1 00:00:10,320 --> 00:00:11,647 Welcome back, APUSH crew. 2 00:00:11,680 --> 00:00:12,480 Today, we're taking 3 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:13,840 a look at the Roaring 20s. 4 00:00:13,873 --> 00:00:16,127 If you're studying the periods 1919 5 00:00:16,160 --> 00:00:19,007 to around 1929 in your APUSH class, 6 00:00:19,040 --> 00:00:20,520 or using any of these textbook, 7 00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:23,000 this video is gonna help you 8 00:00:23,320 --> 00:00:25,320 get a five on that APUSH exam. 9 00:00:25,733 --> 00:00:27,560 And important to keep in mind is even 10 00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:28,960 before the Roaring 20s, 11 00:00:28,993 --> 00:00:31,400 there was a fear following World War I. 12 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:33,400 It actually begins during the war. 13 00:00:33,433 --> 00:00:35,560 If you recall, in 1917, the 14 00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:38,407 Communist Party came to power in Russia. 15 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:40,560 This is the Bolshevik Revolution, 16 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:42,367 and many Americans were concerned 17 00:00:42,400 --> 00:00:44,320 that perhaps this was the start of a 18 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:46,967 communist movement all over the globe. 19 00:00:47,433 --> 00:00:49,767 Strikes actually occur also in 1919. 20 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,127 This is a completely separate issue. 21 00:00:52,160 --> 00:00:53,920 Even though some people blame these 22 00:00:53,953 --> 00:00:56,280 strikes on radical movements, 23 00:00:56,560 --> 00:00:58,760 most of them were about increasing 24 00:00:58,840 --> 00:01:00,887 workers' wages, reducing hours, 25 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,000 and improving safety conditions. 26 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:04,247 But you get strikes going down 27 00:01:04,280 --> 00:01:05,520 in many important industries. 28 00:01:05,553 --> 00:01:08,640 You have this great steel strike in 1919, 29 00:01:08,960 --> 00:01:10,720 the Boston Police strike, where 30 00:01:10,753 --> 00:01:12,960 police officers actually go on strike. 31 00:01:13,240 --> 00:01:15,200 And one of the important outcomes of these 32 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:16,440 strikes is very often, 33 00:01:16,473 --> 00:01:18,560 the National Guard was called out to break 34 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:19,560 up these strikes. 35 00:01:19,760 --> 00:01:21,360 And public opinion throughout 36 00:01:21,440 --> 00:01:24,600 the 1920s is gonna be very anti-union. 37 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:27,400 Race riots also occur following and, 38 00:01:27,480 --> 00:01:28,760 in fact, during the war. 39 00:01:28,840 --> 00:01:31,040 This was a result of American 40 00:01:31,160 --> 00:01:33,087 cities changing demographically. 41 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:34,640 There was a lot of resentment over 42 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:36,760 competition for jobs between White 43 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:39,360 and Black residents and over housing. 44 00:01:39,600 --> 00:01:41,320 In fact, some of the worst racial rioting 45 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:44,920 takes place in 1919 in Chicago, where over 46 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,600 40 people are killed during the riots. 47 00:01:48,360 --> 00:01:52,281 And then you have bombs go off in 1919-1920 48 00:01:52,481 --> 00:01:54,560 in eight American cities. 49 00:01:54,760 --> 00:01:56,320 And many people in the country 50 00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:59,400 think that this is the start of a radical 51 00:01:59,920 --> 00:02:01,680 movement, a revolution 52 00:02:02,240 --> 00:02:03,960 going to take place in America, 53 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:06,920 and this becomes known as the Red Scare. 54 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:08,287 And it's important to keep in mind 55 00:02:08,320 --> 00:02:09,727 that these events you see, 56 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:10,487 these four things, 57 00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:12,320 are not necessarily connected, 58 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:14,927 but when all of them are happening around 59 00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:17,120 the same time, you have the bombings, 60 00:02:17,400 --> 00:02:19,640 you have this Red Scare developing. 61 00:02:20,267 --> 00:02:22,240 And the guy who's gonna play a key role 62 00:02:22,360 --> 00:02:24,360 during this is the Attorney General 63 00:02:24,440 --> 00:02:26,280 of the United States, A. 64 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:28,920 Mitchell Palmer, and he's going to lead 65 00:02:28,960 --> 00:02:32,040 a series of raids of suspected 66 00:02:32,160 --> 00:02:33,840 radicals in the United States. 67 00:02:34,080 --> 00:02:36,087 And thousands of people are going to be 68 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,400 arrested during these Palmer Raids 69 00:02:38,800 --> 00:02:40,767 during the first Red Scare. 70 00:02:40,960 --> 00:02:42,760 Another thing that kind of continues going 71 00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:44,887 into the 1920s is, once again, 72 00:02:44,920 --> 00:02:46,240 a rise of nativism. 73 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:48,687 You know, the Palmer Raids led to the mass 74 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:51,080 arrest of socialists, anarchists, 75 00:02:51,480 --> 00:02:52,640 union organizers, 76 00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:54,840 or other suspected radicals. 77 00:02:54,873 --> 00:02:57,167 And very often these people, 78 00:02:57,200 --> 00:02:59,000 these individuals were being arrested 79 00:02:59,080 --> 00:03:01,287 for their ideas. And in many cases, 80 00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:03,087 there was very little evidence, if any, 81 00:03:03,120 --> 00:03:04,687 because these people were just guilty 82 00:03:04,720 --> 00:03:06,320 of believing in things that were 83 00:03:06,360 --> 00:03:08,080 unpopular during the decade. 84 00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:09,480 And with this Red Scare, 85 00:03:09,513 --> 00:03:11,567 there is going to be a continued hatred 86 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,727 towards new immigrants in the 1920s. 87 00:03:14,760 --> 00:03:17,847 In fact, in 1921, the Quota Act will be 88 00:03:17,880 --> 00:03:20,880 passed signed into law by President Harding, 89 00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:22,920 and it's gonna limit immigration 90 00:03:23,440 --> 00:03:26,600 numbers to three percent of those living 91 00:03:26,680 --> 00:03:28,800 in the U.S. as of 1910. 92 00:03:29,280 --> 00:03:31,840 Add another law to immigration policy 93 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:34,520 called the National Quota Act of 1924. 94 00:03:34,640 --> 00:03:37,247 This one sets the quota at two percent 95 00:03:37,280 --> 00:03:39,920 of the immigrants in the U.S., and they use 96 00:03:39,960 --> 00:03:42,087 the year 1890, and they use 97 00:03:42,120 --> 00:03:45,040 the numbers of the 1890 Census. 98 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,120 And the reason why they switch that year 99 00:03:47,200 --> 00:03:50,240 to 1890 is they're trying to limit 100 00:03:50,760 --> 00:03:53,087 the new immigrants that were largely 101 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:54,327 coming in from Southern 102 00:03:54,360 --> 00:03:55,440 and Eastern Europe. 103 00:03:55,480 --> 00:03:56,730 These immigrants were considered 104 00:03:56,763 --> 00:03:59,440 undesirable, and they want to cut off 105 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:02,000 that immigration from those 106 00:04:02,080 --> 00:04:03,280 countries in particular. 107 00:04:03,313 --> 00:04:05,407 And 1890's kind of the year where 108 00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:06,680 there were less of those 109 00:04:06,720 --> 00:04:08,480 immigrants than in years following. 110 00:04:08,840 --> 00:04:10,720 The Quota Act of 1924 is also gonna 111 00:04:10,800 --> 00:04:12,727 severely restrict Asian immigrants. 112 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:14,407 In fact, no Japanese immigrants 113 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:15,760 are allowed to come at all. 114 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:17,600 But it's important to keep in mind, 115 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:19,167 during the 1920s, 116 00:04:19,200 --> 00:04:20,880 you're gonna have an unrestricted 117 00:04:20,960 --> 00:04:23,400 immigration from the Western hemisphere. 118 00:04:23,560 --> 00:04:25,560 So, lots of immigrants coming in, 119 00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:26,880 especially from Mexico, 120 00:04:27,240 --> 00:04:29,480 working in jobs in the Southwest, 121 00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:31,760 predominantly in agriculture. 122 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:33,600 And one of the most important cases, 123 00:04:33,633 --> 00:04:35,960 and really symbolic of the anti-immigrant 124 00:04:36,120 --> 00:04:37,520 feeling of the 1920s, 125 00:04:37,760 --> 00:04:39,840 is the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. 126 00:04:40,120 --> 00:04:41,967 And there they are, Sacco and Vanzetti. 127 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,967 And what happens is these two men are 128 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,680 Italian immigrants who are charged 129 00:04:45,720 --> 00:04:50,000 with robbery and murder in 1921, Boston. 130 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:51,327 And they're found guilty 131 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:52,440 and sentenced to death. 132 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:55,240 And this trial really demonstrates 133 00:04:55,280 --> 00:04:57,080 the tensions of the era. 134 00:04:57,320 --> 00:04:59,487 Many people felt that Sacco 135 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:02,440 and Vanzetti were not receiving justice. 136 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:04,960 And what occurs, and the reasons why they 137 00:05:05,040 --> 00:05:06,967 say this is very often during the case, 138 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:08,287 it's the fact that they're Italian 139 00:05:08,320 --> 00:05:09,927 immigrants, they're radicals, 140 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:10,840 they're anarchists, 141 00:05:10,873 --> 00:05:12,880 and they're World War I draft dodgers. 142 00:05:13,360 --> 00:05:15,667 Those become the issues in the case. 143 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:18,240 And ultimately, both men will be executed 144 00:05:18,273 --> 00:05:20,927 in 1927, in spite of the fact that there's 145 00:05:20,960 --> 00:05:22,680 a lot of people around the world 146 00:05:22,840 --> 00:05:25,300 calling for their release. 147 00:05:25,767 --> 00:05:28,120 Another thing about the 1920s that occurs 148 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:29,920 kind of connected to the issue 149 00:05:29,953 --> 00:05:32,120 of immigration and anti-radical 150 00:05:32,240 --> 00:05:34,960 feelings is the resurgence of the KKK. 151 00:05:35,360 --> 00:05:38,080 If you recall, the KKK is created 152 00:05:38,560 --> 00:05:40,400 following the Civil War during 153 00:05:40,440 --> 00:05:42,320 Reconstruction. And in the '20s, 154 00:05:42,360 --> 00:05:45,120 the Klan broadens its influence 155 00:05:45,360 --> 00:05:46,280 throughout the decade. 156 00:05:46,560 --> 00:05:48,200 They expand their influence not just 157 00:05:48,240 --> 00:05:49,847 in the South, but also in the Midwest 158 00:05:49,880 --> 00:05:51,680 and in other regions of the country. 159 00:05:51,920 --> 00:05:53,680 And their hatred isn't confined to African 160 00:05:53,720 --> 00:05:55,760 American people exclusively any longer. 161 00:05:55,800 --> 00:05:59,160 They are going to speak out and be against 162 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:00,760 not only African Americans, 163 00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:02,727 but immigrants, especially those Southern 164 00:06:02,760 --> 00:06:04,160 and Eastern European immigrants, 165 00:06:04,440 --> 00:06:06,000 Catholics, radicals, 166 00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,240 and any other people that were not White, 167 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:11,560 Anglo-Saxon, Protestant. 168 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:13,800 In fact, just before the 1920s, 169 00:06:13,833 --> 00:06:16,720 a popular film, a very pro-KKK film, 170 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:18,847 The Birth of a Nation is extremely 171 00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:20,800 popular in the United States, 172 00:06:21,080 --> 00:06:23,160 and in the film it is the Klan 173 00:06:23,440 --> 00:06:25,440 that are the heroes of Reconstruction. 174 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:26,527 They're gonna organize 175 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:27,887 themselves throughout the decade. 176 00:06:27,920 --> 00:06:29,360 They're gonna become very powerful, 177 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,960 up to five million members by 1925, 178 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:35,080 and what they are saying to the American 179 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:35,960 people is that they are 180 00:06:35,993 --> 00:06:38,320 a patriotic organizations. 181 00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:39,880 They support 182 00:06:40,320 --> 00:06:42,000 largely, and they're gonna get support 183 00:06:42,040 --> 00:06:43,880 largely, White Protestants, 184 00:06:43,913 --> 00:06:46,400 especially in the small towns and cities. 185 00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:48,527 And the Klan itself will exert 186 00:06:48,560 --> 00:06:50,120 tremendous political influence. 187 00:06:50,153 --> 00:06:52,560 Here you see them marching in Washington, 188 00:06:52,600 --> 00:06:54,847 D.C. So far, this decade's been kind 189 00:06:54,880 --> 00:06:56,767 of a downer, but kind of why 190 00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:58,527 is it called the Roaring 20s? 191 00:06:58,560 --> 00:06:59,847 Well, one of the things that happens is 192 00:06:59,880 --> 00:07:01,600 you have the rise, the development 193 00:07:01,640 --> 00:07:03,480 of the mass consumption economy. 194 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:06,480 In 1920, it is the first time a majority 195 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:08,567 of Americans live in urban areas. 196 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:09,850 You can see that on the 197 00:07:09,883 --> 00:07:11,960 chart right there, 51 percent. 198 00:07:12,280 --> 00:07:15,767 And the economic prosperity as a whole, 199 00:07:15,800 --> 00:07:17,600 the economy is going to roar. 200 00:07:17,920 --> 00:07:20,040 There's a tremendous growth in the stock 201 00:07:20,080 --> 00:07:22,560 market, and very often this growth 202 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:24,847 was built on people buying on margin. 203 00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:27,440 They're taking out loans to buy stock. 204 00:07:27,480 --> 00:07:28,290 And we're gonna see how 205 00:07:28,323 --> 00:07:30,520 that turns out in the next video. 206 00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:32,527 And the reason they're doing this is 207 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:34,527 they're investing based on speculation. 208 00:07:34,560 --> 00:07:36,560 They feel this market is going to continue 209 00:07:36,593 --> 00:07:39,680 to go up, and for much of the decade, it 210 00:07:39,760 --> 00:07:43,400 will go up until the great crash in 1929. 211 00:07:43,440 --> 00:07:45,520 The mass consumption economy is really 212 00:07:45,560 --> 00:07:48,200 gonna be dependent upon a large number 213 00:07:48,520 --> 00:07:51,527 of new and affordable consumer goods 214 00:07:51,560 --> 00:07:53,880 becoming available, things like the vacuum 215 00:07:53,920 --> 00:07:56,040 cleaner, the washing machine, and other 216 00:07:56,080 --> 00:07:58,320 goods are going to be purchased by people. 217 00:07:58,680 --> 00:08:01,120 And really, electricity in homes 218 00:08:01,600 --> 00:08:03,280 leads to this increased demand 219 00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:04,600 for consumer appliances. 220 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:06,400 Once people are moving to cities 221 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:08,440 and electricity is available in more 222 00:08:08,480 --> 00:08:10,880 and more homes, you can now have these new 223 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:13,160 consumer goods, and these are gonna save 224 00:08:13,440 --> 00:08:15,520 time in doing things like housework. 225 00:08:15,960 --> 00:08:17,127 Fueling this consumerism 226 00:08:17,160 --> 00:08:18,760 was buying goods on credit. 227 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:21,007 The installment plan is really kind 228 00:08:21,040 --> 00:08:24,160 of introduced on a wide scale in the 20s, 229 00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,720 and the idea is you can 230 00:08:25,753 --> 00:08:27,840 possess today and pay tomorrow. 231 00:08:28,040 --> 00:08:30,127 So, of course now, lots of people are able 232 00:08:30,160 --> 00:08:31,200 to buy things that they 233 00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:32,200 normally could not. 234 00:08:32,560 --> 00:08:34,360 The downside of this, of course, is debt. 235 00:08:34,640 --> 00:08:35,807 And we're gonna see, once again, 236 00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:37,680 the consequences of this debt 237 00:08:38,080 --> 00:08:39,080 in our next video. 238 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:40,680 And advertising is gonna 239 00:08:40,720 --> 00:08:42,560 play a key role in the 1920s. 240 00:08:42,600 --> 00:08:44,807 You see one of the popular ads in the '20s 241 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:46,680 right there, bad breath, 242 00:08:46,720 --> 00:08:48,680 halitosis makes you unpopular. 243 00:08:49,040 --> 00:08:50,400 So, brush your teeth, childrens. 244 00:08:50,920 --> 00:08:52,440 And advertising industry is gonna 245 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:55,400 manipulate consumer demand by increasing 246 00:08:55,480 --> 00:08:58,267 people's desire to have various products. 247 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:00,887 Another area that's gonna really transform 248 00:09:00,920 --> 00:09:03,533 itself in the 1920s is transportation. 249 00:09:03,600 --> 00:09:05,407 Frederick Taylor's Principles 250 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:06,720 of Scientific Management, 251 00:09:06,753 --> 00:09:09,720 and his whole idea was that workers can 252 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:11,607 improve their productivity, 253 00:09:11,640 --> 00:09:13,000 that management can improve 254 00:09:13,033 --> 00:09:15,200 the productivity of workers by having them 255 00:09:15,520 --> 00:09:17,960 eliminate certain motions 256 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:19,360 in the production process. 257 00:09:19,560 --> 00:09:21,320 And the guy who really kind of adopts 258 00:09:21,533 --> 00:09:23,920 many of these ideas is Henry Ford. 259 00:09:24,320 --> 00:09:26,320 Cars become affordable for the average 260 00:09:26,360 --> 00:09:28,447 American, the famous Model T, you can see 261 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:31,400 there. And really, the assembly line 262 00:09:31,440 --> 00:09:34,280 introduced by Henry Ford allows for this 263 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:37,760 mass production to take place 264 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:39,160 in the automobile history. 265 00:09:39,240 --> 00:09:40,727 Now, while the railroad industry's gonna 266 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:41,920 be hurt by cars, 267 00:09:42,400 --> 00:09:44,800 there is going to be a huge boom in other 268 00:09:44,840 --> 00:09:46,847 industries, such as steel and rubber 269 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:48,567 and gasoline, highway construction, 270 00:09:48,600 --> 00:09:50,240 and a whole host of others, 271 00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,280 because of the rise of the automobile, 272 00:09:53,480 --> 00:09:55,927 and not just economic impacts of the car, 273 00:09:55,960 --> 00:09:57,607 but also the car becomes 274 00:09:57,640 --> 00:09:59,560 a badge of freedom and equality, 275 00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:01,160 and it's going to have 276 00:10:01,280 --> 00:10:02,880 social consequences as well. 277 00:10:03,040 --> 00:10:04,440 The airplane plays a key role. 278 00:10:04,473 --> 00:10:06,480 In fact, one of the key kinda figures 279 00:10:06,520 --> 00:10:08,487 in this story is Charles Lindbergh, 280 00:10:08,520 --> 00:10:10,000 who becomes the first person 281 00:10:10,033 --> 00:10:12,400 to fly solo across the Atlantic. 282 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:14,560 He goes from New York to Paris 283 00:10:14,960 --> 00:10:18,600 in a very long journey of over 33 hours in 284 00:10:18,640 --> 00:10:21,440 a single-engine plane, some scary stuff. 285 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:22,410 And when he comes back, 286 00:10:22,443 --> 00:10:24,560 he becomes a national hero, 287 00:10:24,600 --> 00:10:26,720 an instant celebrity because people are 288 00:10:26,760 --> 00:10:30,500 able to follow his journey with the radio. 289 00:10:30,680 --> 00:10:32,520 And that leads us to the mass media 290 00:10:32,560 --> 00:10:35,400 and the impact of mass media on the '20s. 291 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:36,607 It's really important 292 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:38,520 to understand the impact of the radio. 293 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:40,240 In November of 1920, 294 00:10:40,280 --> 00:10:42,320 we have the first radio broadcast out 295 00:10:42,360 --> 00:10:44,240 of Pittsburgh, and it announces 296 00:10:44,320 --> 00:10:45,800 the election of Warren G. 297 00:10:45,920 --> 00:10:48,840 Harding to the American public. 298 00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:50,720 And really the radio is gonna play 299 00:10:50,753 --> 00:10:53,800 a key role in tying the nation together. 300 00:10:54,040 --> 00:10:56,320 It provides shared experiences. 301 00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,480 People are listening to the same 302 00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:00,520 advertisements, the same speeches, 303 00:11:00,560 --> 00:11:02,160 the same forms of entertainment 304 00:11:02,440 --> 00:11:03,800 on a national scale. 305 00:11:04,040 --> 00:11:05,887 You also see in the 1920s the rise 306 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:07,207 of the movie industry, 307 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:10,478 and especially in Hollywood, out in Los Angeles. 308 00:11:10,678 --> 00:11:11,760 There is the famous 309 00:11:11,840 --> 00:11:13,040 Hollywood sign as it 310 00:11:13,080 --> 00:11:14,567 looked back in the day. 311 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:17,080 Innovations in the movie industry itself, 312 00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:19,640 you have The Jazz Singer in 1927. 313 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:21,800 It becomes the first talkie. 314 00:11:22,320 --> 00:11:24,880 And a part of this rise of mass media like 315 00:11:24,960 --> 00:11:26,800 radio and movies is the celebrity 316 00:11:26,960 --> 00:11:28,920 culture of the 1920s. 317 00:11:29,267 --> 00:11:31,600 You have people that become national 318 00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:34,207 celebrities, people such as Babe Ruth, 319 00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:35,640 the famous New York Yankee. 320 00:11:36,080 --> 00:11:38,600 And the radio and the movie, once again, 321 00:11:38,840 --> 00:11:41,000 fuel the consumption economy 322 00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:43,367 that characterizes the 1920s. 323 00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:44,967 Gender in the 1920s is 324 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:46,240 another important thing. 325 00:11:46,273 --> 00:11:49,407 This image of the decade was a decade 326 00:11:49,440 --> 00:11:51,680 of social customs being challenged, 327 00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:52,800 not just for women, 328 00:11:53,040 --> 00:11:54,800 but for all different groups. 329 00:11:54,960 --> 00:11:56,887 And it was young women in cities that were 330 00:11:56,920 --> 00:11:58,360 really challenging the social 331 00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:00,000 customs of America. 332 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:01,840 Jazz music, dancing, 333 00:12:01,880 --> 00:12:03,200 drinking bootleg liquor, 334 00:12:03,233 --> 00:12:05,400 and other challenges to traditional values 335 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:06,800 do have, for example, 336 00:12:07,280 --> 00:12:08,767 labor-saving devices, 337 00:12:08,800 --> 00:12:10,000 such as the vacuum cleaner, 338 00:12:10,033 --> 00:12:12,127 the washing machine, changing 339 00:12:12,160 --> 00:12:15,047 the roles of homemakers for some women. 340 00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:16,760 If you were a woman who was able 341 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:18,600 to afford these new appliances, 342 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:20,800 you now have more free time. 343 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:23,207 And the ultimate symbol of this kind 344 00:12:23,240 --> 00:12:26,327 of youthful rebellion of young women was, 345 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:27,560 of course, the flappers. 346 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:29,520 You have some women who go much further 347 00:12:29,553 --> 00:12:32,000 with their challenging of existing social 348 00:12:32,080 --> 00:12:33,240 customs of the decade, 349 00:12:33,480 --> 00:12:35,847 and one of those women is Margaret Sanger, 350 00:12:35,880 --> 00:12:39,000 who spoke openly in spite of protests 351 00:12:39,040 --> 00:12:40,720 and in spite of her being arrested 352 00:12:40,753 --> 00:12:44,727 for obscenity laws in the support of 353 00:12:44,760 --> 00:12:46,360 birth control and demanding that women 354 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:48,360 should have the right to have 355 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:50,040 access to birth control. 356 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:52,360 These changes in the 1920s lead 357 00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,800 to a growth of fundamentalism, 358 00:12:55,080 --> 00:12:56,280 and, eventually, you're gonna 359 00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:58,200 see the Scopes Monkey Trial. 360 00:12:58,560 --> 00:13:01,160 So, as the decade is seeing a battle 361 00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,280 between the values of the modernizing 362 00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:05,720 cities and the traditional values of rural 363 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:07,487 areas, you're going to see the growth 364 00:13:07,520 --> 00:13:09,120 of a fundamentalist movement. 365 00:13:09,400 --> 00:13:11,600 And fundamentalists believe that every 366 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:13,520 word in the Bible should be 367 00:13:13,600 --> 00:13:15,480 considered literally true. 368 00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:17,880 And the radio allows for preachers, such as 369 00:13:17,920 --> 00:13:20,480 Billy Sunday, to reach a mass audience, 370 00:13:20,760 --> 00:13:22,567 and he did so in the '20s when he spoke 371 00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:24,160 out against things like drinking, 372 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:26,887 and dancing, jazz music, and gambling, 373 00:13:26,920 --> 00:13:28,320 and other things that some 374 00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:29,920 fundamentalists opposed. 375 00:13:30,840 --> 00:13:32,960 And the big moment happens when the ACLU, 376 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:34,760 the American Civil Liberties Union, 377 00:13:35,080 --> 00:13:37,280 sought to challenge a law in Tennessee, 378 00:13:37,320 --> 00:13:40,120 the Butler Act, that outlawed the teaching 379 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:42,267 of evolution in public schools. 380 00:13:42,733 --> 00:13:45,560 And they find a teacher, John Scopes, 381 00:13:45,880 --> 00:13:47,640 who will violate the law, 382 00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:50,520 and in 1925 he is arrested for teaching 383 00:13:50,640 --> 00:13:52,480 evolution in a school 384 00:13:52,600 --> 00:13:54,160 in Dayton, Tennessee. 385 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,880 The entire world follows the trial 386 00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:58,600 by listening on the radio, 387 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:00,680 the famous Scopes Monkey Trial, 388 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:02,360 because it dealt with evolution. 389 00:14:02,560 --> 00:14:03,447 You have two of the best 390 00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:04,720 lawyers in the country. 391 00:14:04,880 --> 00:14:06,160 The prosecutor is a religious 392 00:14:06,240 --> 00:14:08,720 fundamentalist, also former presidential 393 00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:10,887 candidate William Jennings Bryan, 394 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:11,960 and the defense attorney is 395 00:14:11,993 --> 00:14:14,000 Clarence Darrow, probably the most famous 396 00:14:14,033 --> 00:14:16,080 defense attorney in this time period. 397 00:14:16,233 --> 00:14:18,847 The trial goes on and Scopes is convicted. 398 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:20,720 He gets off on a technicality, 399 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:22,160 and really 400 00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,560 the Scopes Trial demonstrated the tensions 401 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:26,640 between the modern and the traditional 402 00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:29,100 religious values of the 1920s. 403 00:14:29,167 --> 00:14:32,487 Prohibition is a key part of the 1920s. 404 00:14:32,520 --> 00:14:34,360 If you recall, the 18th Amendment was 405 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:37,600 ratified in 1919, and it prohibited 406 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:39,727 the manufacture and sale 407 00:14:39,760 --> 00:14:41,280 of alcoholic beverages. 408 00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,607 And the Volstead Act is passed, 409 00:14:43,640 --> 00:14:45,720 which was the federal law that would 410 00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:48,040 enforce the 18th Amendment. 411 00:14:48,360 --> 00:14:49,367 The issue of prohibition 412 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:50,927 was very controversial. 413 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:52,440 There was fierce opposition, 414 00:14:52,480 --> 00:14:54,280 especially in large cities, 415 00:14:54,313 --> 00:14:56,360 especially amongst immigrant communities 416 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:58,240 to the banning of alcohol. 417 00:14:58,440 --> 00:15:00,720 Bootleg liquor was served at speakeasies, 418 00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:02,880 illegal clubs where alcohol was sold. 419 00:15:03,040 --> 00:15:04,880 People were making their own alcohol, 420 00:15:05,200 --> 00:15:06,520 and in many cases they were 421 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:08,640 completely ignoring the law. 422 00:15:09,160 --> 00:15:10,480 Part of the problem was there was 423 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:12,727 understaffed law enforcement. 424 00:15:12,760 --> 00:15:14,720 There wasn't enough police to police 425 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:16,520 the borders of the United States to get 426 00:15:16,560 --> 00:15:18,040 all the different areas where alcohol 427 00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:20,240 was being distributed and made. 428 00:15:20,560 --> 00:15:21,767 And the other issue you can see 429 00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:23,000 in the political cartoon 430 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:25,080 was widespread corruption. 431 00:15:25,113 --> 00:15:27,800 Very often police, politicians, and judges 432 00:15:27,840 --> 00:15:29,760 were paid off to look the other way. 433 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:31,647 And as a result of prohibition, 434 00:15:31,680 --> 00:15:33,567 you get the rise of organized crime. 435 00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:35,560 The big guy, the famous guy 436 00:15:35,593 --> 00:15:37,800 is of course Al Capone in Chicago. 437 00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:39,160 You have events like the St. 438 00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:40,720 Valentine's Day Massacre 439 00:15:40,960 --> 00:15:43,040 where violence increases. 440 00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:45,040 In spite of all this kind of controversy, 441 00:15:45,073 --> 00:15:47,647 drinking does go down in the 1920s, 442 00:15:47,680 --> 00:15:50,440 but ultimately prohibition will be seen as 443 00:15:50,520 --> 00:15:52,800 a noble experiment that will fail, 444 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:55,080 and eventually it will be overturned with 445 00:15:55,120 --> 00:15:58,267 the 21st Amendment in the early 1930s. 446 00:15:58,560 --> 00:15:59,640 And the big problem is, 447 00:15:59,840 --> 00:16:01,720 you can make something like alcohol 448 00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,920 illegal, but many people still want it 449 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:07,040 and so they're going to ignore the law. 450 00:16:07,120 --> 00:16:09,040 Great photo, people marching, 451 00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:10,280 not for civil rights, 452 00:16:10,480 --> 00:16:12,700 not for freedom, but for beer. 453 00:16:12,767 --> 00:16:14,040 The decade of the 1920s 454 00:16:14,073 --> 00:16:16,320 for African-Americans was a mixed decade. 455 00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:18,480 Lynchings continued to be a problem. 456 00:16:18,520 --> 00:16:20,080 The KKK was becoming 457 00:16:20,120 --> 00:16:21,200 more and more popular. 458 00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:23,360 Jim Crow laws, Plessy versus Ferguson, 459 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,640 all of that stuff remained a fact of life. 460 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:28,567 And while those challenges are important, 461 00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:30,440 African-Americans continued to find 462 00:16:30,520 --> 00:16:33,233 ways to resist this injustice. 463 00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:35,720 Recall there was a great migration all 464 00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:37,640 the way before World War I where you had 465 00:16:37,673 --> 00:16:39,680 this mass movement of African-Americans 466 00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:40,960 into Northern cities, 467 00:16:40,993 --> 00:16:43,920 and you have the spread of jazz music out 468 00:16:43,960 --> 00:16:45,720 of New Orleans into cities 469 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,480 such as New York and Chicago. 470 00:16:49,320 --> 00:16:51,160 Harlem becomes kind of the unofficial 471 00:16:51,720 --> 00:16:53,840 cultural center of Black America. 472 00:16:54,040 --> 00:16:55,520 And during the '20s you have a famous 473 00:16:55,553 --> 00:16:57,720 event known as the Harlem Renaissance. 474 00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,960 You have writers such as Claude McKay, 475 00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:02,600 Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, 476 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:04,480 famous jazz musicians like 477 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:07,400 Louis Armstrong. And really an important 478 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:09,400 idea of the Harlem Renaissance 479 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:12,280 is this idea of the new Negro. 480 00:17:12,560 --> 00:17:15,400 In fact, there was this emphasis on Black 481 00:17:15,520 --> 00:17:17,240 pride, racial pride, 482 00:17:17,280 --> 00:17:19,527 and celebrating the cultural traditions 483 00:17:19,560 --> 00:17:21,680 of that Black community in much 484 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:23,967 of the Harlem Renaissance's work. 485 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:25,970 And outside of the Harlem Renaissance, you 486 00:17:26,003 --> 00:17:28,247 have a guy by the name of Marcus Garvey. 487 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:30,487 He is a immigrant from Jamaica, 488 00:17:30,520 --> 00:17:32,080 which was a British colony. 489 00:17:32,400 --> 00:17:34,007 He comes to the United States, and he 490 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:35,920 creates the Universal Negro 491 00:17:35,960 --> 00:17:38,800 Improvement Association, the UNIA. 492 00:17:39,320 --> 00:17:41,007 He's gonna call for African-Americans 493 00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:42,447 to go back to Africa. 494 00:17:42,480 --> 00:17:43,847 He believed in separatism. 495 00:17:43,880 --> 00:17:45,520 He felt that African-Americans would not 496 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:47,007 be able to get justice 497 00:17:47,040 --> 00:17:48,320 and equality in America. 498 00:17:48,680 --> 00:17:49,560 But beyond that, 499 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,840 Garvey's movement is gonna promote Black 500 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:55,000 pride, Black-owned business, 501 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:57,160 self-confidence, self-reliance, 502 00:17:57,193 --> 00:17:59,640 self-sufficiency in the African-American 503 00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:01,880 community. And he's gonna play a key role 504 00:18:01,920 --> 00:18:04,480 in mobilizing ordinary African-Americans 505 00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:06,287 who were perhaps not touched 506 00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:08,200 by the writings of the Harlem Renaissance, 507 00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:09,207 they're gonna be touched 508 00:18:09,240 --> 00:18:11,200 by the words of Garvey. 509 00:18:11,480 --> 00:18:12,287 And finally, make sure you 510 00:18:12,320 --> 00:18:13,447 know about the Lost Generation. 511 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:14,887 This is a group of writers like F. 512 00:18:14,920 --> 00:18:16,600 Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, 513 00:18:16,633 --> 00:18:18,767 Sinclair Lewis, and their writing is gonna 514 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:21,320 criticize different aspects of the decade. 515 00:18:21,520 --> 00:18:22,887 They're gonna question the reasons 516 00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:24,280 for fighting World War I; 517 00:18:24,600 --> 00:18:26,807 small town values in places like Dayton, 518 00:18:26,840 --> 00:18:29,720 Tennessee; fundamentalist religious views; 519 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:32,680 and the materialism of the 1920s. 520 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,927 So, this group of artists are disillusioned 521 00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:37,960 with the old ideals of the past, 522 00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:40,440 as well as the new materialistic culture. 523 00:18:40,960 --> 00:18:42,687 That's gonna close out the Roaring '20s. 524 00:18:42,720 --> 00:18:44,560 Make sure you subscribe to the channel. 525 00:18:44,760 --> 00:18:46,127 Click Like on the video, tell your 526 00:18:46,160 --> 00:18:47,560 friends, and have a beautiful day. 527 00:18:47,760 --> 00:18:48,240 Peace.