.920
illegal, but many people still want it

0:16:05.000,0:16:07.040
and so they're going to ignore the law.

0:16:07.120,0:16:09.040
Great photo, people marching,

0:16:09.280,0:16:10.280
not for civil rights,

0:16:10.480,0:16:12.700
not for freedom, but for beer.

0:16:12.767,0:16:14.040
The decade of the 1920s

0:16:14.073,0:16:16.320
for African-Americans was a mixed decade.

0:16:16.600,0:16:18.480
Lynchings continued to be a problem.

0:16:18.520,0:16:20.080
The KKK was becoming

0:16:20.120,0:16:21.200
more and more popular.

0:16:21.480,0:16:23.360
Jim Crow laws, Plessy versus Ferguson,

0:16:23.400,0:16:26.640
all of that stuff remained a fact of life.

0:16:26.920,0:16:28.567
And while those challenges are important,

0:16:28.600,0:16:30.440
African-Americans continued to find

0:16:30.520,0:16:33.233
ways to resist this injustice.

0:16:33.700,0:16:35.720
Recall there was a great migration all

0:16:35.760,0:16:37.640
the way before World War I where you had

0:16:37.673,0:16:39.680
this mass movement of African-Americans

0:16:39.760,0:16:40.960
into Northern cities,

0:16:40.993,0:16:43.920
and you have the spread of jazz music out

0:16:43.960,0:16:45.720
of New Orleans into cities

0:16:46.000,0:16:48.480
such as New York and Chicago.

0:16:49.320,0:16:51.160
Harlem becomes kind of the unofficial

0:16:51.720,0:16:53.840
cultural center of Black America.

0:16:54.040,0:16:55.520
And during the '20s you have a famous

0:16:55.553,0:16:57.720
event known as the Harlem Renaissance.

0:16:57.960,0:16:59.960
You have writers such as Claude McKay,

0:17:00.400,0:17:02.600
Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston,

0:17:02.640,0:17:04.480
famous jazz musicians like

0:17:04.520,0:17:07.400
Louis Armstrong. And really an important

0:17:07.480,0:17:09.400
idea of the Harlem Renaissance

0:17:09.720,0:17:12.280
is this idea of the new Negro.

0:17:12.560,0:17:15.400
In fact, there was this emphasis on Black

0:17:15.520,0:17:17.240
pride, racial pride,

0:17:17.280,0:17:19.527
and celebrating the cultural traditions

0:17:19.560,0:17:21.680
of that Black community in much

0:17:21.720,0:17:23.967
of the Harlem Renaissance's work.

0:17:24.400,0:17:25.970
And outside of the Harlem Renaissance, you

0:17:26.003,0:17:28.247
have a guy by the name of Marcus Garvey.

0:17:28.280,0:17:30.487
He is a immigrant from Jamaica,

0:17:30.520,0:17:32.080
which was a British colony.

0:17:32.400,0:17:34.007
He comes to the United States, and he

0:17:34.040,0:17:35.920
creates the Universal Negro

0:17:35.960,0:17:38.800
Improvement Association, the UNIA.

0:17:39.320,0:17:41.007
He's gonna call for African-Americans

0:17:41.040,0:17:42.447
to go back to Africa.

0:17:42.480,0:17:43.847
He believed in separatism.

0:17:43.880,0:17:45.520
He felt that African-Americans would not

0:17:45.600,0:17:47.007
be able to get justice

0:17:47.040,0:17:48.320
and equality in America.

0:17:48.680,0:17:49.560
But beyond that,

0:17:49.920,0:17:52.840
Garvey's movement is gonna promote Black

0:17:52.960,0:17:55.000
pride, Black-owned business,

0:17:55.320,0:17:57.160
self-confidence, self-reliance,

0:17:57.193,0:17:59.640
self-sufficiency in the African-American

0:17:59.720,0:18:01.880
community. And he's gonna play a key role

0:18:01.920,0:18:04.480
in mobilizing ordinary African-Americans

0:18:04.880,0:18:06.287
who were perhaps not touched

0:18:06.320,0:18:08.200
by the writings of the Harlem Renaissance,

0:18:08.480,0:18:09.207
they're gonna be touched

0:18:09.240,0:18:11.200
by the words of Garvey.

0:18:11.480,0:18:12.287
And finally, make sure you

0:18:12.320,0:18:13.447
know about the Lost Generation.

0:18:13.480,0:18:14.887
This is a group of writers like F.

0:18:14.920,0:18:16.600
Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway,

0:18:16.633,0:18:18.767
Sinclair Lewis, and their writing is gonna

0:18:18.800,0:18:21.320
criticize different aspects of the decade.

0:18:21.520,0:18:22.887
They're gonna question the reasons

0:18:22.920,0:18:24.280
for fighting World War I;

0:18:24.600,0:18:26.807
small town values in places like Dayton,

0:18:26.840,0:18:29.720
Tennessee; fundamentalist religious views;

0:18:30.040,0:18:32.680
and the materialism of the 1920s.

0:18:32.960,0:18:35.927
So, this group of artists are disillusioned

0:18:35.960,0:18:37.960
with the old ideals of the past,

0:18:38.160,0:18:40.440
as well as the new materialistic culture.

0:18:40.960,0:18:42.687
That's gonna close out the Roaring '20s.

0:18:42.720,0:18:44.560
Make sure you subscribe to the channel.

0:18:44.760,0:18:46.127
Click Like on the video, tell your

0:18:46.160,0:18:47.560
friends, and have a beautiful day.

0:18:47.760,0:18:48.240
Peace.