WEBVTT 00:00:10.320 --> 00:00:11.647 Welcome back, APUSH crew. 00:00:11.680 --> 00:00:12.480 Today, we're taking 00:00:12.520 --> 00:00:13.840 a look at the Roaring 20s. 00:00:13.873 --> 00:00:16.127 If you're studying the periods 1919 00:00:16.160 --> 00:00:19.007 to around 1929 in your APUSH class, 00:00:19.040 --> 00:00:20.520 or using any of these textbook, 00:00:20.960 --> 00:00:23.000 this video is gonna help you 00:00:23.320 --> 00:00:25.320 get a five on that APUSH exam. 00:00:25.733 --> 00:00:27.560 And important to keep in mind is even 00:00:27.640 --> 00:00:28.960 before the Roaring 20s, 00:00:28.993 --> 00:00:31.400 there was a fear following World War I. 00:00:31.760 --> 00:00:33.400 It actually begins during the war. 00:00:33.433 --> 00:00:35.560 If you recall, in 1917, the 00:00:35.600 --> 00:00:38.407 Communist Party came to power in Russia. 00:00:38.440 --> 00:00:40.560 This is the Bolshevik Revolution, 00:00:40.600 --> 00:00:42.367 and many Americans were concerned 00:00:42.400 --> 00:00:44.320 that perhaps this was the start of a 00:00:44.400 --> 00:00:46.967 communist movement all over the globe. 00:00:47.433 --> 00:00:49.767 Strikes actually occur also in 1919. 00:00:49.800 --> 00:00:52.127 This is a completely separate issue. 00:00:52.160 --> 00:00:53.920 Even though some people blame these 00:00:53.953 --> 00:00:56.280 strikes on radical movements, 00:00:56.560 --> 00:00:58.760 most of them were about increasing 00:00:58.840 --> 00:01:00.887 workers' wages, reducing hours, 00:01:00.920 --> 00:01:03.000 and improving safety conditions. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:04.247 But you get strikes going down 00:01:04.280 --> 00:01:05.520 in many important industries. 00:01:05.553 --> 00:01:08.640 You have this great steel strike in 1919, 00:01:08.960 --> 00:01:10.720 the Boston Police strike, where 00:01:10.753 --> 00:01:12.960 police officers actually go on strike. 00:01:13.240 --> 00:01:15.200 And one of the important outcomes of these 00:01:15.280 --> 00:01:16.440 strikes is very often, 00:01:16.473 --> 00:01:18.560 the National Guard was called out to break 00:01:18.640 --> 00:01:19.560 up these strikes. 00:01:19.760 --> 00:01:21.360 And public opinion throughout 00:01:21.440 --> 00:01:24.600 the 1920s is gonna be very anti-union. 00:01:25.000 --> 00:01:27.400 Race riots also occur following and, 00:01:27.480 --> 00:01:28.760 in fact, during the war. 00:01:28.840 --> 00:01:31.040 This was a result of American 00:01:31.160 --> 00:01:33.087 cities changing demographically. 00:01:33.120 --> 00:01:34.640 There was a lot of resentment over 00:01:34.720 --> 00:01:36.760 competition for jobs between White 00:01:37.080 --> 00:01:39.360 and Black residents and over housing. 00:01:39.600 --> 00:01:41.320 In fact, some of the worst racial rioting 00:01:41.360 --> 00:01:44.920 takes place in 1919 in Chicago, where over 00:01:45.120 --> 00:01:47.600 40 people are killed during the riots. 00:01:48.360 --> 00:01:52.281 And then you have bombs go off in 1919-1920 00:01:52.481 --> 00:01:54.560 in eight American cities. 00:01:54.760 --> 00:01:56.320 And many people in the country 00:01:56.760 --> 00:01:59.400 think that this is the start of a radical 00:01:59.920 --> 00:02:01.680 movement, a revolution 00:02:02.240 --> 00:02:03.960 going to take place in America, 00:02:04.240 --> 00:02:06.920 and this becomes known as the Red Scare. 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:08.287 And it's important to keep in mind 00:02:08.320 --> 00:02:09.727 that these events you see, 00:02:09.760 --> 00:02:10.487 these four things, 00:02:10.520 --> 00:02:12.320 are not necessarily connected, 00:02:12.520 --> 00:02:14.927 but when all of them are happening around 00:02:14.960 --> 00:02:17.120 the same time, you have the bombings, 00:02:17.400 --> 00:02:19.640 you have this Red Scare developing. 00:02:20.267 --> 00:02:22.240 And the guy who's gonna play a key role 00:02:22.360 --> 00:02:24.360 during this is the Attorney General 00:02:24.440 --> 00:02:26.280 of the United States, A. 00:02:26.360 --> 00:02:28.920 Mitchell Palmer, and he's going to lead 00:02:28.960 --> 00:02:32.040 a series of raids of suspected 00:02:32.160 --> 00:02:33.840 radicals in the United States. 00:02:34.080 --> 00:02:36.087 And thousands of people are going to be 00:02:36.120 --> 00:02:38.400 arrested during these Palmer Raids 00:02:38.800 --> 00:02:40.767 during the first Red Scare. 00:02:40.960 --> 00:02:42.760 Another thing that kind of continues going 00:02:42.800 --> 00:02:44.887 into the 1920s is, once again, 00:02:44.920 --> 00:02:46.240 a rise of nativism. 00:02:46.600 --> 00:02:48.687 You know, the Palmer Raids led to the mass 00:02:48.720 --> 00:02:51.080 arrest of socialists, anarchists, 00:02:51.480 --> 00:02:52.640 union organizers, 00:02:52.960 --> 00:02:54.840 or other suspected radicals. 00:02:54.873 --> 00:02:57.167 And very often these people, 00:02:57.200 --> 00:02:59.000 these individuals were being arrested 00:02:59.080 --> 00:03:01.287 for their ideas. And in many cases, 00:03:01.320 --> 00:03:03.087 there was very little evidence, if any, 00:03:03.120 --> 00:03:04.687 because these people were just guilty 00:03:04.720 --> 00:03:06.320 of believing in things that were 00:03:06.360 --> 00:03:08.080 unpopular during the decade. 00:03:08.440 --> 00:03:09.480 And with this Red Scare, 00:03:09.513 --> 00:03:11.567 there is going to be a continued hatred 00:03:11.600 --> 00:03:14.727 towards new immigrants in the 1920s. 00:03:14.760 --> 00:03:17.847 In fact, in 1921, the Quota Act will be 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:20.880 passed signed into law by President Harding, 00:03:21.040 --> 00:03:22.920 and it's gonna limit immigration 00:03:23.440 --> 00:03:26.600 numbers to three percent of those living 00:03:26.680 --> 00:03:28.800 in the U.S. as of 1910. 00:03:29.280 --> 00:03:31.840 Add another law to immigration policy 00:03:32.160 --> 00:03:34.520 called the National Quota Act of 1924. 00:03:34.640 --> 00:03:37.247 This one sets the quota at two percent 00:03:37.280 --> 00:03:39.920 of the immigrants in the U.S., and they use 00:03:39.960 --> 00:03:42.087 the year 1890, and they use 00:03:42.120 --> 00:03:45.040 the numbers of the 1890 Census. 00:03:45.280 --> 00:03:47.120 And the reason why they switch that year 00:03:47.200 --> 00:03:50.240 to 1890 is they're trying to limit 00:03:50.760 --> 00:03:53.087 the new immigrants that were largely 00:03:53.120 --> 00:03:54.327 coming in from Southern 00:03:54.360 --> 00:03:55.440 and Eastern Europe. 00:03:55.480 --> 00:03:56.730 These immigrants were considered 00:03:56.763 --> 00:03:59.440 undesirable, and they want to cut off 00:03:59.480 --> 00:04:02.000 that immigration from those 00:04:02.080 --> 00:04:03.280 countries in particular. 00:04:03.313 --> 00:04:05.407 And 1890's kind of the year where 00:04:05.440 --> 00:04:06.680 there were less of those 00:04:06.720 --> 00:04:08.480 immigrants than in years following. 00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:10.720 The Quota Act of 1924 is also gonna 00:04:10.800 --> 00:04:12.727 severely restrict Asian immigrants. 00:04:12.760 --> 00:04:14.407 In fact, no Japanese immigrants 00:04:14.440 --> 00:04:15.760 are allowed to come at all. 00:04:16.160 --> 00:04:17.600 But it's important to keep in mind, 00:04:17.920 --> 00:04:19.167 during the 1920s, 00:04:19.200 --> 00:04:20.880 you're gonna have an unrestricted 00:04:20.960 --> 00:04:23.400 immigration from the Western hemisphere. 00:04:23.560 --> 00:04:25.560 So, lots of immigrants coming in, 00:04:25.600 --> 00:04:26.880 especially from Mexico, 00:04:27.240 --> 00:04:29.480 working in jobs in the Southwest, 00:04:29.840 --> 00:04:31.760 predominantly in agriculture. 00:04:32.040 --> 00:04:33.600 And one of the most important cases, 00:04:33.633 --> 00:04:35.960 and really symbolic of the anti-immigrant 00:04:36.120 --> 00:04:37.520 feeling of the 1920s, 00:04:37.760 --> 00:04:39.840 is the case of Sacco and Vanzetti. 00:04:40.120 --> 00:04:41.967 And there they are, Sacco and Vanzetti. 00:04:42.000 --> 00:04:43.967 And what happens is these two men are 00:04:44.000 --> 00:04:45.680 Italian immigrants who are charged 00:04:45.720 --> 00:04:50.000 with robbery and murder in 1921, Boston. 00:04:50.440 --> 00:04:51.327 And they're found guilty 00:04:51.360 --> 00:04:52.440 and sentenced to death. 00:04:52.760 --> 00:04:55.240 And this trial really demonstrates 00:04:55.280 --> 00:04:57.080 the tensions of the era. 00:04:57.320 --> 00:04:59.487 Many people felt that Sacco 00:04:59.520 --> 00:05:02.440 and Vanzetti were not receiving justice. 00:05:02.680 --> 00:05:04.960 And what occurs, and the reasons why they 00:05:05.040 --> 00:05:06.967 say this is very often during the case, 00:05:07.000 --> 00:05:08.287 it's the fact that they're Italian 00:05:08.320 --> 00:05:09.927 immigrants, they're radicals, 00:05:09.960 --> 00:05:10.840 they're anarchists, 00:05:10.873 --> 00:05:12.880 and they're World War I draft dodgers. 00:05:13.360 --> 00:05:15.667 Those become the issues in the case. 00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:18.240 And ultimately, both men will be executed 00:05:18.273 --> 00:05:20.927 in 1927, in spite of the fact that there's 00:05:20.960 --> 00:05:22.680 a lot of people around the world 00:05:22.840 --> 00:05:25.300 calling for their release. 00:05:25.767 --> 00:05:28.120 Another thing about the 1920s that occurs 00:05:28.480 --> 00:05:29.920 kind of connected to the issue 00:05:29.953 --> 00:05:32.120 of immigration and anti-radical 00:05:32.240 --> 00:05:34.960 feelings is the resurgence of the KKK. 00:05:35.360 --> 00:05:38.080 If you recall, the KKK is created 00:05:38.560 --> 00:05:40.400 following the Civil War during 00:05:40.440 --> 00:05:42.320 Reconstruction. And in the '20s, 00:05:42.360 --> 00:05:45.120 the Klan broadens its influence 00:05:45.360 --> 00:05:46.280 throughout the decade. 00:05:46.560 --> 00:05:48.200 They expand their influence not just 00:05:48.240 --> 00:05:49.847 in the South, but also in the Midwest 00:05:49.880 --> 00:05:51.680 and in other regions of the country. 00:05:51.920 --> 00:05:53.680 And their hatred isn't confined to African 00:05:53.720 --> 00:05:55.760 American people exclusively any longer. 00:05:55.800 --> 00:05:59.160 They are going to speak out and be against 00:05:59.200 --> 00:06:00.760 not only African Americans, 00:06:00.960 --> 00:06:02.727 but immigrants, especially those Southern 00:06:02.760 --> 00:06:04.160 and Eastern European immigrants, 00:06:04.440 --> 00:06:06.000 Catholics, radicals, 00:06:06.040 --> 00:06:09.240 and any other people that were not White, 00:06:09.520 --> 00:06:11.560 Anglo-Saxon, Protestant. 00:06:12.080 --> 00:06:13.800 In fact, just before the 1920s, 00:06:13.833 --> 00:06:16.720 a popular film, a very pro-KKK film, 00:06:16.760 --> 00:06:18.847 The Birth of a Nation is extremely 00:06:18.880 --> 00:06:20.800 popular in the United States, 00:06:21.080 --> 00:06:23.160 and in the film it is the Klan 00:06:23.440 --> 00:06:25.440 that are the heroes of Reconstruction. 00:06:25.680 --> 00:06:26.527 They're gonna organize 00:06:26.560 --> 00:06:27.887 themselves throughout the decade. 00:06:27.920 --> 00:06:29.360 They're gonna become very powerful, 00:06:29.440 --> 00:06:32.960 up to five million members by 1925, 00:06:33.200 --> 00:06:35.080 and what they are saying to the American 00:06:35.120 --> 00:06:35.960 people is that they are 00:06:35.993 --> 00:06:38.320 a patriotic organizations. 00:06:38.360 --> 00:06:39.880 They support 00:06:40.320 --> 00:06:42.000 largely, and they're gonna get support 00:06:42.040 --> 00:06:43.880 largely, White Protestants, 00:06:43.913 --> 00:06:46.400 especially in the small towns and cities. 00:06:46.800 --> 00:06:48.527 And the Klan itself will exert 00:06:48.560 --> 00:06:50.120 tremendous political influence. 00:06:50.153 --> 00:06:52.560 Here you see them marching in Washington, 00:06:52.600 --> 00:06:54.847 D.C. So far, this decade's been kind 00:06:54.880 --> 00:06:56.767 of a downer, but kind of why 00:06:56.800 --> 00:06:58.527 is it called the Roaring 20s? 00:06:58.560 --> 00:06:59.847 Well, one of the things that happens is 00:06:59.880 --> 00:07:01.600 you have the rise, the development 00:07:01.640 --> 00:07:03.480 of the mass consumption economy. 00:07:03.880 --> 00:07:06.480 In 1920, it is the first time a majority 00:07:06.520 --> 00:07:08.567 of Americans live in urban areas. 00:07:08.600 --> 00:07:09.850 You can see that on the 00:07:09.883 --> 00:07:11.960 chart right there, 51 percent. 00:07:12.280 --> 00:07:15.767 And the economic prosperity as a whole, 00:07:15.800 --> 00:07:17.600 the economy is going to roar. 00:07:17.920 --> 00:07:20.040 There's a tremendous growth in the stock 00:07:20.080 --> 00:07:22.560 market, and very often this growth 00:07:22.640 --> 00:07:24.847 was built on people buying on margin. 00:07:24.880 --> 00:07:27.440 They're taking out loans to buy stock. 00:07:27.480 --> 00:07:28.290 And we're gonna see how 00:07:28.323 --> 00:07:30.520 that turns out in the next video. 00:07:31.120 --> 00:07:32.527 And the reason they're doing this is 00:07:32.560 --> 00:07:34.527 they're investing based on speculation. 00:07:34.560 --> 00:07:36.560 They feel this market is going to continue 00:07:36.593 --> 00:07:39.680 to go up, and for much of the decade, it 00:07:39.760 --> 00:07:43.400 will go up until the great crash in 1929. 00:07:43.440 --> 00:07:45.520 The mass consumption economy is really 00:07:45.560 --> 00:07:48.200 gonna be dependent upon a large number 00:07:48.520 --> 00:07:51.527 of new and affordable consumer goods 00:07:51.560 --> 00:07:53.880 becoming available, things like the vacuum 00:07:53.920 --> 00:07:56.040 cleaner, the washing machine, and other 00:07:56.080 --> 00:07:58.320 goods are going to be purchased by people. 00:07:58.680 --> 00:08:01.120 And really, electricity in homes 00:08:01.600 --> 00:08:03.280 leads to this increased demand 00:08:03.320 --> 00:08:04.600 for consumer appliances. 00:08:05.000 --> 00:08:06.400 Once people are moving to cities 00:08:06.640 --> 00:08:08.440 and electricity is available in more 00:08:08.480 --> 00:08:10.880 and more homes, you can now have these new 00:08:11.120 --> 00:08:13.160 consumer goods, and these are gonna save 00:08:13.440 --> 00:08:15.520 time in doing things like housework. 00:08:15.960 --> 00:08:17.127 Fueling this consumerism 00:08:17.160 --> 00:08:18.760 was buying goods on credit. 00:08:19.000 --> 00:08:21.007 The installment plan is really kind 00:08:21.040 --> 00:08:24.160 of introduced on a wide scale in the 20s, 00:08:24.400 --> 00:08:25.720 and the idea is you can 00:08:25.753 --> 00:08:27.840 possess today and pay tomorrow. 00:08:28.040 --> 00:08:30.127 So, of course now, lots of people are able 00:08:30.160 --> 00:08:31.200 to buy things that they 00:08:31.240 --> 00:08:32.200 normally could not. 00:08:32.560 --> 00:08:34.360 The downside of this, of course, is debt. 00:08:34.640 --> 00:08:35.807 And we're gonna see, once again, 00:08:35.840 --> 00:08:37.680 the consequences of this debt 00:08:38.080 --> 00:08:39.080 in our next video. 00:08:39.400 --> 00:08:40.680 And advertising is gonna 00:08:40.720 --> 00:08:42.560 play a key role in the 1920s. 00:08:42.600 --> 00:08:44.807 You see one of the popular ads in the '20s 00:08:44.840 --> 00:08:46.680 right there, bad breath, 00:08:46.720 --> 00:08:48.680 halitosis makes you unpopular. 00:08:49.040 --> 00:08:50.400 So, brush your teeth, childrens. 00:08:50.920 --> 00:08:52.440 And advertising industry is gonna 00:08:52.480 --> 00:08:55.400 manipulate consumer demand by increasing 00:08:55.480 --> 00:08:58.267 people's desire to have various products. 00:08:58.840 --> 00:09:00.887 Another area that's gonna really transform 00:09:00.920 --> 00:09:03.533 itself in the 1920s is transportation. 00:09:03.600 --> 00:09:05.407 Frederick Taylor's Principles 00:09:05.440 --> 00:09:06.720 of Scientific Management, 00:09:06.753 --> 00:09:09.720 and his whole idea was that workers can 00:09:09.760 --> 00:09:11.607 improve their productivity, 00:09:11.640 --> 00:09:13.000 that management can improve 00:09:13.033 --> 00:09:15.200 the productivity of workers by having them 00:09:15.520 --> 00:09:17.960 eliminate certain motions 00:09:18.000 --> 00:09:19.360 in the production process. 00:09:19.560 --> 00:09:21.320 And the guy who really kind of adopts 00:09:21.533 --> 00:09:23.920 many of these ideas is Henry Ford. 00:09:24.320 --> 00:09:26.320 Cars become affordable for the average 00:09:26.360 --> 00:09:28.447 American, the famous Model T, you can see 00:09:28.480 --> 00:09:31.400 there. And really, the assembly line 00:09:31.440 --> 00:09:34.280 introduced by Henry Ford allows for this 00:09:34.840 --> 00:09:37.760 mass production to take place 00:09:37.840 --> 00:09:39.160 in the automobile history. 00:09:39.240 --> 00:09:40.727 Now, while the railroad industry's gonna 00:09:40.760 --> 00:09:41.920 be hurt by cars, 00:09:42.400 --> 00:09:44.800 there is going to be a huge boom in other 00:09:44.840 --> 00:09:46.847 industries, such as steel and rubber 00:09:46.880 --> 00:09:48.567 and gasoline, highway construction, 00:09:48.600 --> 00:09:50.240 and a whole host of others, 00:09:50.680 --> 00:09:53.280 because of the rise of the automobile, 00:09:53.480 --> 00:09:55.927 and not just economic impacts of the car, 00:09:55.960 --> 00:09:57.607 but also the car becomes 00:09:57.640 --> 00:09:59.560 a badge of freedom and equality, 00:09:59.800 --> 00:10:01.160 and it's going to have 00:10:01.280 --> 00:10:02.880 social consequences as well. 00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:04.440 The airplane plays a key role. 00:10:04.473 --> 00:10:06.480 In fact, one of the key kinda figures 00:10:06.520 --> 00:10:08.487 in this story is Charles Lindbergh, 00:10:08.520 --> 00:10:10.000 who becomes the first person 00:10:10.033 --> 00:10:12.400 to fly solo across the Atlantic. 00:10:12.640 --> 00:10:14.560 He goes from New York to Paris 00:10:14.960 --> 00:10:18.600 in a very long journey of over 33 hours in 00:10:18.640 --> 00:10:21.440 a single-engine plane, some scary stuff. 00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:22.410 And when he comes back, 00:10:22.443 --> 00:10:24.560 he becomes a national hero, 00:10:24.600 --> 00:10:26.720 an instant celebrity because people are 00:10:26.760 --> 00:10:30.500 able to follow his journey with the radio. 00:10:30.680 --> 00:10:32.520 And that leads us to the mass media 00:10:32.560 --> 00:10:35.400 and the impact of mass media on the '20s. 00:10:35.600 --> 00:10:36.607 It's really important 00:10:36.640 --> 00:10:38.520 to understand the impact of the radio. 00:10:38.800 --> 00:10:40.240 In November of 1920, 00:10:40.280 --> 00:10:42.320 we have the first radio broadcast out 00:10:42.360 --> 00:10:44.240 of Pittsburgh, and it announces 00:10:44.320 --> 00:10:45.800 the election of Warren G. 00:10:45.920 --> 00:10:48.840 Harding to the American public. 00:10:49.160 --> 00:10:50.720 And really the radio is gonna play 00:10:50.753 --> 00:10:53.800 a key role in tying the nation together. 00:10:54.040 --> 00:10:56.320 It provides shared experiences. 00:10:56.640 --> 00:10:58.480 People are listening to the same 00:10:58.560 --> 00:11:00.520 advertisements, the same speeches, 00:11:00.560 --> 00:11:02.160 the same forms of entertainment 00:11:02.440 --> 00:11:03.800 on a national scale. 00:11:04.040 --> 00:11:05.887 You also see in the 1920s the rise 00:11:05.920 --> 00:11:07.207 of the movie industry, 00:11:07.240 --> 00:11:10.478 and especially in Hollywood, out in Los Angeles. 00:11:10.678 --> 00:11:11.760 There is the famous 00:11:11.840 --> 00:11:13.040 Hollywood sign as it 00:11:13.080 --> 00:11:14.567 looked back in the day. 00:11:14.760 --> 00:11:17.080 Innovations in the movie industry itself, 00:11:17.120 --> 00:11:19.640 you have The Jazz Singer in 1927. 00:11:19.960 --> 00:11:21.800 It becomes the first talkie. 00:11:22.320 --> 00:11:24.880 And a part of this rise of mass media like 00:11:24.960 --> 00:11:26.800 radio and movies is the celebrity 00:11:26.960 --> 00:11:28.920 culture of the 1920s. 00:11:29.267 --> 00:11:31.600 You have people that become national 00:11:31.680 --> 00:11:34.207 celebrities, people such as Babe Ruth, 00:11:34.240 --> 00:11:35.640 the famous New York Yankee. 00:11:36.080 --> 00:11:38.600 And the radio and the movie, once again, 00:11:38.840 --> 00:11:41.000 fuel the consumption economy 00:11:41.320 --> 00:11:43.367 that characterizes the 1920s. 00:11:43.800 --> 00:11:44.967 Gender in the 1920s is 00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:46.240 another important thing. 00:11:46.273 --> 00:11:49.407 This image of the decade was a decade 00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:51.680 of social customs being challenged, 00:11:51.720 --> 00:11:52.800 not just for women, 00:11:53.040 --> 00:11:54.800 but for all different groups. 00:11:54.960 --> 00:11:56.887 And it was young women in cities that were 00:11:56.920 --> 00:11:58.360 really challenging the social 00:11:58.440 --> 00:12:00.000 customs of America. 00:12:00.400 --> 00:12:01.840 Jazz music, dancing, 00:12:01.880 --> 00:12:03.200 drinking bootleg liquor, 00:12:03.233 --> 00:12:05.400 and other challenges to traditional values 00:12:05.480 --> 00:12:06.800 do have, for example, 00:12:07.280 --> 00:12:08.767 labor-saving devices, 00:12:08.800 --> 00:12:10.000 such as the vacuum cleaner, 00:12:10.033 --> 00:12:12.127 the washing machine, changing 00:12:12.160 --> 00:12:15.047 the roles of homemakers for some women. 00:12:15.080 --> 00:12:16.760 If you were a woman who was able 00:12:16.840 --> 00:12:18.600 to afford these new appliances, 00:12:18.800 --> 00:12:20.800 you now have more free time. 00:12:21.200 --> 00:12:23.207 And the ultimate symbol of this kind 00:12:23.240 --> 00:12:26.327 of youthful rebellion of young women was, 00:12:26.360 --> 00:12:27.560 of course, the flappers. 00:12:27.640 --> 00:12:29.520 You have some women who go much further 00:12:29.553 --> 00:12:32.000 with their challenging of existing social 00:12:32.080 --> 00:12:33.240 customs of the decade, 00:12:33.480 --> 00:12:35.847 and one of those women is Margaret Sanger, 00:12:35.880 --> 00:12:39.000 who spoke openly in spite of protests 00:12:39.040 --> 00:12:40.720 and in spite of her being arrested 00:12:40.753 --> 00:12:44.727 for obscenity laws in the support of 00:12:44.760 --> 00:12:46.360 birth control and demanding that women 00:12:46.400 --> 00:12:48.360 should have the right to have 00:12:48.440 --> 00:12:50.040 access to birth control. 00:12:50.440 --> 00:12:52.360 These changes in the 1920s lead 00:12:52.400 --> 00:12:54.800 to a growth of fundamentalism, 00:12:55.080 --> 00:12:56.280 and, eventually, you're gonna 00:12:56.360 --> 00:12:58.200 see the Scopes Monkey Trial. 00:12:58.560 --> 00:13:01.160 So, as the decade is seeing a battle 00:13:01.200 --> 00:13:03.280 between the values of the modernizing 00:13:03.400 --> 00:13:05.720 cities and the traditional values of rural 00:13:05.800 --> 00:13:07.487 areas, you're going to see the growth 00:13:07.520 --> 00:13:09.120 of a fundamentalist movement. 00:13:09.400 --> 00:13:11.600 And fundamentalists believe that every 00:13:11.720 --> 00:13:13.520 word in the Bible should be 00:13:13.600 --> 00:13:15.480 considered literally true. 00:13:15.640 --> 00:13:17.880 And the radio allows for preachers, such as 00:13:17.920 --> 00:13:20.480 Billy Sunday, to reach a mass audience, 00:13:20.760 --> 00:13:22.567 and he did so in the '20s when he spoke 00:13:22.600 --> 00:13:24.160 out against things like drinking, 00:13:24.440 --> 00:13:26.887 and dancing, jazz music, and gambling, 00:13:26.920 --> 00:13:28.320 and other things that some 00:13:28.400 --> 00:13:29.920 fundamentalists opposed. 00:13:30.840 --> 00:13:32.960 And the big moment happens when the ACLU, 00:13:33.000 --> 00:13:34.760 the American Civil Liberties Union, 00:13:35.080 --> 00:13:37.280 sought to challenge a law in Tennessee, 00:13:37.320 --> 00:13:40.120 the Butler Act, that outlawed the teaching 00:13:40.160 --> 00:13:42.267 of evolution in public schools. 00:13:42.733 --> 00:13:45.560 And they find a teacher, John Scopes, 00:13:45.880 --> 00:13:47.640 who will violate the law, 00:13:47.680 --> 00:13:50.520 and in 1925 he is arrested for teaching 00:13:50.640 --> 00:13:52.480 evolution in a school 00:13:52.600 --> 00:13:54.160 in Dayton, Tennessee. 00:13:55.000 --> 00:13:56.880 The entire world follows the trial 00:13:56.960 --> 00:13:58.600 by listening on the radio, 00:13:58.920 --> 00:14:00.680 the famous Scopes Monkey Trial, 00:14:00.720 --> 00:14:02.360 because it dealt with evolution. 00:14:02.560 --> 00:14:03.447 You have two of the best 00:14:03.480 --> 00:14:04.720 lawyers in the country. 00:14:04.880 --> 00:14:06.160 The prosecutor is a religious 00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:08.720 fundamentalist, also former presidential 00:14:08.800 --> 00:14:10.887 candidate William Jennings Bryan, 00:14:10.920 --> 00:14:11.960 and the defense attorney is 00:14:11.993 --> 00:14:14.000 Clarence Darrow, probably the most famous 00:14:14.033 --> 00:14:16.080 defense attorney in this time period. 00:14:16.233 --> 00:14:18.847 The trial goes on and Scopes is convicted. 00:14:18.880 --> 00:14:20.720 He gets off on a technicality, 00:14:21.000 --> 00:14:22.160 and really 00:14:22.200 --> 00:14:24.560 the Scopes Trial demonstrated the tensions 00:14:24.600 --> 00:14:26.640 between the modern and the traditional 00:14:26.720 --> 00:14:29.100 religious values of the 1920s. 00:14:29.167 --> 00:14:32.487 Prohibition is a key part of the 1920s. 00:14:32.520 --> 00:14:34.360 If you recall, the 18th Amendment was 00:14:34.440 --> 00:14:37.600 ratified in 1919, and it prohibited 00:14:37.840 --> 00:14:39.727 the manufacture and sale 00:14:39.760 --> 00:14:41.280 of alcoholic beverages. 00:14:41.600 --> 00:14:43.607 And the Volstead Act is passed, 00:14:43.640 --> 00:14:45.720 which was the federal law that would 00:14:45.760 --> 00:14:48.040 enforce the 18th Amendment. 00:14:48.360 --> 00:14:49.367 The issue of prohibition 00:14:49.400 --> 00:14:50.927 was very controversial. 00:14:50.960 --> 00:14:52.440 There was fierce opposition, 00:14:52.480 --> 00:14:54.280 especially in large cities, 00:14:54.313 --> 00:14:56.360 especially amongst immigrant communities 00:14:56.800 --> 00:14:58.240 to the banning of alcohol. 00:14:58.440 --> 00:15:00.720 Bootleg liquor was served at speakeasies, 00:15:00.760 --> 00:15:02.880 illegal clubs where alcohol was sold. 00:15:03.040 --> 00:15:04.880 People were making their own alcohol, 00:15:05.200 --> 00:15:06.520 and in many cases they were 00:15:06.560 --> 00:15:08.640 completely ignoring the law. 00:15:09.160 --> 00:15:10.480 Part of the problem was there was 00:15:10.600 --> 00:15:12.727 understaffed law enforcement. 00:15:12.760 --> 00:15:14.720 There wasn't enough police to police 00:15:14.760 --> 00:15:16.520 the borders of the United States to get 00:15:16.560 --> 00:15:18.040 all the different areas where alcohol 00:15:18.120 --> 00:15:20.240 was being distributed and made. 00:15:20.560 --> 00:15:21.767 And the other issue you can see 00:15:21.800 --> 00:15:23.000 in the political cartoon 00:15:23.280 --> 00:15:25.080 was widespread corruption. 00:15:25.113 --> 00:15:27.800 Very often police, politicians, and judges 00:15:27.840 --> 00:15:29.760 were paid off to look the other way. 00:15:29.960 --> 00:15:31.647 And as a result of prohibition, 00:15:31.680 --> 00:15:33.567 you get the rise of organized crime. 00:15:33.600 --> 00:15:35.560 The big guy, the famous guy 00:15:35.593 --> 00:15:37.800 is of course Al Capone in Chicago. 00:15:38.040 --> 00:15:39.160 You have events like the St. 00:15:39.280 --> 00:15:40.720 Valentine's Day Massacre 00:15:40.960 --> 00:15:43.040 where violence increases. 00:15:43.120 --> 00:15:45.040 In spite of all this kind of controversy, 00:15:45.073 --> 00:15:47.647 drinking does go down in the 1920s, 00:15:47.680 --> 00:15:50.440 but ultimately prohibition will be seen as 00:15:50.520 --> 00:15:52.800 a noble experiment that will fail, 00:15:53.040 --> 00:15:55.080 and eventually it will be overturned with 00:15:55.120 --> 00:15:58.267 the 21st Amendment in the early 1930s. 00:15:58.560 --> 00:15:59.640 And the big problem is, 00:15:59.840 --> 00:16:01.720 you can make something like alcohol 00:16:01.760 --> 00:16:04.920 illegal, but many people still want it 00:16:05.000 --> 00:16:07.040 and so they're going to ignore the law. 00:16:07.120 --> 00:16:09.040 Great photo, people marching, 00:16:09.280 --> 00:16:10.280 not for civil rights, 00:16:10.480 --> 00:16:12.700 not for freedom, but for beer. 00:16:12.767 --> 00:16:14.040 The decade of the 1920s 00:16:14.073 --> 00:16:16.320 for African-Americans was a mixed decade. 00:16:16.600 --> 00:16:18.480 Lynchings continued to be a problem. 00:16:18.520 --> 00:16:20.080 The KKK was becoming 00:16:20.120 --> 00:16:21.200 more and more popular. 00:16:21.480 --> 00:16:23.360 Jim Crow laws, Plessy versus Ferguson, 00:16:23.400 --> 00:16:26.640 all of that stuff remained a fact of life. 00:16:26.920 --> 00:16:28.567 And while those challenges are important, 00:16:28.600 --> 00:16:30.440 African-Americans continued to find 00:16:30.520 --> 00:16:33.233 ways to resist this injustice. 00:16:33.700 --> 00:16:35.720 Recall there was a great migration all 00:16:35.760 --> 00:16:37.640 the way before World War I where you had 00:16:37.673 --> 00:16:39.680 this mass movement of African-Americans 00:16:39.760 --> 00:16:40.960 into Northern cities, 00:16:40.993 --> 00:16:43.920 and you have the spread of jazz music out 00:16:43.960 --> 00:16:45.720 of New Orleans into cities 00:16:46.000 --> 00:16:48.480 such as New York and Chicago. 00:16:49.320 --> 00:16:51.160 Harlem becomes kind of the unofficial 00:16:51.720 --> 00:16:53.840 cultural center of Black America. 00:16:54.040 --> 00:16:55.520 And during the '20s you have a famous 00:16:55.553 --> 00:16:57.720 event known as the Harlem Renaissance. 00:16:57.960 --> 00:16:59.960 You have writers such as Claude McKay, 00:17:00.400 --> 00:17:02.600 Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, 00:17:02.640 --> 00:17:04.480 famous jazz musicians like 00:17:04.520 --> 00:17:07.400 Louis Armstrong. And really an important 00:17:07.480 --> 00:17:09.400 idea of the Harlem Renaissance 00:17:09.720 --> 00:17:12.280 is this idea of the new Negro. 00:17:12.560 --> 00:17:15.400 In fact, there was this emphasis on Black 00:17:15.520 --> 00:17:17.240 pride, racial pride, 00:17:17.280 --> 00:17:19.527 and celebrating the cultural traditions 00:17:19.560 --> 00:17:21.680 of that Black community in much 00:17:21.720 --> 00:17:23.967 of the Harlem Renaissance's work. 00:17:24.400 --> 00:17:25.970 And outside of the Harlem Renaissance, you 00:17:26.003 --> 00:17:28.247 have a guy by the name of Marcus Garvey. 00:17:28.280 --> 00:17:30.487 He is a immigrant from Jamaica, 00:17:30.520 --> 00:17:32.080 which was a British colony. 00:17:32.400 --> 00:17:34.007 He comes to the United States, and he 00:17:34.040 --> 00:17:35.920 creates the Universal Negro 00:17:35.960 --> 00:17:38.800 Improvement Association, the UNIA. 00:17:39.320 --> 00:17:41.007 He's gonna call for African-Americans 00:17:41.040 --> 00:17:42.447 to go back to Africa. 00:17:42.480 --> 00:17:43.847 He believed in separatism. 00:17:43.880 --> 00:17:45.520 He felt that African-Americans would not 00:17:45.600 --> 00:17:47.007 be able to get justice 00:17:47.040 --> 00:17:48.320 and equality in America. 00:17:48.680 --> 00:17:49.560 But beyond that, 00:17:49.920 --> 00:17:52.840 Garvey's movement is gonna promote Black 00:17:52.960 --> 00:17:55.000 pride, Black-owned business, 00:17:55.320 --> 00:17:57.160 self-confidence, self-reliance, 00:17:57.193 --> 00:17:59.640 self-sufficiency in the African-American 00:17:59.720 --> 00:18:01.880 community. And he's gonna play a key role 00:18:01.920 --> 00:18:04.480 in mobilizing ordinary African-Americans 00:18:04.880 --> 00:18:06.287 who were perhaps not touched 00:18:06.320 --> 00:18:08.200 by the writings of the Harlem Renaissance, 00:18:08.480 --> 00:18:09.207 they're gonna be touched 00:18:09.240 --> 00:18:11.200 by the words of Garvey. 00:18:11.480 --> 00:18:12.287 And finally, make sure you 00:18:12.320 --> 00:18:13.447 know about the Lost Generation. 00:18:13.480 --> 00:18:14.887 This is a group of writers like F. 00:18:14.920 --> 00:18:16.600 Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, 00:18:16.633 --> 00:18:18.767 Sinclair Lewis, and their writing is gonna 00:18:18.800 --> 00:18:21.320 criticize different aspects of the decade. 00:18:21.520 --> 00:18:22.887 They're gonna question the reasons 00:18:22.920 --> 00:18:24.280 for fighting World War I; 00:18:24.600 --> 00:18:26.807 small town values in places like Dayton, 00:18:26.840 --> 00:18:29.720 Tennessee; fundamentalist religious views; 00:18:30.040 --> 00:18:32.680 and the materialism of the 1920s. 00:18:32.960 --> 00:18:35.927 So, this group of artists are disillusioned 00:18:35.960 --> 00:18:37.960 with the old ideals of the past, 00:18:38.160 --> 00:18:40.440 as well as the new materialistic culture. 00:18:40.960 --> 00:18:42.687 That's gonna close out the Roaring '20s. 00:18:42.720 --> 00:18:44.560 Make sure you subscribe to the channel. 00:18:44.760 --> 00:18:46.127 Click Like on the video, tell your 00:18:46.160 --> 00:18:47.560 friends, and have a beautiful day. 00:18:47.760 --> 00:18:48.240 Peace.