[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.16,0:00:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[DR. KARA COONEY] This work,\Nand you know, Kate said I've
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.64,0:00:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked at over 300 coffins.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.40,0:00:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really when you put it\Nwith my dissertation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.00,0:00:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work, it's over 400.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.44,0:00:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's rather insane,\Nand when one gets mired
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.04,0:00:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in coffin studies, you're\Ndealing with databases and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.32,0:00:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spreadsheets and copyright\Nissues, and it's quite
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.24,0:00:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time-consuming morass of data.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.72,0:00:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, it comes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.14,0:00:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.66,0:00:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a great relief, a pause,\Na moment of reflection for
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.80,0:00:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me to work on these trade\Nbooks instead, to go from
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.48,0:00:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one kind of work to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.16,0:00:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has worked quite well\Nfor me as an Egyptologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.88,0:00:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes I'm deep\Nin the spreadsheet,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.36,0:00:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to figure\Nthings out and using
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.68,0:00:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,academic jargon, many\Nof you in the audience
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.40,0:00:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know what I'm talking about,\Nand other times I'm writing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.80,0:00:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the public, and I'm trying\Nto make Egypt relevant,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.04,0:00:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm looking at the world,\Nokay, let me put it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.76,0:00:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An Egyptologist like Kate\Nand I would never ask each
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.32,0:01:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other why we study Egyptology,\Nthough we both know that it's
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.36,0:01:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question we've probably\Nmost commonly answered.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.28,0:01:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When did you decide\Nto be an Egyptologist?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.12,0:01:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are you an Egyptologist?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.64,0:01:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we both know that\Nfor whatever weird,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.04,0:01:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cracked, crazy reason,\Nwe see the world around us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.36,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better or best through the\Nlens of the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.04,0:01:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know why,\Nbut I am able to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.44,0:01:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand systems of\Ngovernment, economic systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.48,0:01:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm able to understand systems\Nof power best by looking
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.60,0:01:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at it through the lens of\Nmy beloved ancient Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.08,0:01:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then applying it\Nto the present day.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.40,0:01:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only that,\NEgypt affords us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.88,0:01:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an amazing gift,\Nwhich is 3,000 years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.00,0:01:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of more or less the\Nsame governmental system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.96,0:01:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,same cultural system, same\Nreligious system, same language.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.80,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And within those\N3,000 years you've got
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.36,0:01:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a series of ups and downs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.44,0:01:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have boom and bust,\Nyou have collapse
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and regeneration.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.12,0:01:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can see the human\Nreactions to all of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.80,0:01:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is an extraordinary\Ngift to be able to say,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.76,0:02:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the way human\Nbeings react when X happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.56,0:02:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the way humans\Nreact when Y happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.68,0:02:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I am here as\Nan Egyptologist to tell
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.48,0:02:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you that in this age\Nof anti-intellectualism,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.00,0:02:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where people are saying,\N'What good is a history degree?'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.96,0:02:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm like, 'Well,\Nlet me tell you.'
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.64,0:02:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.52,0:02:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptology is incredibly useful,\Nand it's useful for studies of
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.56,0:02:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women, and women in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.80,0:02:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach a course at UCLA\Ncalled Women in Power
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.44,0:02:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Ancient World.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.24,0:02:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've been doing this\Nclass for the last five years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.56,0:02:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I spend half of\Nthe class on Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.96,0:02:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I spend a week\Non Persia, a week on Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.44,0:02:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a week on China, a week on\Nthe Levant and Mesopotamia.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.72,0:02:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm doing a comparative\Nstudy on why we don't trust
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.88,0:02:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women in the halls of power,\Nwhy it is so very hard for women
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.96,0:02:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attain real political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.88,0:02:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not interested in this\Nclass or in this book about
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.32,0:02:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women whispering something\Nto the king behind the throne
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.92,0:02:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to get what she wants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.84,0:03:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not interested in that\Nkind of informal power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm interested in formal\Nexpressions of political power.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.36,0:03:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When do we give it to women?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.80,0:03:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When do we not?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.92,0:03:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egypt is this strange\Nand cracked place,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.68,0:03:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I will discuss,\Nthat allows women into
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.32,0:03:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power more regularly and\Nsystematically than anywhere
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.04,0:03:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the ancient world, and more\Nregularly and systematically
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.84,0:03:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we allow into power today.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.40,0:03:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the longer version of this\Ntalk that I do with the National
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geographic Institute Association\Ngroup, I don't, what are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.44,0:03:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A society, that's what they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.32,0:03:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a whole discussion\Nabout how women do not have
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.88,0:03:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power today, economically,\Npolitically, militarily,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.64,0:03:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or ideologically,\Nand then I go into
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.64,0:03:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the anthropological\Nreasons for that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.40,0:03:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's like in a\Nhunter-gatherer society,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.32,0:03:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it's like in an\Nagricultural society.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.40,0:03:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we're all\Nthoroughly depressed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.30,0:03:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.82,0:03:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I go to Egypt and I\Nsay, "But Egypt was able to
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.24,0:03:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"surmount these obstacles\Nand allowed women to power
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.08,0:03:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that no other\Nagricultural society did."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.28,0:04:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I asked,\N'Why is that?'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.20,0:04:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I continue,\Nand I hope this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.04,0:04:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haunts you as I go\Nthrough six women who
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.40,0:04:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved formal states\Nof power in Egypt, I hope
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.16,0:04:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question haunts you,\Nwhy do we in our society still
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.08,0:04:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not allow women into power?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.40,0:04:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why is this our reality?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.56,0:04:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(all laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.84,0:04:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from before the\Nlast election, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.48,0:04:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see Paul Ryan and you're\Nlike, 'No, no, this is,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.48,0:04:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have to update this.'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.52,0:04:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're right,\NI do have to update it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.36,0:04:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nothing speaks to what\NI'm talking about now better
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.48,0:04:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the last Congress.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.00,0:04:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the last Congress\Nwas incredibly masculine,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.88,0:04:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incredibly white, lacked\Ndiversity on all fronts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.48,0:04:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it made me realize that\Nwhen people are afraid,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.60,0:04:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I think this\Ncountry, right and left,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.68,0:04:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thing that unites us the\Nmost is the fear that we are all
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.16,0:04:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,falling over the cliff, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.76,0:04:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we can all agree on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.20,0:04:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may have completely\Ndifferent ways for how
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.88,0:04:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to heal that problem,\Nbut we all are very afraid.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.92,0:04:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people are afraid,\Nthey often turn towards the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patriarchy, whatever that is,\Nwe can break it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.56,0:05:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They turn towards what\Nmakes them feel safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.20,0:05:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that decisive masculine power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.84,0:05:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They turn towards this\Nsame way of doing things,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.28,0:05:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they even turn towards\Nan authoritarianism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.92,0:05:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the subject\Nof my next book,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.60,0:05:18.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I don't have time\Nto talk about either.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.96,0:05:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it interests me that the\Nway fear makes people turn
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.88,0:05:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards certain directions\Nof power and that females
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.80,0:05:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have nothing to do with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.64,0:05:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now we come to this topic\Nof women in power in ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.48,0:05:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt and why this was such a\Nsystematic and regular thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.08,0:05:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, keep in mind I'm gonna\Nbe talking about six women,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.52,0:05:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,five of whom became nothing\Nless than leaders of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state, king, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.24,0:05:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not talking about the\Ndozens of other women that acted
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.84,0:05:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as regent for a young king.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.52,0:05:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coming in, pulling the strings\Nof the government, and then
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when that boy is old enough,\Nstepping back into the shadows,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.64,0:05:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,letting him run the show.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.84,0:05:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll be talking about one\Nand a half, in a sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.44,0:06:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm leaving those women out\Nof this discussion and focusing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.00,0:06:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the women that were able\Nto take that kind of power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.00,0:06:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and move it a step beyond.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.92,0:06:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a place that allows\Nwomen into power so often that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.32,0:06:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to question why that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.04,0:06:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, I am led to a map.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.52,0:06:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my class,\NWomen in Power
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.04,0:06:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Ancient World,\NI usually start with
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.72,0:06:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a map of each region.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.40,0:06:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I show the map
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.52,0:06:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I say, oh,\Nthis doesn't
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.10,0:06:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look so great.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.62,0:06:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you guys kind of\Nsee it, more or less?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.20,0:06:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nile is there,\Nyou get some understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.96,0:06:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.72,0:06:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this place unitable?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.48,0:06:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this place protected?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is this place geographically\Nin tune with the allowance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.04,0:06:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of female power?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.16,0:06:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seems a strange question\Nfor me to ask, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.24,0:06:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you look at a map\Nand know that females will
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.12,0:06:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be allowed into power or not?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.88,0:06:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you actually can.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.72,0:06:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the more I taught the class\NWomen in Power in the Ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.00,0:07:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World, the more I realized,\Noh, my goodness, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.72,0:07:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can look at a map and\Ndecide, will women be able
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.68,0:07:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rule in this place?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.36,0:07:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Egypt is a very different\Nand special geographic region.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.32,0:07:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.28,0:07:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is protected\Non all four sides.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.52,0:07:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got deserts on east\Nand west, on the east,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.00,0:07:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can add the Red Sea just to\Nmake a little harder to invade,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.20,0:07:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mediterranean Sea to the north,\Nand then down to the south
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.80,0:07:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you have this artery\Nof the Nile cutting through
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.08,0:07:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the desert, and of course,\Nthe Nile is the only reason
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.24,0:07:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything exists in Egypt at\Nall, it's a gift of that Nile.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.84,0:07:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the south,\Nat a place called Elephantine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.40,0:07:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then five or six times\Nfurther south, you have
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.96,0:07:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these giant granite boulders\Nin the middle of the river.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.60,0:07:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, even if you wanted to\Nbring some naval invading
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,force with all your ships\Nstraight up the river,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.96,0:07:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd hit those granite\Nblocks and you and your
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.28,0:07:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,naval force would have to\Ntake the boats out of the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.04,0:07:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,river, go around and just\Ncarry them around the boulders,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.84,0:07:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put them back in the water,\Nand then head up north again.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.64,0:07:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, even the South is protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.36,0:08:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a place that does not\Nsuffer foreign invasion very
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.88,0:08:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often for most of its history.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.36,0:08:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a place where\Ndifferent ethnicities,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.40,0:08:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different languages,\Nand different religious
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.48,0:08:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,systems coming into this\Nplace for most of its pharaonic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.36,0:08:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history, this is quite rare.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.60,0:08:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until the invasion of\Na series of empires,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.88,0:08:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting with the Assyrian,\Ngoing with the Babylonian,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.36,0:08:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then the Persians,\Nthen Alexander the Great,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.76,0:08:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this place existed in\Na microcosm of safety,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.28,0:08:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you can have\Nthe same language,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.76,0:08:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same religious system,\Nthe same government
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.92,0:08:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for over 3,000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.68,0:08:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very special and\Nprotected place, a place where
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.92,0:08:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warlording is not the norm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.92,0:08:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compare this in your minds\Nto what you hear in the news
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.72,0:08:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about Syria, Mesopotamia, what\Nwe would call Iraq, or Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.92,0:08:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Greece in the ancient world.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.76,0:08:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There you have places that\Nare much more competitive
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.76,0:08:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and geographically do not\Nhave the same barriers that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.96,0:08:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this place has protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.56,0:08:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War lording pays dividends.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.72,0:09:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You will be rewarded for raising\Nan army, marching into Babylon,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.84,0:09:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking out the king,\Nand claiming that city
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.40,0:09:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as your own, and you know,\Nyou might just win.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.88,0:09:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas here,\Nwar lording is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.12,0:09:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discouraged either\Ngeographically from
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.36,0:09:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outside in, but it's\Nalso discouraged within.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.88,0:09:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because within you have\Nthis Nile that floods its
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.16,0:09:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,banks when it's doing it\Nas it's supposed to.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.04,0:09:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptians would tell us\Nthere's a way it should work
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.82,0:09:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.34,0:09:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And a way it shouldn't.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.16,0:09:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not too much flooding,\Nnot too little flooding.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.40,0:09:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every year it floods its\Nbanks and it leaves behind this
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.52,0:09:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thick layer of rich Nile silt.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.32,0:09:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You sprinkle your seeds on it,\Nyou let your animals and your
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.12,0:09:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children run on it, and just,\Nyou know, a couple weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.28,0:09:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,later you have fat, juicy\Nkernels of wheat and barley.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.16,0:09:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herodotus in the 5th century\Nvisited this place and he's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.80,0:09:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, 'Damn, this is insane.'
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.88,0:09:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's like, "In Greece we have\Nto move the rocks and then we
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.08,0:09:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to plow and it's so hard."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.84,0:09:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Egypt,\Nyou're just
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.80,0:09:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, la, la, la.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.06,0:09:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.58,0:09:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone's drunk and\Nthere's too many people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.12,0:10:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and nobody has to work\Nthat hard, and it's awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.28,0:10:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That creates a kind\Nof society too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.92,0:10:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It creates a society where you\Ndon't need to warlord because
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.12,0:10:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't have the same kinds\Nof scarcity that you have in
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.00,0:10:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mesopotamia, or the Levant,\Nor Greece, or Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.96,0:10:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, warlording on the\Ninside is discouraged as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.72,0:10:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, we compare Egyptian\Npolitics to Greece or
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.80,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rome at our peril.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.16,0:10:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because regicide in Egypt,\Nyou can count them on the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.88,0:10:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fingers of one hand, the\Nones that we know about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.44,0:10:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very rare\Nand unusual thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.92,0:10:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a place that\Ngeographically and
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.32,0:10:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culturally has developed\Nthe most perfected form
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.84,0:10:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of divine kingship the\Nworld has ever seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.32,0:10:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you might have\Nproblems in the kingship,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.56,0:10:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there could be an issue\Nwith the succession,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.20,0:10:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the king dies early\Nafter only ten years of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.84,0:10:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rule and he leaves an\Neight-year-old son of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.76,0:10:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his choice behind,\Nin addition to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.52,0:10:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many other sons,\Nbut he leaves this
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.64,0:10:53.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eight-year-old behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.84,0:10:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in any other\Npart of the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.52,0:10:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Mesopotamia or\NGreece or Rome,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.44,0:10:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the guy holding\Nthe bloody knife
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.04,0:11:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who just killed the\Neight-year-old and all
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.32,0:11:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the eight-year-old's\Nfamily hold it up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.76,0:11:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's like,\N'I'm king next!'
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.96,0:11:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone's like, "You are.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.16,0:11:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"good for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.96,0:11:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're king."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.76,0:11:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Egypt,\Neveryone throws
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.36,0:11:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,themselves to the\Nground and they're
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.32,0:11:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, 'Dear eight-year-old,\Nwhat would like us to do?'
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.12,0:11:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an eight-year-old boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.68,0:11:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.32,0:11:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who was born under the\Nfull moon of Taurus.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.12,0:11:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I didn't use to believe\Nin that stuff until I had a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.60,0:11:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kid who was born under the\Nfull moon of Taurus and now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.76,0:11:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trust me, I understand what\Nwillfulness means and how it
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.32,0:11:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is given to us by the God.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.08,0:11:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.28,0:11:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I did not want that\Nkid in charge of my house,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.12,0:11:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let alone my nation, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.88,0:11:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you have to come up with a\Ndifferent method that's gonna
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.08,0:11:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep this divine kingship\Nsafe and fun in Mesopotamia,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.64,0:11:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Levant, Greece or Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.12,0:11:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you let a kid rule,\Nyou're gonna have somebody older
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.96,0:11:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in and make decisions on\Nhis behalf and you're probably
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.36,0:11:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gonna have a man do so.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.80,0:11:54.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's gonna happen if an\Nuncle of the kid comes in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.08,0:11:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and rules on his behalf?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.52,0:11:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brother of the dead king.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.72,0:12:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a saying amongst\Nmy students at UCLA.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.80,0:12:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very useful saying.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.72,0:12:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very short.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.76,0:12:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you may have\Nheard it before.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.36,0:12:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've heard me speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.24,0:12:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the saying is two words,\Nand it is because testicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.76,0:12:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.44,0:12:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say it so much that\Na grad student made me
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.44,0:12:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a t-shirt that says,\N'Because testicles,'
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.60,0:12:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then she put the\Nhieroglyph for the penis on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.40,0:12:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm like,\N"I can never
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.18,0:12:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wear this shirt.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.70,0:12:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What do you expect?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.22,0:12:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.74,0:12:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.26,0:12:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.78,0:12:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I just lovingly put it\Naside, and it was just in a
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.60,0:12:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drawer, and I can never wear it,\Nin sparkly glitter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.84,0:12:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,paint, whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.80,0:12:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.24,0:12:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But because testicles,\Nyou can't have the uncle
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.36,0:12:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the young kid come in\Nand be the decision maker.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.60,0:12:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying he's necessarily\Ngoing to assassinate the kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.40,0:12:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the chances\Nare higher, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.64,0:12:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is riskier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.08,0:12:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whereas if you have a woman\Ncome in, mother of the kid,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.84,0:12:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe the aunt, we'll discuss,\Nit's going to be less risky.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.52,0:12:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this brings up the other\Nthing I want to haunt you as
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.80,0:12:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're talking about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.08,0:12:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do women rule\Ndifferently from men?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.12,0:12:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some way, and the way I hear\Nyeses and often I'll hear nos.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.04,0:13:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I don't think we as\Na society have completely
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.28,0:13:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figured this out yet because\Nwe don't let them rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.84,0:13:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we don't know what\Nthe options are yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.80,0:13:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the Egyptians believed\Nthat women ruled differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.68,0:13:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Egyptians,\Nto keep this system
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.08,0:13:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,running and to keep it safe,\Nsystematically allowed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.68,0:13:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the woman to come in to\Nkeep the divine kingship
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.96,0:13:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,safe, to keep it working.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.48,0:13:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's the most\Nuncomfortable part
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.32,0:13:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of working through\Nthis book, working
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.84,0:13:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the female power.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.04,0:13:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not here to write a\Nrevisionist history for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.52,0:13:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not here to make you\Nfeel happy and cushy with
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.68,0:13:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rainbows and puppy love\Nabout the women of the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.80,0:13:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am here to tell you\Nthe truth as a historian.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.36,0:13:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the uncomfortable truth for\Nme, having gone through all of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.48,0:13:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these women, is that it is in\Nthe most authoritarian state
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.16,0:13:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the planet, with the most\Nperfected divine kingship
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.60,0:13:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see female power.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.36,0:13:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Only there.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.56,0:13:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is where female power\Nis forced upon its people
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.76,0:13:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it is most accepted.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.44,0:13:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is in the most unequal\Nof social situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.08,0:13:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most pyramidal of\Nsocial situations, that
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.24,0:13:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female power is allowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.92,0:14:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otherwise, if you go to\NGreece or Rome, let's go
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.96,0:14:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Greek Democratia.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.68,0:14:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very broad\Nunderstanding of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.32,0:14:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone who's a citizen has a\Nsay in their assembly, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.44,0:14:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One man falls, another\Nman takes his place.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.60,0:14:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women have no say in this\Nsociety and in this culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women have so little political\Npower and men have so much that
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.20,0:14:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's actually a political\Nsexual understanding to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.24,0:14:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,male love in Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.84,0:14:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That true love,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.74,0:14:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.26,0:14:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read your Greek\Ntexts very carefully,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.28,0:14:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is male-male, not female-male.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.60,0:14:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The women are full of deceit,\Nand witchcraft, and problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.56,0:14:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and read your Pandora's box\Ndiscussion and you see it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.28,0:14:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oh, my goodness.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.32,0:14:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in Egypt,\Nthe woman is what
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.36,0:14:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeps this safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.20,0:14:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The woman is the\Nplaceholder to allow this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.52,0:14:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,patriarchy to continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.60,0:14:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the uncomfortable\Nreality for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.76,0:14:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I just wrote a piece in\NTime Magazine about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.32,0:14:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the woman usually\Nserves the patriarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.76,0:14:57.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without even thinking,\Nwithout even knowing
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.00,0:14:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what she's doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.72,0:15:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't matter if there's\Na woman in power, what is
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.12,0:15:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the agenda of that woman?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.72,0:15:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is very much\Nmy discussion for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.44,0:15:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If women do rule differently,\Nwhat is their agenda?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.92,0:15:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we to understand\Ntheir place in this society?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.68,0:15:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, many of you in the audience\Nmight be annoyed that I have
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.24,0:15:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used the word female king twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.48,0:15:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're like,\N"Why did she do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.76,0:15:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"That's stupid.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.46,0:15:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.98,0:15:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"She could just\Nuse the word queen.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.64,0:15:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.20,0:15:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I will say,\Nin the ancient
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.44,0:15:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptian language,\Nthe word queen
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.52,0:15:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connotes no power.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.88,0:15:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a sexual\Nhelpmate of the king.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.08,0:15:33.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is something that is,\Nit has nothing to do with
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.52,0:15:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,politics or decision-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.36,0:15:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the Egyptians chose a\Nwoman to be king, in this case,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.48,0:15:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut from our obelisk.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.92,0:15:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you see the\Ncentral column there?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.44,0:15:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top word, Nesut is used.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.84,0:15:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used the word king,\Nso I'm gonna use the word king.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.80,0:15:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the way I've\Ndecided to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.16,0:15:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, just a little\Njustification there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.76,0:15:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I don't get that\Nquestion in the Q&A,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.44,0:15:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which I always do, otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.12,0:15:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now I want to go\Nthrough our six women.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.60,0:16:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How much time do\NI have until 2 40?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.00,0:16:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who's running the show?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.84,0:16:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2 50?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.96,0:16:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.24,0:16:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.28,0:16:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we'll go through these,\Nreally five, 'cause I don't
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.40,0:16:10.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a whole lot of time for\NTawosret here, and she's
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.64,0:16:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more Game of Thrones than\Nyou can possibly imagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.62,0:16:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.14,0:16:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're gonna skip over her.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.96,0:16:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can stand here by the\Npodium and say, 'You can buy
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.76,0:16:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the book,' which is awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.79,0:16:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's start with\NMerneith of Dynasty 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.64,0:16:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gain an understanding\Nthat this female power in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.76,0:16:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ancient Egypt to protect an\Nauthoritarian patriarchal
Dialogue: 0,0:16:28.80,0:16:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regime, yeah, those words\Njust rolled off my tongue.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.56,0:16:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The female power is the\Nother side of the coin of
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.08,0:16:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that patriarchal regime.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.52,0:16:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It comes with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.48,0:16:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to have the\None without the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.96,0:16:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no way to\Navoid the female power.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.04,0:16:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could argue,\Nand the Egyptologists
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.12,0:16:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the room know what I'm\Ntalking about, that there
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.56,0:16:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are Dynasty 0 examples of\Nvery, very strong female power.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:50.16,0:16:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merneith is just the\Nmost well-documented
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.88,0:16:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to start with,\Nbut it could have even
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.56,0:16:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had an earlier beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.08,0:16:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when Egyptologists\Nfound Merneith's tomb,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.68,0:17:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they found it in a\Nplace called Abydos,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.92,0:17:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Middle Egypt, along the Nile,\Nout in the western desert sands.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.08,0:17:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they looked at the layout\Nof the tomb and they looked at
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.80,0:17:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horizontal stratigraphy,\Nthey're like, king's tomb
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.36,0:17:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there, king's tomb there,\Nnow we're digging here,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.44,0:17:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be another king's tomb.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.12,0:17:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They find the grave\Nmarker, the stela,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.68,0:17:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they look at that\Nand they're like, "Yup,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.44,0:17:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks like the others.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.24,0:17:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We're all good.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.20,0:17:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a king."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.08,0:17:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they start\Nto look and compare.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.88,0:17:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they're like,\N"Wait a minute,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.48,0:17:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something's missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.68,0:17:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Something is a little bit off.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.76,0:17:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two things missing\Nfrom Merneith's stela."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.56,0:17:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merneith whose name\Nmeans the beloved one
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.64,0:17:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the goddess Neith.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.16,0:17:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The name is not\Nreally gonna help us.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.68,0:17:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not at the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.04,0:17:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptian names are useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.28,0:17:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's Smurf or Smurfette, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.68,0:17:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.32,0:17:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's the same with Merneith.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.80,0:17:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some would be like, 'No,\Nthere is a t,' some
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.56,0:17:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be like, 'No,\Nthere's not,' but it
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.32,0:17:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depends on how it's written.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.76,0:17:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the two things that are\Nmissing are the falcon at the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.40,0:17:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,top, porous and carnic, kingship\Non earth, and the palace facade,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.24,0:18:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that mud brick walled fortress\Nthat goes around the inner
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.88,0:18:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sanctum where the king\Nand his court dwell.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.44,0:18:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those two things are\Nmissing from her stela.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.92,0:18:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the Egyptologists are like,\N'Huh, I wonder what's going on.'
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.96,0:18:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they find a tiny\Nlittle label, this big,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.08,0:18:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affixed to a commodity\Nin her, well, I wouldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.00,0:18:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wanna give it away, in one\Nof the later king's tombs.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.12,0:18:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this tiny little label,\Nthey see, okay, we have Djer,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.72,0:18:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have Djet, we have Den,\Nand then what have we got here?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.32,0:18:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have the king's\Nmother, Merneith.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.72,0:18:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they're like, oh,\Nit's not exactly the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.28,0:18:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,correct lineup,\Nbut she's named as
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.88,0:18:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king's mother,\Nthey're like, 'Oh, I got it.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.72,0:18:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's there as the regent.'
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.96,0:18:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Djet must have died too early,\Nleaving Den on the throne too
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.40,0:18:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young, demanding somebody\Nto be the decision maker,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.76,0:18:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody to act as regent.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.28,0:18:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who better than\Nthe king's mother?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.96,0:18:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This starts off in Dynasty 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.82,0:18:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(fingers snap)
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.34,0:18:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Soon as they can do it,\Nthey institute this as a
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.08,0:19:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pattern, and as a system.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.56,0:19:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how did she get there?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.64,0:19:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does this work?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.16,0:19:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say her father, Djer,\Nand in the book I talk
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.72,0:19:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the king, Djer,\Nas her father, given how
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.08,0:19:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high Merneith's station is.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.60,0:19:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is an assumption that\NI make, and I'm clear
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.44,0:19:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about it in the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:14.24,0:19:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's possible this guy is\Nnot her father, but we'll
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.60,0:19:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leave it there for now.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.28,0:19:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Merneith would have been\Na girl when this very powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.92,0:19:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and long-lived King Djer died.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.32,0:19:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this would have been one\Nof her earliest memories,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.04,0:19:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a memory seared into her brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.68,0:19:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because at Djer's death,\Nand at the death of any
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.88,0:19:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First Dynasty king, the\Ncourtiers were separated,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.52,0:19:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was determined who\Namong them would accompany
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.52,0:19:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king into death themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.28,0:19:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they were sacrificed.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.44,0:19:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know the method.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.72,0:19:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll show you some\Nof the skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.32,0:19:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They could have been poisoned,\Nthey could have been strangled,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.00,0:19:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could have been starved,\Nwe've got nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.92,0:19:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's very little evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.88,0:19:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the archaeologists\Nwho found most of these
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.88,0:19:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skeletons only kept the heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.32,0:20:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Annoying, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.60,0:20:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.48,0:20:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a graduate student,\NRose Campbell, for those of
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.12,0:20:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you that know her, who's\Nworking on isotope analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.00,0:20:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's heading to London\Nand Cambridge soon, where there
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.64,0:20:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are hundreds of such heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:12.48,0:20:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's gonna be looking at\Nthese skulls and determining
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.36,0:20:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these people grew up,\N'cause you can tell that from
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.44,0:20:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the isotopes, what kind of\Nhealth and nutrition they had.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.32,0:20:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this work has\Nnot been done yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.56,0:20:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the work that has been done\Nsuggests that the people who
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.44,0:20:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were sacrificed to surround the\Nking's tomb were buried at one
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.92,0:20:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time and were wealthy people,\Nwell-nourished people, people
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.76,0:20:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were probably courtiers,\Npeople with whom you shared a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.96,0:20:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meal, people who were probably\Nfamily members of yours.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.88,0:20:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when Djer dies,\Nhundreds of people
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.20,0:20:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,met their end.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.64,0:20:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.44,0:20:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have this phrase, the king is\Ndead, long live the king, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.80,0:20:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, think of it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.00,0:20:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The king is dead,\Nlong live the king.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.60,0:20:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You say it fast like that\N'cause you don't want any
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.36,0:20:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vulnerability coming in between.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.12,0:21:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know it's a time period\Nof great potential problems.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.48,0:21:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You wanna make sure everybody's\Nsafe and everybody's taken care
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.04,0:21:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of, that you go to the next\Nkingship when you're moving
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.36,0:21:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one government to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:07.12,0:21:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to make this more seamless,\Nthe Egyptians of the First
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.48,0:21:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dynasty hit upon a rather\Nbrilliant but macabre and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.52,0:21:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brutal plan, which is to\Nshow the king's power over
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.88,0:21:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life and death itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:18.72,0:21:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to also, I would argue,\Ntake out potential
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.40,0:21:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threats from society.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.00,0:21:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you're worried about,\Nyou know, you've got your king,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.04,0:21:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you place him on the throne,\Nwho are you most worried
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.36,0:21:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about as you do that in that\Na most vulnerable situation?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.52,0:21:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you're worried about\Nthe other guys who could
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.60,0:21:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have taken that position.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:35.12,0:21:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are the ones who are\Nmost of a threat to the guy
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.00,0:21:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's sitting on the throne.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.36,0:21:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the one, in a sense,\Nthat needs this sacrifice.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.16,0:21:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You put them around the burial\Nof the king before, but really
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.36,0:21:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dead do not bury themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.60,0:21:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is about the guy\Nwho's sitting on the
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.68,0:21:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throne now and what he\Nneeds in the here and now.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.64,0:21:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what the guy who comes next,\NDjet, after Djer's burial needs
Dialogue: 0,0:21:57.20,0:22:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now, is some sacrifice of older\Nmen, but not a whole lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:02.00,0:22:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Djer has more females buried\Nin his tomb than he has males.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.68,0:22:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is based on\Narchaeological reports
Dialogue: 0,0:22:07.92,0:22:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are problematic,\Nbut we're gonna leave it there.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.28,0:22:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he has a great number\Nof dead that accompany him.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.00,0:22:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would argue that any\Nthreats to the throne are
Dialogue: 0,0:22:16.88,0:22:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eliminated in a very quick\Ncouple of weeks as they
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.48,0:22:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put this man to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:22.40,0:22:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each person gets their own\Nlittle marker, their own name,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.12,0:22:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little designation\Nof their gender.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:26.96,0:22:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if you can't tell from a\Nskeleton what the gender is,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.36,0:22:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can use these markers to\Ndetermine what the gender is.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:32.96,0:22:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ellen Morris is the person whose\Nwork I follow the most on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.12,0:22:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Laurel Bestock as well,\Nif you guys wanna follow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.40,0:22:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Merneith is not\Nslated for sacrifice,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.84,0:22:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she may have seen\Nher own mother die in
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.68,0:22:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,front of her eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:46.56,0:22:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no way of knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.84,0:22:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is history from\N5,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.40,0:22:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the burial of the king\Nwould have been accompanied
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.96,0:22:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a keening and mourning\Nthat we have no concept of.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.32,0:22:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine somebody very important\Ndying and then imagine that
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.20,0:23:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they take out 500 other very\Nimportant people right
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.68,0:23:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of your eyes,\Nand you have to watch
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.76,0:23:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in a ritual.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.20,0:23:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolutely brutal.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.04,0:23:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merneith watches all of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.80,0:23:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She marries the next\Nking, the guy Djet.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.32,0:23:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She then watches as he dies,\Nand then the selection
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.08,0:23:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is made again.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.36,0:23:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he dies a little too early.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.68,0:23:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He dies leaving Den, her son,\Nto rule before his time.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.56,0:23:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However this happens,\Nand this is one of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.64,0:23:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mysterious things about any\Nauthoritarian regime, how is the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.84,0:23:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,successor to the throne chosen?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.76,0:23:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is this choice made?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.20,0:23:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the realpolitik?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.72,0:23:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is the regent chosen?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.72,0:23:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do they choose the successor\Nby which regent is best
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.68,0:23:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or other way around?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.56,0:23:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.28,0:23:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Merneith is chosen as\Nregent, her son is the king.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.56,0:23:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now who's gonna be in\Ncharge of the selection at
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.04,0:23:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the death of her husband?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.24,0:23:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we have to\Nassume it's her.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.20,0:23:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you have to look at\Nthis again as the dead
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.20,0:23:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not bury themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.72,0:23:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The living are the ones\Nwho are doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.20,0:23:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kid on the\Nthrone is too young.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.72,0:24:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's assume he's 12 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.40,0:24:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not ready to rule yet,\Nbut not incredibly young either.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.12,0:24:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Merneith is the one\Nsaying, 'Him, him, him,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.32,0:24:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her, and him, him.'
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.52,0:24:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these people are\Nall sacrificed in front
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.24,0:24:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of everybody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.00,0:24:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merneith doesn't have\Nto die because she's
Dialogue: 0,0:24:18.40,0:24:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there as Queen Regent,\Nbut I imagine she sacrificed
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.48,0:24:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or saw sacrifice many women\Nher age, who accompanied
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.00,0:24:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her husband maybe from the\Nharem into his burial place.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.84,0:24:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's the one that's\Ncalling the shots.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:32.96,0:24:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one gets a little\Nburial marker of their own.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.44,0:24:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one gets a room of\Nhis or her own in a sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.04,0:24:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a very\Nbrilliant, if brutal,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.28,0:24:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plan of making sure that\Neveryone understands who
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.36,0:24:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.96,0:24:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an interesting,\Nif you look at comparative
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.68,0:24:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anthropology and you look\Nat incipient states,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.48,0:24:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look at nascent states,\Nthis is a feature you see
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.48,0:24:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Africa and Europe and\NAsia, in the New World.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.92,0:25:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That in these states\Nwhen a kingship is new,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.80,0:25:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sacrificial burial often goes\Nalong with it for the king.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.32,0:25:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a great and quick,\Nefficient means of showing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.28,0:25:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has the power and that\Nyou better move along with
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.60,0:25:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this and not rock the boat.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.32,0:25:14.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do what you need to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.56,0:25:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what the dead look\Nlike as they are buried,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.64,0:25:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're accompanied with\Nthese markers, with grave
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.56,0:25:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goods, sometimes with jewelry,\Nburied on their side in a fetal
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.84,0:25:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,position as if they're sleeping,\Nthere are no marks
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.72,0:25:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of murder, nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.60,0:25:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, even though we have symbols\Nlike little labels like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:31.76,0:25:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the top right corner\Nyou see somebody stabbing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:34.32,0:25:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody in the chest,\Nthat seems to be more
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.96,0:25:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an enemy combatant.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.16,0:25:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This doesn't seem to be what\Nwe're talking about here.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.20,0:25:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matthew Adams,\Nthe archaeologist who
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.52,0:25:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,works at Abydos now,\Nhe thinks it's a
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.84,0:25:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mass cyanide death.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.88,0:25:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a Jonestown\Nkind of thing, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.04,0:25:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Guyana Punch sort of deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.28,0:25:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that that was a really easy\Nway to dispatch hundreds of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.48,0:25:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people in public in one moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.72,0:25:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.16,0:26:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until we have better access
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.76,0:26:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the bioarcheological remains,\Nthis is going to remain
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.48,0:26:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a mystery for some time.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.12,0:26:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Den rules,\Nhe has the best and
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.52,0:26:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greatest rule of all\Nof the Dynasty 1 kings.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:15.84,0:26:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He expands Egypt's borders\Nthe farthest that they've
Dialogue: 0,0:26:18.08,0:26:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever been expanded.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.36,0:26:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Merneith is there alongside\Nhim for much of his rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.80,0:26:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when she dies in his reign,\Nshe is buried like a king.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.56,0:26:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She does not ever receive\Nthe status of a king herself.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.56,0:26:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's not a co-king.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.68,0:26:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is just a regent.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.72,0:26:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her status is\Ncompletely informal.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.72,0:26:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet she's buried in\Nthe lineup of other kings.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.52,0:26:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's put into the king\Nlist as king's mother.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.48,0:26:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's afforded an\Nincredible amount of status.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:45.60,0:26:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, a pattern, oh,\Ngiven a tomb like this as
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.92,0:26:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reconstructed, and yet just two\Ngenerations later, she's already
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.84,0:26:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,removed from the king list.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.40,0:26:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a pattern that\Nwe will see repeated.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.88,0:27:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The woman is there as a\Nplaceholder in the moment
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.60,0:27:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep the patriarchal\Nsystem going, to link
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.08,0:27:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one king to the next,\Nfrom one patriarch to the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.44,0:27:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you need a woman to\Nkeep the system safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:09.04,0:27:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyone's gonna\Nbe okay with me.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.56,0:27:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're gonna include her in\Nthe king list during the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.28,0:27:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then as soon as they move on\Nto somebody who's disconnected
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.16,0:27:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from her, phew, she's gotta go.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.92,0:27:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't fit.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.20,0:27:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, then we see all of these\Nkings moving in this direction.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.96,0:27:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the Djer, Djet, Den,\Nand then you move on to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.08,0:27:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different king.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.88,0:27:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No mention of Merneith\Nanywhere in the list.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.44,0:27:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now we're gonna skip\Na number of dynasties
Dialogue: 0,0:27:34.88,0:27:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go up to Dynasty 12.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.32,0:27:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of you that want me\Nto talk about Tawosret,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.24,0:27:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's in the book.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:39.52,0:27:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are no contemporary\Ndocuments for her during
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.08,0:27:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that time period, so we will\Nnot be able to speak about her
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.44,0:27:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an actual living person.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.96,0:27:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Neferusobek, we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.28,0:27:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you may know\Nher as Sobekneferu.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.60,0:27:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much disagreement about\Nhow her name should be
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.92,0:27:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pronounced and spoken.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.52,0:27:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll leave it this way for now.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.40,0:28:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This woman was born into\Na very formidable dynasty,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.64,0:28:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an incredibly strong dynasty,\Na dynasty that begins with a
Dialogue: 0,0:28:06.32,0:28:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regicide, and then is very\Nprotective from that point on,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.40,0:28:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making sure that it keeps the\Nmoney and the power and the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.72,0:28:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influence within the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.56,0:28:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her grandfather was the\Nformidable Senwosret III,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.32,0:28:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who also expanded Egypt's\Nborders farther than we've ever
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.12,0:28:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seen, who lived very, very long.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.20,0:28:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his son is Amenemhet III.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:25.20,0:28:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Neferusobek's father,\Nalso a very, very strong king.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.72,0:28:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of them great builders,\Nboth of them making statuary
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.92,0:28:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was so successful\Naesthetically that it was
Dialogue: 0,0:28:35.04,0:28:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reused for millennia afterwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:38.08,0:28:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She may have married\NAmenemhet IV.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.32,0:28:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where the history starts\Nto get really problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.56,0:28:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those of you who know your\Nend of the 12th Dynasty history,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:45.04,0:28:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how many of you are there?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.14,0:28:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.66,0:28:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right, no hands at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.70,0:28:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.22,0:28:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.84,0:28:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good, because it's\Nvery problematic.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.72,0:28:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people think that\Nthis guy wasn't a king's
Dialogue: 0,0:28:54.80,0:28:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,son at all and that he's\Nmarrying into the family.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.60,0:28:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people think\Nthis was a king's son.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.68,0:29:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're never gonna\Nknow these things.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.20,0:29:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, an authoritarian\Nregime is not going to
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.44,0:29:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give away its secrets.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.48,0:29:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to give away\Nonly perfection, idealism.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.16,0:29:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything is the\Nway it should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:09.84,0:29:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's depicted as a king's son,\Nhe names himself as a king's
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.88,0:29:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,son, I'm gonna go along with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.80,0:29:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not gonna hurt me.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.32,0:29:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though I do believe as\Nan Egyptologist it is my
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.04,0:29:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,responsibility to try to\Nfigure out what these guys are
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.60,0:29:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling us by not telling us.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.24,0:29:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm distrustful of\Nall of the data.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.16,0:29:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't like to drink\Nthe Kool-Aid, as I think
Dialogue: 0,0:29:28.00,0:29:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most Egyptologists do.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.00,0:29:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We accept the\Nauthoritarian regime and
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.24,0:29:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the information we're given.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:33.28,0:29:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't question the data\Nenough, trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:29:35.84,0:29:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the propaganda is and\Nwhat the realpolitik could
Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.16,0:29:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be behind the propaganda.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.32,0:29:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here we've got this dude,\NAmenemhet IV, who is married
Dialogue: 0,0:29:44.32,0:29:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Neferusobek, may have been\Nher half-brother, maybe not,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.04,0:29:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't know, but oof, he dies,\Nand there is no heir to the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:51.28,0:29:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throne in any way, shape,\Nor form that we can identify.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.16,0:29:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nobody,\Nthere's nobody left.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.16,0:29:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what do we have instead\Nbut maybe a problem with
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.28,0:30:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,incest in ancient Egypt?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.18,0:30:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.70,0:30:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.96,0:30:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do know that incest\Nhappened in ancient Egypt
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.68,0:30:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty regularly.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.48,0:30:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tutankhamun is an example\Nof it, we have other kings,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:10.72,0:30:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dynasty 19's Siptah had a\Nclub leg and it was probably
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.92,0:30:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a product of incest.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:15.20,0:30:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ptolemies are well known\Nfor their incestuous pairings.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.80,0:30:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hell, European monarchs\Nare well known for their
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.00,0:30:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own incestuous pairings.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:23.36,0:30:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a picture of Charles II\Nhere with his ginormous head
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.76,0:30:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that needed a special pillow\Nand his overly large jaw.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:31.20,0:30:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we could think of\NNicholas II, Tsar of Russia,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.16,0:30:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his hemophilia also being\Nthe product of incest.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:37.44,0:30:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incest is a very useful tool,\Nespecially in a dynasty that's
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.44,0:30:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to keep power inside\Nof its own system and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.28,0:30:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not give it all away.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.96,0:30:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the best I've got as a\Nsolution for why you can have
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.80,0:30:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such strong kings and then all\Nof a sudden have nothing and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.80,0:30:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end up with a female king.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.72,0:30:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could that possibly happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:30:58.32,0:31:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could the harem\Njust come up empty?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:01.28,0:31:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we've seen it\Nbefore in ancient Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.40,0:31:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll see it later.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.84,0:31:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the best solution\Nthat I have to this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.32,0:31:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though it's not necessarily\Nthe only one.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.72,0:31:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it results in Egypt's\Nfirst female kingship.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.16,0:31:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me go back to the\Nincest a little bit,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.76,0:31:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause who doesn't\Nwanna talk about more?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.52,0:31:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it,\N'cause a lot of you in
Dialogue: 0,0:31:20.96,0:31:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the audience are probably\Nlike, "Those ancient Egyptians,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:23.12,0:31:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're so stupid\N"and primitive,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.64,0:31:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why would they even\Ndo something so ridiculous?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.80,0:31:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We would never do that."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.80,0:31:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, really?
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.84,0:31:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause all this is,\Nis a short-term
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.28,0:31:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decision based on the\Nopportunism of the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.88,0:31:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's put it this way,\Nif you're an elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.60,0:31:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a very high-level elite,\Na courtier in the palace
Dialogue: 0,0:31:42.56,0:31:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're one of four other\Nguys who is able to whisper
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.24,0:31:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the king is sick and the\Ndecision you guys make could
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.52,0:31:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually hold some weight, and\Nyou guys are talking with each
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.24,0:31:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other and you're like, "Okay,\Nwe have a couple of choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.64,0:31:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What are you guys thinking?"
Dialogue: 0,0:31:55.44,0:31:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're not gonna put\Nthis down in writing,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.56,0:31:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authoritarian regimes\Ndon't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.08,0:31:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're gonna talk about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.96,0:32:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're gonna be\Nlike, "Okay, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:00.40,0:32:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got a couple of choices.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.44,0:32:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We've got this strong\Nstrapping lad whose in-laws
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.88,0:32:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are from the "South, and they\Nhave their own private army,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.04,0:32:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they all wanna "have jobs\Nif we bring him in as king.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:09.76,0:32:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"or we could get the rather\Ndim-witted, large-headed,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.64,0:32:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"incestuous product of\Nthe brother-sister kingly
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.20,0:32:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marriage, and all our\Njobs would be awesome,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:17.44,0:32:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'd go on as before."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.96,0:32:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone's like,\N"Yeah, let's do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.82,0:32:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.34,0:32:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go with that\Nshort-term solution."
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.36,0:32:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think we don't\Nmake short-term solutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:25.76,0:32:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just think of global warming\Nand climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.08,0:32:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this being what,\Nthe fourth hottest
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.76,0:32:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,summer the world has ever,\Nyear the world has ever seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.72,0:32:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we still all have plastic\Nwater bottles in our bags and
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.76,0:32:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a plastic island\Nbetween here and Hawaii.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:38.24,0:32:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet we never do anything to\Nchange the system because there
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.96,0:32:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be job loss or whatever.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:42.88,0:32:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, we all continue to make\Nour short-term decision to keep
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.08,0:32:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the can down the road a little\Nbit more, instead of thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.04,0:32:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the long-term repercussions.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.56,0:32:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human beings are not good at\Nlong-term decision making at
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.28,0:32:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all, which is another thing that\NI've noticed from ancient Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.88,0:32:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a good thing to\Napply to the modern world,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.26,0:32:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:32:59.78,0:33:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a depressing one.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.20,0:33:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the first female kingship\Nthat Neferusobek creates is
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.64,0:33:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an interesting one, because\Nshe shows herself as a woman.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.00,0:33:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has breasts,\Nshe's wearing a dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.56,0:33:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she layers the\Nkingship onto her person.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.28,0:33:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She ties a masculine\Nkingly kilt over her dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.56,0:33:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she puts that Nemes\Nheaddress under her head,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:19.04,0:33:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one you know from Tut's\Nmask in your mind's eye,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.84,0:33:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's what she puts on.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:23.36,0:33:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, she's not hiding\Nthe fact that she's woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.32,0:33:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she is layering these elements\Nof kingship upon her person.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.12,0:33:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her kingship lasts\Nfor just a few years,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.92,0:33:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about four at most, though\Nthere's disagreement about
Dialogue: 0,0:33:36.56,0:33:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, and she leaves no legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.84,0:33:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the most interesting\Nthings to me about Neferusobek
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.56,0:33:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the Egyptians let\Nher get away with it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.04,0:33:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there's no heir to\Nthe throne that we can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.20,0:33:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's only this woman left.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.40,0:33:50.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They know that Dynasty 12 is\Ngonna end, and it's gonna go
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.96,0:33:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the ne-, well, they don't\Ncall it Dynasty 12, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.04,0:33:54.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they know it's gonna end,\Nand they're gonna go to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.56,0:33:57.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dynasty 13, why bother?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.36,0:34:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, because in this system\Nof divine kingship, she is
Dialogue: 0,0:34:01.76,0:34:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the last holder of that royal\Nka, that spirit of kingship.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.24,0:34:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone bows down to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.76,0:34:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's the last recipient of it,\Nso she gets to finish it out.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.04,0:34:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an extraordinary\Nthing in and out of itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.60,0:34:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Neferusobek should not be,\Nher decision making should not
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.36,0:34:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be overlooked, because she also\Njustifies it in a way that works
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.88,0:34:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the people around her, so\Nthey don't see it as a threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.40,0:34:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that she does that\Nis she justifies her kingship
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.24,0:34:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through her father's lineage,\Nnot by mentioning her
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.08,0:34:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dead husband-brother.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.44,0:34:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't go about,\Nyou wouldn't even,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.44,0:34:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is why we don't know\Nwho Amenemhet IV was, because
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.40,0:34:40.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she gives him so little play.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:40.32,0:34:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't talk about\Nhim, she doesn't name him,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.48,0:34:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she doesn't make any\Nmonuments to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:44.48,0:34:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his name is nowhere\Nconnected to her stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.56,0:34:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but her father's name\Nis everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.68,0:34:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is useful for her,\Nand it's something that we
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.08,0:34:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually understand as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.92,0:34:58.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We trust more those women who\Nare coming in as leaders in
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.24,0:35:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a strict linear progression.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:00.32,0:35:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We trust more the woman who's\Nprotecting her son in power.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:03.68,0:35:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We trust more the daughter\Nwho's acting for her father
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.32,0:35:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in power, than we do the\Nsister or the wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.28,0:35:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I can give you an\Neasy political example
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.76,0:35:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the last 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.12,0:35:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You guys are probably\Nthinking of it right now, no?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.92,0:35:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're thinking of Hillary\NClinton in the 90s when she
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.48,0:35:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tried to create health care as\Nwife of the president, informal
Dialogue: 0,0:35:22.00,0:35:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power appear to her husband?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.40,0:35:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who the hell does\Nshe think she is?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:26.16,0:35:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody said it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.60,0:35:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.80,0:35:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't understand how,\Nand we feel threatened by this.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.20,0:35:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It threatens our\Npatriarchal system.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.28,0:35:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in today's White House,\Nthe base that supports the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.88,0:35:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,current president has no problem\Nwith Ivanka having an office
Dialogue: 0,0:35:41.12,0:35:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the White House, acting as\Nan advisor for her father.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.20,0:35:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is very cleverly done,\Nwhereas Melania is like, 'No,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.04,0:35:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not getting into\Nthat,' right?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.56,0:35:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knows.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.44,0:35:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's there as the wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.72,0:35:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's learned from\NHillary's mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.80,0:35:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am not gonna try to take\Npower, but Ivanka can do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:57.84,0:36:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she can do so with impunity,\Nbecause we respect that kind
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.96,0:36:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of patriarchal lineage.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:02.56,0:36:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very interesting way that\Nfemale power must be packaged,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.12,0:36:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Hatshepsut knows\Nto do this as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.16,0:36:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we move on to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.16,0:36:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Hatshepsut of Dynasty\N18 is the most powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:36:15.52,0:36:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all of our women.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.88,0:36:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's the one that is really\Nable to leave Egypt better
Dialogue: 0,0:36:21.52,0:36:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than she found it, save her\Ndynasty, leave a legacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.80,0:36:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She rules for about\N22 years altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:27.76,0:36:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.08,0:36:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet most of you maybe,\Nmaybe, maybe you guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:33.12,0:36:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many can pronounce\Nher name well?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.48,0:36:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But everyone's\Nlike, 'I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.24,0:36:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.94,0:36:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(unintelligible)
Dialogue: 0,0:36:39.46,0:36:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,' We'll get to that.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.48,0:36:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She starts out as Egypt's\Ngreatest high priestess.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.44,0:36:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of you in the know,\Nthis would be the God's
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.52,0:36:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wife of Amun stationed\Nat Thebes in the South.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.20,0:36:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were maybe other high\Npriestesses, but for all we
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.52,0:36:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can see, this is the most\Nimportant of them all.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.16,0:36:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she is placed in this\Nposition probably under
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.88,0:37:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her father, Thutmose I.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:00.56,0:37:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She continues in this position\Nalongside her half-brother
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.68,0:37:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,husband, Thutmose II,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.06,0:37:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(gasps)
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.58,0:37:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incest!
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.22,0:37:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.74,0:37:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To to to.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.20,0:37:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She ends up, so, all together,\Nshe is the king's daughter,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.92,0:37:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she is the king's sister,\Nshe is the king's wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.80,0:37:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause she's married to\Nher brother, but she never
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.96,0:37:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes the king's mother\Nbecause she only gives birth
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.60,0:37:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Neferure, her daughter.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.28,0:37:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She does not give\Nbirth to a son.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.76,0:37:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when Thutmose II,\Nher half-brother husband
Dialogue: 0,0:37:28.96,0:37:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dies after only three years\Nof reign, and trust me,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:31.36,0:37:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Egyptological discussion\Nabout this is very intense, but
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.16,0:37:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll leave it at three years.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.44,0:37:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if all he produced,\Nif he had nine years of
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.52,0:37:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reign and that's all he\Nproduced in Egypt's temples,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.76,0:37:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then what a sad king.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.64,0:37:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we'll give him three years,\NI think it's better.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.60,0:37:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if he dies after\Nthree years of reign,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.92,0:37:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's gonna leave a bunch of\Ntwo-year-olds in the nursery.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.28,0:37:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut's not gonna\Nhave a son amongst those
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.28,0:37:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two-year-olds in the nursery.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:52.80,0:37:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now we have a serious\Nsuccession crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.76,0:37:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A succession crisis where the\Nchoice of the next king is
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.80,0:38:01.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably going to be based\Non who the regent is,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.92,0:38:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than on who the kid is.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:04.08,0:38:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they're a\Nbunch of toddlers.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.08,0:38:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who's gonna choose the\Npossibility that the toddler's
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.96,0:38:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gonna grow up to have a good\Nruling acumen in the future?
Dialogue: 0,0:38:12.32,0:38:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.36,0:38:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have to\Nbe very strategic.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.20,0:38:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a long regency\Nwith a two-year-old.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:18.16,0:38:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're talking about 14, 15,\N16 years of a woman ruling
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.24,0:38:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on behalf of this kid.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:23.92,0:38:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a long time.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.60,0:38:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to make sure\Nyou choose wisely.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.16,0:38:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems that Egypt had\Nalready decided they wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.40,0:38:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut to be regent.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.84,0:38:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's there as the\Ngreatest high priestess,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.00,0:38:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's there bred for the\Nposition, the most elite,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.32,0:38:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king's daughter,\Nthe king's wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:37.84,0:38:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the king's sister.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.72,0:38:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's ready to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:39.84,0:38:43.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to choose a boy\Nthat won't be threatened
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.92,0:38:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by her or vice versa.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:46.32,0:38:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, they pick a boy\Nwith a nothing mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.56,0:38:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all we can see,\Na mother that cannot
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.56,0:38:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,step in as regent.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.92,0:38:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name will be Thutmose\NIII to Egyptologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.72,0:38:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just Thutmose in the moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.40,0:39:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she is there acting as his\Nregent for a good seven years.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.40,0:39:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, people don't\Ndo anything alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:02.24,0:39:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what I'm\Nalways hammering
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.44,0:39:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into my students' head.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.40,0:39:07.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not a history\Nwritten by individual people.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:07.36,0:39:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a history of systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.96,0:39:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut can't barge\Ninto a system and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.36,0:39:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'I'm gonna do it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.64,0:39:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna be king,' or\N'I'm gonna be regent.'
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.88,0:39:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the way things work.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.16,0:39:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hatshepsut is going to\Nbe allowed into a system
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.28,0:39:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the elites around her.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.28,0:39:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The elites, it seems,\Nwant her to be in this
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.64,0:39:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,position of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:25.84,0:39:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They demand that she\Nstep forward and do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.20,0:39:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And over the next couple\Nof years that she's acting
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.64,0:39:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as regent for this toddler\Nking, who I imagine was
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.12,0:39:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really hard to crown.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.40,0:39:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Keep the crown.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.52,0:39:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"No, stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.40,0:39:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, stay there," kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.96,0:39:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.16,0:39:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's there as the,\Nand their texts say
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.72,0:39:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this, she's the rock.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.08,0:39:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's the one that's gonna\Nbe clever in her strategies,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:49.84,0:39:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's gonna keep Egypt safe.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.68,0:39:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But she's already,\Nor her advisors are already
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.64,0:39:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking about the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.00,0:39:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in texts like this\Nfrom down south in Egypt,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.44,0:40:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this one happens to\Nbe near Elephantine,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:02.08,0:40:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see Hatshepsut depicted\Nas a God's wife of Amun,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.60,0:40:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the text that only\Nthe top 1% can read,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.72,0:40:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it says that the sun god Ra\Nhas given her the kingship.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.48,0:40:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's like a lawyer.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.24,0:40:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't go out\Nand say, 'I am king.'
Dialogue: 0,0:40:16.56,0:40:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.52,0:40:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's laying her\Nfoundation for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.00,0:40:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She goes out and she says,\N"You know, I'm doing the job.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.40,0:40:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm doing the kingship.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.24,0:40:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I may not be king,\Nbut I'm on my way."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.44,0:40:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when the elites don't\Npush back against this,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.88,0:40:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then she and her advisors know\Nthat they've got room to run.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.36,0:40:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've been given some reigns.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.64,0:40:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can really\Nstart to move now.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:39.04,0:40:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And her first image of kingship\Nwe see we another cartouche name
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.96,0:40:46.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,added, and she shows herself as\Na female wearing a dress,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.40,0:40:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wearing masculine ram's\Nhorns and a masculine wig.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.76,0:40:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she is already,\Nlike Neferusobek,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:52.64,0:40:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changing her image to\Ninclude the masculine in
Dialogue: 0,0:40:55.52,0:40:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,addition to the feminine,\Nkind of like the, I don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.88,0:41:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pantsuit of 1985
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.56,0:41:01.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.12,0:41:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the shoulder pads, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.76,0:41:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Make you look all manly.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.68,0:41:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Give you a little fluffy bow\Ntie to go along with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.42,0:41:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.94,0:41:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is crowding year 7, from\Nwhat we can tell, and again,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:12.72,0:41:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Egyptological debate\Nabout this is quite fierce.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.08,0:41:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reasons for\Nthis are unclear.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.64,0:41:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the most frustrating\Npart of Egyptology for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.56,0:41:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't let us\Ninto their secrets.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:25.12,0:41:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not going to tell us\Nwhat's actually happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.04,0:41:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't get a view\Nof the realpolitik.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.20,0:41:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She tells us, "My father Amun-Ra\Nwanted me to be king.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.00,0:41:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father Thutmose I bred me\Nand wanted me to be king."
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.56,0:41:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very useful things to say.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:39.84,0:41:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's fitting herself in that\Npatrilineal lineage, no problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:43.68,0:41:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we don't know\Nwhy, in year 7,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:46.96,0:41:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she felt the need\Nto formalize this,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.96,0:41:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she had\Nall the power.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:50.56,0:41:53.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there another entourage\Nof Thutmose III who's
Dialogue: 0,0:41:53.12,0:41:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to push her out?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.16,0:41:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there another regent\Nthat was trying to push her
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.04,0:41:58.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out with another entourage?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:58.88,0:42:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there a problem with\NThutmose III himself?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.76,0:42:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was he lying on his deathbed\Nwith some sort of disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.80,0:42:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in Egypt, it's not,\Nif you get malaria,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:06.72,0:42:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's when you get malaria.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.64,0:42:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did he fall off his chariot?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.40,0:42:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was something going on?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.68,0:42:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.12,0:42:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in year 7 probably\Nwhen Thutmose III is
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.84,0:42:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around nine years old,\Nshe is crowned alongside
Dialogue: 0,0:42:18.08,0:42:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him and now it is irrevocable.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.68,0:42:21.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no going back from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:21.44,0:42:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This system is completely\Nlocked down for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.20,0:42:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, this is a pattern\Nthat we'll see again with
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.92,0:42:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cleopatra, she never goes alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.20,0:42:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's always got this\Nkid following her.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.84,0:42:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there is a more crass\Npart of my feminism that I
Dialogue: 0,0:42:36.80,0:42:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will share with you right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.96,0:42:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because there's no woman that,\Nif a woman rules alone
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.08,0:42:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this entire lineup,\Nshe rules for a very short
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.24,0:42:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,period of time, one, two,\Nfour years, something like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.96,0:42:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if she rules for\Na long period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:48.56,0:42:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Cleopatra or Hatshepsut,\Nor other women we could compare
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.76,0:42:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her to around the globe,\Nwe see that there's always
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.12,0:42:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a male accompaniment, some\Nsort of presence alongside
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.80,0:43:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the female on the throne\Nthat allows her to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.92,0:43:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the crass feminist part\Nof me is like, why didn't she
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.48,0:43:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just have the kid assassinated\Nand then we could at least talk
Dialogue: 0,0:43:06.64,0:43:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about one woman that did it,\Nthat ruled Egypt for a
Dialogue: 0,0:43:09.68,0:43:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,long period of time,\Nand wouldn't that be great?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.60,0:43:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, she knows, and I know,\Nthat if she had Thutmose
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.88,0:43:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,III assassinated, well,\Nhowever she felt about
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.88,0:43:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him and maybe she loved him\Nvery, very much, I don't know,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.92,0:43:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if she had him assassinated,\Nher means to power is gone,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.92,0:43:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even as king probably.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.44,0:43:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She would have been a\Nswept aside as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.60,0:43:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need a male at the center of\Nan authoritarian wheel of power.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.00,0:43:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need that,\Nbecause just in terms
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.32,0:43:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of biological economy,\Nthe harem exists for
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.68,0:43:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a reason, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.64,0:43:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can have one baby a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:40.08,0:43:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two is probably gonna kill me,\Nthough it didn't kill Cleopatra.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:43.20,0:43:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I can have one baby a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.64,0:43:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A guy can have\N365 babies a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.30,0:43:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.82,0:43:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That biological\Neconomy is something,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.68,0:43:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I cannot compete with.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.20,0:43:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He will always win in\Nterms of the basics of
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.40,0:43:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power and succession,\Nkeeping the status quo,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:57.44,0:43:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keeping things risk averse.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.72,0:44:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A woman can't compete with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.32,0:44:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She removes that boy,\Nthen they're gonna replace her
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.68,0:44:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with another boy, another man.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.08,0:44:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she knows she's got\Nto keep him with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.24,0:44:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she never rules alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:09.68,0:44:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by year 16, she starts\Nto depict him with her,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.24,0:44:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost like twinsies,\Nas you see here.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:16.88,0:44:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same crown, same look,\Nsometimes different crowns,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.12,0:44:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but almost the exact same face,\Nalmost the exact same body type.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:22.24,0:44:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So similar that the\NEgyptologists, we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.96,0:44:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look at their statues\Nand you're like, 'It's
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.96,0:44:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thutmosied,' we say.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.08,0:44:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We sound very clever\Nwhen we say this.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.28,0:44:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause we're like,\N"It could be Hatshepsut,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:31.20,0:44:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could be Thutmose\NIII, who's to know?"
Dialogue: 0,0:44:33.20,0:44:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we say, 'Thutmosied.'
Dialogue: 0,0:44:34.72,0:44:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a cool Egyptological\Nspeak for we have no idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.64,0:44:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how Hatshepsut did\Nthis to us, she's the one.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.20,0:44:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Thutmose III he\Nseems to follow along
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.60,0:44:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with this portraiture,\Nwhich is interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.24,0:44:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in and out of itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.76,0:44:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now she's got the kingship,\Nshe's got the nine-year-old
Dialogue: 0,0:44:50.56,0:44:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's growing up, becoming\Na 16-year-old, and a strong
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.52,0:44:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,man right next to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.52,0:44:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's probably training with\Nthe army off to the north,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.84,0:44:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe she's in the south,\Nwe actually don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.60,0:45:00.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of these details.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.80,0:45:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we do see\Nis that more jobs,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.36,0:45:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more professions are\Ncreated under her than
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.60,0:45:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at any other time.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.64,0:45:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Egyptologists know that\Nwe have to commit all kinds
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.52,0:45:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of crazy things to memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.04,0:45:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Statues, stela, tombs,\Ncoffins, what's in what museum,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.76,0:45:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where is this, where is that.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.12,0:45:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we know that when\NHatshepsut takes the throne,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:19.84,0:45:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this stuff explodes in\Nquantity and quality.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:24.16,0:45:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that she\Nhas to give to get.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.04,0:45:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means that when she\Ntakes this power position,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:29.68,0:45:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she and her entourage know\Nthat the elites are like,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:32.00,0:45:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You know, this is great, this\Nis a very aberrant situation."
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.72,0:45:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're like, 'Yeah, okay,\Nwhat would you like?' 'Well,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.04,0:45:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my son would love to\Nbe in the treasury.'
Dialogue: 0,0:45:39.28,0:45:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Okay, got it.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.16,0:45:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would you like?'
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.80,0:45:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Okay, well,\Nmy son would
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.40,0:45:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,love to be one of\Nthe overseers of the
Dialogue: 0,0:45:45.44,0:45:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scribes of the House of Amun."
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.88,0:45:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'you got it.'
Dialogue: 0,0:45:47.60,0:45:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, the jobs are created\Nlike candy, in a sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:50.96,0:45:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another Egyptologist\Nnamed David Warburton,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.60,0:45:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who argues that it's during\NHatshepsut's reign when Egypt's
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.96,0:46:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treasury, Egypt the crown,\Nloses more power than in any
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.12,0:46:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other time in the long term.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.04,0:46:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the treasury is\Ngiving out more funds than
Dialogue: 0,0:46:05.84,0:46:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had ever given out before.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.44,0:46:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a little more debatable,\Nbecause Hatshepsut kept such
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.60,0:46:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good control of the money and\Ncreated more income streams.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.44,0:46:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew that she needed\Nto bring in more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.44,0:46:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so what do you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.32,0:46:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You start a little war,\Nyou invade a little Nubia,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.96,0:46:23.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you bring a lot\Nof gold into Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.44,0:46:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she knew to\Ndo that right off.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.76,0:46:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also knew to place people in\Ncontrol of that money only had
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.60,0:46:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her to depend on, and who had\Nno other conflicting interests.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.92,0:46:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she picks a dude like this,\NSenenmut, who's not a patrician,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.32,0:46:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not one of the old families,\Nand she elevates him to
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.00,0:46:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a station that everyone\Nis like, 'Whoa, really?'
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.64,0:46:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's like, 'Yeah, really.'
Dialogue: 0,0:46:45.76,0:46:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's like,\N'What would you
Dialogue: 0,0:46:46.72,0:46:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, my lady?'
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.90,0:46:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.42,0:46:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because he's not gonna try\Nto work with other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.64,0:46:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're all mad that\Nshe's doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:52.32,0:46:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's picking a\Nnumber of new men who
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.32,0:46:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will answer only to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.92,0:46:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very, very cleverly done.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.52,0:47:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has control of the\Ntemple like no one else.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.40,0:47:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This woman grew up in the\Ntemple, it's in her bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.00,0:47:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew that when she had\Nherself marked for kingship,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.84,0:47:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she had to do so in a\Nway that was overtly
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.48,0:47:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,displayed to her people.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:12.16,0:47:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she tells us in the text,\Nwhere she is marked for rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.48,0:47:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the bark of Amun-Ra is\Nbrought out on a festival
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.44,0:47:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day in public in front of\Nall of her elites, and that it
Dialogue: 0,0:47:22.56,0:47:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moves decisively towards her.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.96,0:47:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then she throws herself on\Nthe ground, raises up her arms
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.52,0:47:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and says, 'Oh my father Amun,\Nwhat would you have me do?'
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.32,0:47:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No one can speak against that.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.40,0:47:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once the god Amun-Ra has\Nchosen her to be king,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.52,0:47:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then it is again irrevocable.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.20,0:47:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is something that\Ncannot be overturned.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:40.16,0:47:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She sends out expeditions\Nto crazy faraway places that
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.20,0:47:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptologists don't even know\Nwhere they are, maybe Eritrea,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.96,0:47:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe Yemen, the debate goes on.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.44,0:47:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She shows the details\Nof those expeditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.68,0:47:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't go herself,\Nshe sends other men, but it's
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.32,0:47:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still considered a miracle of\Nkingship that she's doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:57.92,0:48:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Incense trees brought back\Nroots and all, the misshapen
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.44,0:48:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chieftainess of Punt depicted\Nin all of her glory next to
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.48,0:48:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her husband, the chief.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:06.32,0:48:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she builds structures that\Nare avant-garde and at the same
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.16,0:48:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time they're conservative\Nin the most holy places on
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.84,0:48:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Egyptian landscape,\Nnot just in ancient Thebes,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.72,0:48:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but all over the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.32,0:48:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a woman who left\NEgypt better than she found it.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.76,0:48:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, throughout all of this,\Nshe cannot make
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.80,0:48:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt fit to her.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:26.96,0:48:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has to fit to Egypt and\Nshe has to fit the patriarchy.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:30.40,0:48:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she starts out\Ndepicting herself as a
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.12,0:48:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female, a female king,\Nputting the Neme's headdress on,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:36.40,0:48:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,putting the kilt of kingship on.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.76,0:48:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Actually here she\Njust has a dress.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:39.84,0:48:41.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is not enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.00,0:48:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we see her trying to figure\Nthis out, trying to crack it.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:45.60,0:48:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my favorite\Nstatue of hers,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.12,0:48:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Metropolitan\NMuseum of Art
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.72,0:48:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.68,0:48:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's androgynous.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.84,0:48:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's male, and she's female,\Nshe has breasts, but she
Dialogue: 0,0:48:54.80,0:48:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't have nipples,\Nso is she wearing a shirt?
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.96,0:48:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I don't see any trace of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:58.40,0:49:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she's topless,\Nbut she's this gracile
Dialogue: 0,0:49:02.96,0:49:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heart-shaped beautiful thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.28,0:49:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we to understand this?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:06.80,0:49:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Male and female simultaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:08.96,0:49:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, only one such statue was\Nmade, and then she quickly moves
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.04,0:49:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on to statues like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:15.20,0:49:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what most of\Nher statues look like.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:17.76,0:49:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Strong biceps,\Nbroad shoulders and
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.80,0:49:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chest, square jaw,\Nindistinguishable from a man.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:25.20,0:49:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has to fit,\Nthe patriarchy
Dialogue: 0,0:49:27.04,0:49:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot fit her.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:28.40,0:49:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as her nephew, Thutmose III,\Nis getting older and haunting
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.32,0:49:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her steps, she has to become\Nmore masculine, one could argue.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.76,0:49:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did she dress like this in\Npublic, in the festivals?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.24,0:49:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did she tie on the royal\Nbeard and strap down her
Dialogue: 0,0:49:40.64,0:49:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breasts and wear a shirt\Nthat's skin-colored?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:43.28,0:49:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who are we to say?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.24,0:49:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why not?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.80,0:49:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what she's depicting.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:46.16,0:49:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite possibly.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:47.36,0:49:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did she dress like\Nthat in the palace?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.28,0:49:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the existence of\Nthis statue, I think not.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:52.08,0:49:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anything is possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:54.16,0:49:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until we get our time\Nmachine invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.24,0:49:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will continue to discuss\Nthese things for some time.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:59.44,0:50:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she depicts herself\Nas the father, sorry,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.20,0:50:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the daughter of Amun-Ra,\Nbuilding her kingship for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:07.60,0:50:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She rules for about\N22 years altogether.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:10.24,0:50:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When she dies,\Nfrom all we can see,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:12.32,0:50:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she's buried in state.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.40,0:50:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to use a lot of\Ncircumstantial evidence to
Dialogue: 0,0:50:17.44,0:50:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure this out, but there\Nis a detritus of her death.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.96,0:50:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though her tomb was\Npretty thoroughly robbed,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.60,0:50:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find little, little\Nthings, a canopic char here,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.24,0:50:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little shabti fragment\Nthere, a sarcophagus here.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:30.80,0:50:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is enough there to\Nsuggest that Hatshepsut was
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.92,0:50:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,buried in state, as a king,\Nin the Valley of the Kings,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:37.92,0:50:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by her nephew, Thutmose III.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:39.92,0:50:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Thutmose III\Nfinished temples of
Dialogue: 0,0:50:42.24,0:50:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hers, finished chapels,\Nmade sure that everything
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.52,0:50:46.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was good for her.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.88,0:50:48.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so,\Neverything's fine, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.40,0:50:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's gonna be our\Nsuccessful female.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.56,0:50:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, no she's not.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.92,0:50:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because about 20 to 25 years\Nlater, after her death,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:56.48,0:51:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says, "Come here,\Nyou, chief of artisans.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.08,0:51:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Go, send the guys out.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:01.20,0:51:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I need Hatshepsut's names\Nand images removed from
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.44,0:51:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this temple, this temple,\Nthis temple,' which he
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.20,0:51:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,names all the temples.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:06.00,0:51:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're like, 'What?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.16,0:51:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really?'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:07.68,0:51:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I want you to take plaster\Nand I want you to replace those
Dialogue: 0,0:51:10.56,0:51:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,names with the name of my father\Nand the name of my grandfather."
Dialogue: 0,0:51:13.36,0:51:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Yes, sir.'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:14.08,0:51:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"You, come here.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.36,0:51:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Sledgehammers, send them out.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:17.12,0:51:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I need you to smash these\Nstatues up to tiny bits.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.36,0:51:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Throw them out in a hole.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:20.32,0:51:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't want you to\Ndo anything with those.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.60,0:51:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, wait,\Nbut the big colossals,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.28,0:51:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I don't want you\Nto break those up.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.40,0:51:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Those are too valuable?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:25.44,0:51:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just switch out the names."
Dialogue: 0,0:51:26.64,0:51:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Huh?' 'Take out her name,\Nput in my father's name.'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:29.44,0:51:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Got it.'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:30.32,0:51:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they go out\Nand they do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.52,0:51:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, they don't do a great job\Nso that we Egyptologists can
Dialogue: 0,0:51:34.08,0:51:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come in after the fact and say,\N'Oh, look, there's a t there.'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.64,0:51:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember the Smurfette?
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.33,0:51:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see the daughter\Nof Ra is still there even though
Dialogue: 0,0:51:41.52,0:51:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's talking about Thutmose III.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.88,0:51:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're like, 'Hmm,\Nsomething's going on.'
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.72,0:51:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or you can see that\Nthere's an erasure,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:46.48,0:51:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see the\Ntraces of what the
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.76,0:51:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old name could be.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:48.88,0:51:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some cases,\Nthey relied so
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.40,0:51:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much on plaster\Nthat the old carving
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.52,0:51:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is as clear as day.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:54.56,0:51:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we can put\Nthis back together.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:56.56,0:52:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the end result is that\NHatshepsut is not a part
Dialogue: 0,0:52:00.48,0:52:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our cultural memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:02.08,0:52:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can't pronounce her name.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.84,0:52:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She was too successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:06.48,0:52:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Success is a problematic thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.48,0:52:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:09.76,0:52:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a really\Ngood successful idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:12.24,0:52:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's gonna bring your company\Na lot of business and you
Dialogue: 0,0:52:14.48,0:52:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell your boss this idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.76,0:52:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you hear that the\Nboss went to a CEO meeting,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:18.48,0:52:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then all of a sudden,\Nyour idea is bandied about
Dialogue: 0,0:52:20.48,0:52:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it as his or her idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:21.84,0:52:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're like, 'Damn it!
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.96,0:52:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'that's
Dialogue: 0,0:52:23.68,0:52:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My idea.'
Dialogue: 0,0:52:24.72,0:52:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it was successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:26.48,0:52:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're doing what people\Nwould expect to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.96,0:52:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What has worked before,\Nwhat will work after.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.28,0:52:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Success is very transferable.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.68,0:52:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very abstract.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:35.36,0:52:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's failure that\Neveryone remembers and
Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.16,0:52:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assigns your name to.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:39.44,0:52:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why you guys can\Npronounce Cleopatra like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.98,0:52:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:52:42.50,0:52:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Hatshepsut you're\Nlike, 'Hatshe-, Hat-'
Dialogue: 0,0:52:45.60,0:52:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:52:48.48,0:52:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, Nefertiti, Dynasty 18.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.00,0:52:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her story is being\Nwritten right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:55.84,0:52:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egyptologists in the room\Nknow that if we all went to a
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.52,0:53:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bar full of Egyptologists and\Nwe just threw out and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.04,0:53:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Is Nefertiti Smenkhkare?'
Dialogue: 0,0:53:05.12,0:53:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then people,\Nlike people
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.24,0:53:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would come to\Nblows, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.76,0:53:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.48,0:53:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People get really\Nupset over this stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:11.04,0:53:12.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed,\Nthe evidence is
Dialogue: 0,0:53:12.72,0:53:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out of the\Nground right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.24,0:53:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like as we speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:15.36,0:53:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're finding new stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.12,0:53:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, it's,\Njust take all
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.12,0:53:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of that with a\Ngrain of salt,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:20.24,0:53:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that doesn't\Nmean we can't discuss
Dialogue: 0,0:53:21.52,0:53:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nefertiti as a female\Nking, because I think we can.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.88,0:53:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think most Egyptologists\Nwould accept her as such.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.68,0:53:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's cool and interesting\Nto me is that when you hear
Dialogue: 0,0:53:30.24,0:53:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the name Nefertiti and you\Nsee her bust from Berlin,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.64,0:53:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you think of beauty.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:33.92,0:53:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's a pretty face, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:36.00,0:53:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't think of her\Nas a ruler, as anything
Dialogue: 0,0:53:38.64,0:53:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,formidable or something\Nassociated with authority in
Dialogue: 0,0:53:43.52,0:53:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any way, but indeed, she was,\Nso let's see how this works out.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.68,0:53:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is married to this\Nguy named Amenhotep IV,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.76,0:53:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who is born into Egypt's\Ngreatest success, its
Dialogue: 0,0:53:56.64,0:53:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wealthiest time period,\Nwhen you don't even
Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.72,0:53:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have to go to war.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:59.60,0:54:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tribute just comes to you,\Nwhen what can be produced by the
Dialogue: 0,0:54:02.96,0:54:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,craftsman is of a quality that\Nyou cannot possibly believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:06.48,0:54:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everyone's eating well,\Neveryone is getting good
Dialogue: 0,0:54:09.04,0:54:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money, everyone is happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:11.12,0:54:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy comes into power,\Nhe starts out his reign
Dialogue: 0,0:54:13.52,0:54:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicting himself much like\Nhis father did before him,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:16.32,0:54:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then all of a sudden,\Nboom, he starts depicting
Dialogue: 0,0:54:18.88,0:54:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,himself like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:20.00,0:54:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he changes his\Nname to Akhenaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:22.96,0:54:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he changes the religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:24.72,0:54:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he starts funneling money\Naway from the other relig-,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:27.76,0:54:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the Amun-Ra Temple,\Nand the Ptah Temple,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.08,0:54:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all these other places.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:31.12,0:54:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He funnels that money to a\Nnew god, a god named Aten.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.40,0:54:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he starts to depict\Nhimself as male and female.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.24,0:54:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you see the breasts?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:39.52,0:54:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't see the hips in this\None but there are hips too.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.56,0:54:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He starts to depict himself\Nas animal and human.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:45.20,0:54:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you saw it from the side,\Nyou would see a prognathism
Dialogue: 0,0:54:47.68,0:54:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the lower face.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:48.96,0:54:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He starts to depict himself\Nstrangely elongated.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:52.16,0:54:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would argue that\Nhe's depicting himself
Dialogue: 0,0:54:54.32,0:54:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a being of light.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:55.84,0:54:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is changing the way\Nkingship is depicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:59.36,0:55:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is changing the way the chief\Npriest, that would be the king,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:02.64,0:55:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is connecting with all of the\Ndivinities, and Nefertiti
Dialogue: 0,0:55:06.00,0:55:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes along for the ride.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:07.76,0:55:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He changes her depiction\Nin very much the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:11.44,0:55:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Same prognathism,\Nthe same elongated features,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:14.64,0:55:19.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exaggerated eyes and chin,\Na very strange visage to behold.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.84,0:55:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here he is with\Nall his servants now
Dialogue: 0,0:55:23.04,0:55:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bent down around him,\Nworshipping the sun
Dialogue: 0,0:55:25.52,0:55:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,god over his head,\Ngiving offerings to
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.44,0:55:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sun god, the Aten,\Nand its rays are bathing
Dialogue: 0,0:55:30.08,0:55:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him in its golden light.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:31.92,0:55:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is the only one\Nthat should have direct
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.92,0:55:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,connection with that sun god.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:36.56,0:55:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Around year 5,\Nhe decides to
Dialogue: 0,0:55:39.60,0:55:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pick up and move\Naway from Memphis,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:43.04,0:55:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heliopolis, Thebes,\Nand go to this out in
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.92,0:55:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the middle of nowhere\Nplace where he says it
Dialogue: 0,0:55:48.56,0:55:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sacred to no god or\Ngoddess, and build this
Dialogue: 0,0:55:51.68,0:55:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new city from scratch.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.04,0:55:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He calls it Akhetaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.96,0:55:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His name is Akhenaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:56.56,0:55:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like king and\Ncity are almost one.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:59.36,0:56:03.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in about ten years or less,\Nhe builds from the ground up
Dialogue: 0,0:56:03.92,0:56:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new temples, new palaces,\Nnew administrative structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.28,0:56:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He makes all of his elites\Ncome and they're gonna build
Dialogue: 0,0:56:09.44,0:56:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of their estates as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:11.36,0:56:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an incredibly\Nenergetic and dedicated
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.96,0:56:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,king to his new coat.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:16.88,0:56:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Nefertiti comes\Nalong for the ride.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:20.08,0:56:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She is his great royal wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:22.24,0:56:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when she comes to Akhetaten,\Nshe is given a new name.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:26.08,0:56:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And her name is\NNeferneferuaten Nefertiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.60,0:56:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There will be an exam after,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:30.70,0:56:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.22,0:56:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's gonna get way worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.04,0:56:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Way worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:34.96,0:56:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one reason why it's so\Nhard to find Nefertiti in the
Dialogue: 0,0:56:37.60,0:56:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evidence, because Akhenaten\Nseems to have renamed her
Dialogue: 0,0:56:40.56,0:56:41.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each step of the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:41.84,0:56:44.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she gets to keep a\Nsmall part of herself as
Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.16,0:56:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she goes to the next step.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:45.44,0:56:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll see what I mean in a bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.08,0:56:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They show these images\Nof family togetherness.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:50.56,0:56:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nefertiti is depicted\Nabout the same scale as
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.52,0:56:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her husband Akhenaten.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:55.04,0:56:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're cuddling\Ntheir daughters,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:56.48,0:56:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're showing\Nnew and different
Dialogue: 0,0:56:57.76,0:56:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kinds of scenes.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.64,0:57:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egyptologists for the\Nlongest time have looked at this
Dialogue: 0,0:57:01.12,0:57:05.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as puppies and rainbows and this\Nbeautiful togetherness and maybe
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.12,0:57:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even the first monotheism in all\Nof human history, though that is
Dialogue: 0,0:57:08.00,0:57:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still very much up for debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.84,0:57:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a much darker\Nunderbelly to all of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:13.92,0:57:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he married two\Nof those daughters and
Dialogue: 0,0:57:16.08,0:57:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had children with them,\Nand elevated each of them
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.32,0:57:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a great royal wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:19.36,0:57:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that creeps you\Nout right there,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:20.72,0:57:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though that's not\Nculturally aberrant for them.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:23.52,0:57:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also co-ops his elite.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.24,0:57:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you see the elite\Nreaching up and the king
Dialogue: 0,0:57:29.36,0:57:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his queen, Nefertiti,\Njust throwing down
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.84,0:57:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solid gold necklaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:33.36,0:57:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you get a bunch\Nof people to leave their
Dialogue: 0,0:57:35.52,0:57:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,families and their lives in\Nthe traditional capitals and
Dialogue: 0,0:57:38.32,0:57:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,move away the middle of nowhere?
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.08,0:57:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, you bribe them.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:41.60,0:57:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they coerce other\Npeople to do the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:44.64,0:57:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, here we see just\Nthis co-option happening
Dialogue: 0,0:57:49.52,0:57:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before our eyes, but in a\Nmore idealistic sort of sense.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:53.04,0:57:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what's really interesting\Nin the work that's coming
Dialogue: 0,0:57:55.84,0:57:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out right now by a number\Nof bioarcheologists,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:58.32,0:58:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of them a former\Nstudent of mine from
Dialogue: 0,0:58:00.96,0:58:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,UCLA, Anne Austin,\Nthey're finding graveyards
Dialogue: 0,0:58:04.96,0:58:07.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filled with the laborers\Nwho constructed the city
Dialogue: 0,0:58:07.68,0:58:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the ground up.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:08.96,0:58:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the graveyards for the\Nskilled laborers are fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:12.64,0:58:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They get great goods,\Nthey're just doing okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:15.52,0:58:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the graveyards for those who\Nare not so skilled, who are just
Dialogue: 0,0:58:19.44,0:58:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hauling stones and doing what\Nthey're told, are horrific.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:22.80,0:58:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're working wounded, they're\Nworking malnourished, they're
Dialogue: 0,0:58:26.08,0:58:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working with acute fractures.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:27.76,0:58:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even worse than that, they\Nhave found a graveyard filled
Dialogue: 0,0:58:31.12,0:58:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with hundreds of children,\Nseparated from any sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:58:34.56,0:58:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adult figures of any kind,\Nalso working with all kinds
Dialogue: 0,0:58:38.00,0:58:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of injuries, malnourished,\Nand with acute injuries as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:42.16,0:58:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people who work in\Nthis graveyard are emotionally
Dialogue: 0,0:58:45.12,0:58:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affected themselves with each\Nburial that they find.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:49.20,0:58:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has been so disruptive\Nto our understanding of what
Dialogue: 0,0:58:52.96,0:58:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Akhenaten's regime was that it's\Nactually made most Egyptians
Dialogue: 0,0:58:56.56,0:58:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I know very uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:57.84,0:59:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when this work was first\Npresented at a conference,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:00.56,0:59:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a bioarcheology conference,\NEgyptians left, some, not all,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:04.96,0:59:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left the room and said you can't\Npresent the kingship this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:08.56,0:59:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is serious stuff because\Nit's turning on its head what
Dialogue: 0,0:59:11.68,0:59:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the foundation of Akhenaten's\Nkingship actually was.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:15.52,0:59:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a demanding king,\Na king who was quite
Dialogue: 0,0:59:19.76,0:59:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brutal to his people.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:21.60,0:59:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Nefertiti came\Nalong for the ride.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:24.00,0:59:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed,\NI think most
Dialogue: 0,0:59:25.76,0:59:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egyptologists now\Nsee this new king,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:29.60,0:59:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,co-king alongside\NAkhenaten with the
Dialogue: 0,0:59:31.76,0:59:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,name, the row's off\Nthe top, Ankhkheperure
Dialogue: 0,0:59:34.80,0:59:38.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neferneferuaten, as Nefertiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:38.24,0:59:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's not identifiable as\NNefertiti any longer, but that
Dialogue: 0,0:59:41.04,0:59:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neferneferure is still there.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:43.04,0:59:45.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, people are like,\N'Oh, okay, Ankheperure,
Dialogue: 0,0:59:45.84,0:59:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's her as co-king.'
Dialogue: 0,0:59:47.76,0:59:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a weird and crazy thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:49.60,0:59:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a breaker\Nof all of our patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:52.48,0:59:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's not stepping in as\Na regent for a boy king.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:55.20,0:59:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's stepping in\Nalongside her husband.
Dialogue: 0,0:59:57.52,0:59:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just told you you're\Nnot supposed to have
Dialogue: 0,0:59:59.20,1:00:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those parallel power\Nstructures, right?
Dialogue: 0,1:00:01.52,1:00:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's supposed to be a linear.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:03.12,1:00:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he must feel\Nvery vulnerable.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:05.76,1:00:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is potentially the only\Nperson that he can trust.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:08.96,1:00:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He pulls in somebody to help\Nhim to continue this rule,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:12.40,1:00:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happens to be his great\Nroyal wife, now no longer,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:15.28,1:00:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now a co-king.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:17.12,1:00:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one Egyptologist,\NNicholas Reeves, even
Dialogue: 0,1:00:21.04,1:00:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believes that the mask\Nand all of the burial
Dialogue: 0,1:00:23.52,1:00:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipment of Tutankhamen,\Nincluding the three nesting
Dialogue: 0,1:00:26.08,1:00:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffins, was not made for\NTutankhamen, but was made
Dialogue: 0,1:00:28.88,1:00:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a certain Ankheperure.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:32.16,1:00:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And indeed, he's shown,\Nand I stood next to the case
Dialogue: 0,1:00:35.12,1:00:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they opened the glass
Dialogue: 0,1:00:36.64,1:00:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I got to see the mask and\Nthe shoulder from that far
Dialogue: 0,1:00:39.60,1:00:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away, so I'm a believer too.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:41.28,1:00:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's shown this to\NDieter Arnold, Mark Gabolde,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:44.08,1:00:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Ray Johnson, they also\Nbuy it that this is re-curved,
Dialogue: 0,1:00:48.08,1:00:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that the traces of the\Nold name are Ankheperure.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:51.44,1:00:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is the coolest thing ever.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:52.72,1:00:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Makes all the\NEgyptologists go, 'Ah!'
Dialogue: 0,1:00:55.84,1:00:58.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because this could have\Nbeen made for Nefertiti.
Dialogue: 0,1:00:58.96,1:01:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This that it's burned into\Nyour mind's eye, right?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:01.60,1:01:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That you can see without\Neven, without me even
Dialogue: 0,1:01:03.76,1:01:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing you this.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:04.48,1:01:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That could have been made\Nfor Nefertiti as co-king
Dialogue: 0,1:01:07.28,1:01:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for her husband, Akhenaten.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:08.88,1:01:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm not gonna go into this,\Nbut I have interesting ideas
Dialogue: 0,1:01:11.60,1:01:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the double cobra uraeus,\Nwhich is also unusual and
Dialogue: 0,1:01:15.04,1:01:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not something that you see\Non other burial equipment.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:17.28,1:01:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:18.88,1:01:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A graduate student of mine,\NNicholas Brown, we argue
Dialogue: 0,1:01:21.60,1:01:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this all the time.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:23.52,1:01:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll continue to\Nargue about it.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:26.96,1:01:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I encourage my graduate\Nstudents to argue with me.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:29.28,1:01:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes life more fun.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.88,1:01:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did Nefertiti then\Nbecome sole king after
Dialogue: 0,1:01:34.24,1:01:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the death of Akhenaten?
Dialogue: 0,1:01:35.60,1:01:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this was where the\NEgyptologists really start to
Dialogue: 0,1:01:38.08,1:01:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throw the blows at each other.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:39.68,1:01:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because I would say, you know,\N40% believe that, yeah,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:43.84,1:01:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nefertiti is there stepping\Nin as sole king after the
Dialogue: 0,1:01:46.64,1:01:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death of Akhenaten in a\Ntime period of crisis.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:48.96,1:01:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And other people\Nare like, 'Look,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:50.16,1:01:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's just no\Nevidence for it.'
Dialogue: 0,1:01:51.44,1:01:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not gonna talk\Nabout the tomb.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:52.96,1:01:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you guys wanna talk about\Nthat in the Q&A, we can, but
Dialogue: 0,1:01:56.16,1:01:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm gonna leave that for now.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:57.92,1:02:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I told you I'm skipping\NTawosret because I ain't
Dialogue: 0,1:02:01.68,1:02:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got no time, and she's\Nall Game of Thronesey,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:04.48,1:02:06.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can read the book.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:06.40,1:02:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This woman was pretty\Nbadass so check her out.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:09.10,1:02:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,1:02:09.62,1:02:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Came in as a regent for a\Nson who was not her own, and
Dialogue: 0,1:02:12.96,1:02:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kid with a club foot to boot.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:15.04,1:02:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's quickly talk\Nabout Cleopatra so we
Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.32,1:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can have some questions,\Nand hopefully answers.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:21.52,1:02:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, Cleopatra of the\NPtolemaic dynasty also
Dialogue: 0,1:02:25.44,1:02:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not rule alone.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:27.20,1:02:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also rules her\Nalmost 22 years,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:29.68,1:02:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Hatshepsut\Nbefore her.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:31.52,1:02:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She rules alongside Ptolemy XII,\Nwho needs a co-ruler and
Dialogue: 0,1:02:35.76,1:02:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brings Cleopatra VII\Ninto the situation.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.28,1:02:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She rules alongside,\Nthough in many ways
Dialogue: 0,1:02:42.00,1:02:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite unwillingly,\Nher brother Ptolemy XIII,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:45.84,1:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he dies in battle\Nfighting against her.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:49.20,1:02:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then she moves on to Ptolemy\NXIV, whom she has assassinated.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.60,1:02:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now that she's killed all\Nof her Ptolemaic companions
Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.68,1:03:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has no one else to bed\Nwith and to rule with,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:00.48,1:03:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cleopatra is so canny,\Nshe still knows she
Dialogue: 0,1:03:03.84,1:03:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot rule alone.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:06.24,1:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Egypt is no longer happily\Nensconced in its own little
Dialogue: 0,1:03:09.28,1:03:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bubble of geographic\Nprotection, however.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:11.92,1:03:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is now perched on the edge\Nof the Mediterranean Sea from
Dialogue: 0,1:03:15.04,1:03:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its capital city of Alexandria.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:17.12,1:03:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is part of a globalized\NMediterranean world.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:20.16,1:03:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she's gotta look to\Na globalized partner,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:23.04,1:03:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she launches upon,\Nor he launches upon
Dialogue: 0,1:03:25.28,1:03:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her, Julius Caesar.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:27.68,1:03:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all know the story.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:29.12,1:03:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She snuck into his chambers\Nas he's in the Palace of
Dialogue: 0,1:03:32.80,1:03:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alexandria in a bedroll,\Nher brother is sieging
Dialogue: 0,1:03:36.80,1:03:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city, it's perfect.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.72,1:03:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She gets in and they hang\Nout for a couple of months
Dialogue: 0,1:03:41.12,1:03:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she's going to give birth to\NCaesarion, known as Ptolemy XV,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:44.80,1:03:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Egyptologist,\Nsometime after that.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:47.52,1:03:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This works out\Nquite well for her.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:49.60,1:03:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's got a Roman warlord\Nto rule and partner with.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:53.12,1:03:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's a sperm donor to boot.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:54.72,1:03:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't even have\Nto marry the guy.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:56.64,1:03:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't want to marry her,\Nshe doesn't want to marry him,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:59.44,1:04:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wouldn't quite work.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:00.48,1:04:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as a partnership of\Nrule, this is quite useful.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:04.24,1:04:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we all know what happens.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:06.10,1:04:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughs)
Dialogue: 0,1:04:06.62,1:04:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's in Rome when\Nhe is murdered on the
Dialogue: 0,1:04:09.12,1:04:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,steps of the Senate.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:10.40,1:04:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She has to hightail it\Nback to Alexandria and
Dialogue: 0,1:04:12.88,1:04:16.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure out what to do,\Nand she needs another partner.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:16.24,1:04:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knows she cannot rule alone.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:18.32,1:04:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, she launches\Nupon Mark Antony.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:22.08,1:04:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She shows up,\Nhe apparently writes
Dialogue: 0,1:04:24.16,1:04:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her multiple times,\N'Meet me in Anatolia,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.48,1:04:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meet me at Tarsus,'\Nand, 'Come and visit.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:28.40,1:04:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'come and,' and she's like,\Nshe's playing hard to
Dialogue: 0,1:04:30.40,1:04:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get, 'No, no, no.'
Dialogue: 0,1:04:31.44,1:04:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally,\Nshe shows up
Dialogue: 0,1:04:33.76,1:04:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dressed to\Nthe nines,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.96,1:04:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dressed as a\Ngoddess in this
Dialogue: 0,1:04:36.56,1:04:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,barge that is covered\Nwith gold, just showing
Dialogue: 0,1:04:39.60,1:04:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her wealth and her riches.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:40.80,1:04:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans go crazy writing\Nabout them, saying, "Look at
Dialogue: 0,1:04:43.60,1:04:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this woman who wastes money,\Nlook at all of the success,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.24,1:04:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is what kingship gives\Nyou, this is horrible."
Dialogue: 0,1:04:48.88,1:04:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Cleopatra knew\Nexactly what she was doing,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:51.60,1:04:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicting herself as a goddess.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:53.92,1:04:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing less than a goddess,\Nas a beholder of great wealth.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:57.36,1:04:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She wants these Roman\Nwarlords to work with
Dialogue: 0,1:04:59.28,1:05:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her and do what she says,\Nshe needs to make sure
Dialogue: 0,1:05:01.60,1:05:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they see that she's\Nholding many cards herself.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:04.88,1:05:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need the money.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:05.84,1:05:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're constantly fighting\Neach other in a civil
Dialogue: 0,1:05:07.76,1:05:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,war that never ends.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:09.12,1:05:11.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need cash,\Nshe's got some cash,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:11.92,1:05:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perfect partnership.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:13.92,1:05:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Better in terms of age\Nas well, and she launches
Dialogue: 0,1:05:16.96,1:05:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up with Mark Antony.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:19.28,1:05:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Cleopatra,\NI say she's a failure.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:22.80,1:05:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She does not leave Egypt\Nbetter than she finds it.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:24.88,1:05:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It becomes a province\Nof Rome after her death.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:27.60,1:05:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, Cleopatra comes\Nthe closest out of any of
Dialogue: 0,1:05:31.52,1:05:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the women that we're talking\Nabout, in having it all,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:34.56,1:05:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in being the man in a\Nsense, at the center
Dialogue: 0,1:05:37.12,1:05:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the wheel of power.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:38.40,1:05:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because she has such a strong\Nwomb and constitution, whoops,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.60,1:05:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she is able to, oh, I hate this\Nlike my, hold on, National
Dialogue: 0,1:05:47.28,1:05:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Geographic made me do this.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:48.56,1:05:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they wanted\Nit to be animated,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:49.68,1:05:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm like, "Oh, okay.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:51.12,1:05:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's try again."
Dialogue: 0,1:05:52.32,1:05:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And every time,\NI mess up the animation.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.48,1:05:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we go.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:55.12,1:05:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'do I do another?'
Dialogue: 0,1:05:56.56,1:05:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'yes, one more.'
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.38,1:05:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boom.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.96,1:05:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:59.60,1:06:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, she comes the closest\Nout of any of our women to
Dialogue: 0,1:06:03.20,1:06:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating a legacy of her own\Ngenetic lineage that is going to
Dialogue: 0,1:06:07.44,1:06:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pass on to future generations.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:10.64,1:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She even creates this big show\Nwhere she names each of her
Dialogue: 0,1:06:14.08,1:06:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children as leaders of different\Nparts of her Eastern empire.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:17.44,1:06:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One kid in charge of Cyrenaica,\NLibya, one kid in charge of the
Dialogue: 0,1:06:20.96,1:06:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Levant, one kid in charge of\NCyprus, and so on and so forth.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:24.56,1:06:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they don't seem to be\Nfighting with each other.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:27.12,1:06:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She seems to have created a\Nfamily that's not trying to
Dialogue: 0,1:06:29.44,1:06:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kill each other constantly,\Nwhich for the Ptolemies
Dialogue: 0,1:06:31.92,1:06:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a serious win.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:33.28,1:06:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it looks like she has it\Nall working out in her favor.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:36.88,1:06:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She doesn't have to\Nmarry Mark Antony,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:38.56,1:06:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he seems to be\Nstaying in Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:40.64,1:06:44.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a real chance\Nof creating an Eastern
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.08,1:06:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dynasty that can work\Nin opposition to that
Dialogue: 0,1:06:46.40,1:06:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western dynasty that is Rome.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:48.32,1:06:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet,\Nit all goes
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.64,1:06:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horribly wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:52.24,1:06:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mark Antony,\Nbefore this happens,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:54.16,1:06:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invades Parthia.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:55.44,1:06:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do they say about\Na land invasion of Asia?
Dialogue: 0,1:06:59.20,1:07:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A land war in Asia?
Dialogue: 0,1:07:00.24,1:07:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyone see 'The Princess Bride?'\NNever have a land war in Asia!
Dialogue: 0,1:07:04.10,1:07:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,1:07:04.62,1:07:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He tries that.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:05.60,1:07:08.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes horribly wrong,\Nand he never recovers
Dialogue: 0,1:07:08.64,1:07:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from it financially,\Nemotionally, physically.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:12.16,1:07:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they're on the\Nback foot when they try
Dialogue: 0,1:07:15.04,1:07:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fight Octavian, soon\Nto become Caesar Augustus.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:19.60,1:07:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're on the back foot,\Nthey don't have maybe all
Dialogue: 0,1:07:21.84,1:07:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the allies that they\Ncould or all of the strong
Dialogue: 0,1:07:23.84,1:07:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allies that they could,\Ndidn't prepare for it properly,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:26.40,1:07:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and certainly didn't strategize\Nwell in terms of how the
Dialogue: 0,1:07:28.88,1:07:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battle should happen.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:30.32,1:07:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we be surprised that\NCleopatra as the woman hightails
Dialogue: 0,1:07:33.84,1:07:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it out of there as soon as she\Nsees what's going on?
Dialogue: 0,1:07:36.64,1:07:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Romans write about this\Nand say, 'Look at that coward.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:39.52,1:07:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look at her run.'
Dialogue: 0,1:07:40.56,1:07:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Mark Antony only stays for\Na little bit longer before he
Dialogue: 0,1:07:43.44,1:07:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also flees with his life intact.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:45.76,1:07:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I guess he let a little\Nmore of his soldiers die
Dialogue: 0,1:07:48.96,1:07:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before and that makes him\Nstrong and powerful, I don't,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:52.08,1:07:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more manly, more noble.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:54.88,1:07:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anyway,\Nthis goes
Dialogue: 0,1:07:56.32,1:07:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horribly wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:57.44,1:07:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it didn't go horribly wrong,\NI think we would talk
Dialogue: 0,1:07:59.60,1:08:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about Cleopatra very\Ndifferently, but we can't.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:01.60,1:08:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't write a revisionist\Nhistory, I can't make her
Dialogue: 0,1:08:04.32,1:08:05.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a different choice.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:06.24,1:08:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As it is now,\Nshe is meant to
Dialogue: 0,1:08:10.56,1:08:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wait out the year\Nin Alexandria trying
Dialogue: 0,1:08:12.96,1:08:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save her children,\Ntrying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,1:08:15.28,1:08:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to get herself out\Nof this deep dark hole.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:18.00,1:08:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And given that she's had\Nall of her children with two
Dialogue: 0,1:08:20.40,1:08:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roman warlords who have now\Ndied in a civil war or some
Dialogue: 0,1:08:24.32,1:08:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other political aggression,\Nshe has a target on her back
Dialogue: 0,1:08:28.88,1:08:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on her children's backs\Nthat she cannot remove.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:31.36,1:08:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's nothing that\Nshe can really do to get
Dialogue: 0,1:08:33.20,1:08:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,herself out of this situation.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:35.04,1:08:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the story is that\Nshe then commits suicide.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:39.68,1:08:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a wonderful story\Nfor the Romans to give us.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:44.24,1:08:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While this is happening,\Nher children, all but one,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:46.96,1:08:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are hunted down and murdered.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.72,1:08:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Caesarian, known as Ptolemy XV\Nto us, is heading down south to
Dialogue: 0,1:08:53.84,1:08:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flee and he receives a letter,\N'You're gonna be made
Dialogue: 0,1:08:56.00,1:08:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,king by Octavion.'
Dialogue: 0,1:08:57.20,1:08:58.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's gonna be okay.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:58.32,1:08:59.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He comes back.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:59.36,1:09:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may think it's naive,\Nbut the Romans had allowed
Dialogue: 0,1:09:01.92,1:09:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ptolemies to rule this\Nplace for some time.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:04.72,1:09:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I think maybe he thought\Nhe could get away with it.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:07.04,1:09:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, he's murdered\Non the way back.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:08.88,1:09:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other sons and daughters\Nare murdered as well.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:12.08,1:09:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cleopatra herself is\Nsaid to commit suicide.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:15.68,1:09:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This works very well for\NOctavion's propaganda.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:18.96,1:09:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the reason that I am so\Nsuspicious of anything the
Dialogue: 0,1:09:22.08,1:09:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans tell us about Cleopatra\Nand her manner of dying,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:26.88,1:09:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's no way to know.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:28.80,1:09:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't even know what\Nthe manner of suicide is.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:30.80,1:09:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I once listened to a\Nwhole academic discussion,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:33.20,1:09:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a panel discussion, about\Nwhether it was an asp,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:35.44,1:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether it was this,\Nor whether it was that,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:36.88,1:09:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there really is no\Nway to know how Cleopatra
Dialogue: 0,1:09:39.04,1:09:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,committed suicide,\Nor I would argue
Dialogue: 0,1:09:41.36,1:09:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if she even did.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:42.88,1:09:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It makes the most sense\Nfor Octavion to say, 'Oh,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:45.44,1:09:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she took a hero's way out,\Ncommitted suicide.'
Dialogue: 0,1:09:48.40,1:09:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much the way they say Boudica\Nleft us, or Zenobia left us.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:53.04,1:09:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works for the hero's way out.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:55.44,1:09:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the Egyptian,\Nit's brutal, because it's
Dialogue: 0,1:09:58.40,1:10:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mother abandoning her\Nchildren to their fates.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:01.12,1:10:04.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the mother not wanting to\Nhave to be walked in chains in
Dialogue: 0,1:10:04.64,1:10:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a triumph, deciding to just,\N'Screw it, I'm done with this,'
Dialogue: 0,1:10:07.44,1:10:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just leave everybody behind.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:09.44,1:10:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the Egyptian perspective,\Nto say that she committed
Dialogue: 0,1:10:12.08,1:10:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suicide is one of the most\Nbrutally affected pieces of
Dialogue: 0,1:10:15.44,1:10:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,propaganda that Octavion\Ncould ever produce.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:17.84,1:10:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is the reason that\NI am so suspicious of it.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:20.56,1:10:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, until I get\Nmy time machine,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:22.32,1:10:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll never be able to\Nprove it true or false,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:24.56,1:10:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is where I fall.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:26.64,1:10:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it's 2 50, yah!
Dialogue: 0,1:10:29.44,1:10:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where else did women\Ntry to rule the world?
Dialogue: 0,1:10:32.00,1:10:35.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, nowhere like Egypt,\Nbut there are other women.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:35.76,1:10:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jezebel, Athalia, her daughter,\Nwho tried to rule on behalf of
Dialogue: 0,1:10:39.20,1:10:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her son, both killed for trying.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:41.36,1:10:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boudica and Zenobia both\Nfought Rome and died.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:45.12,1:10:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Empress Lu, Empress Wu Zhetian\Nfought for extend, sorry,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:49.44,1:10:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ruled for extended periods\Nof time in Imperial China,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:52.96,1:10:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also never ruled alone,\Nruled alongside others.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:56.72,1:10:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And of course,\Nwe know the many
Dialogue: 0,1:10:58.16,1:11:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,female rulers of a\Nfragmented Europe,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:00.88,1:11:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including Elizabeth\NI, Catherine the Great,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:02.88,1:11:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,et cetera, et cetera.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:05.92,1:11:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Different situation in a\Nfragmented Europe where you
Dialogue: 0,1:11:08.56,1:11:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't want a Spanish cousin to\Ncome in just because he's male
Dialogue: 0,1:11:12.16,1:11:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you would rather have the\Nfemale because she's British.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:15.36,1:11:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is more a situation\Nwhere the fragmentation of
Dialogue: 0,1:11:20.00,1:11:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Europe works for the females,\Nin the females' favor.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:23.92,1:11:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In all of these cases, in Egypt\Nand elsewhere, almost all,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:28.32,1:11:32.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,success is ignored and the\Nfailure is aggrandized.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:32.64,1:11:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a cultural memory of\Nthe failures, like Cleopatra.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:36.80,1:11:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shakespeare writes\Nplays about Cleopatra.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:39.92,1:11:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have epic poems\Nabout Semiramis,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:43.76,1:11:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who also was a ruler of\Nthe ancient Near East,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:46.64,1:11:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who apparently epically failed.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:49.04,1:11:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But those women who did it all\Nright, women like Neferusobek,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:53.44,1:11:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women like Hatshepsut, who left\NEgypt better than they found it,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:57.92,1:12:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the ones that are not part\Nof our cultural memory,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:00.24,1:12:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose names were effectively\Nreplaced, and to whom credit,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:04.64,1:12:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from whom credit was taken\Naway and given to the men
Dialogue: 0,1:12:08.00,1:12:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who who either preceded\Nthem or came after them.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:10.72,1:12:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, in the end,\NI usually end this
Dialogue: 0,1:12:14.16,1:12:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussion with this.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:20.24,1:12:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(audience members laugh)
Dialogue: 0,1:12:20.80,1:12:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I am trying,\Nso just a quick point,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:22.96,1:12:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then I'll let you guys\Nask me a couple questions.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:25.84,1:12:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am trying to make this as\Ntopical as I possibly can.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:28.96,1:12:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to bring this\Nback to why do we still
Dialogue: 0,1:12:31.76,1:12:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distrust females in power?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:33.36,1:12:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it about the female\Nthat sets us so on edge?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:37.20,1:12:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was it about,\Nwhat is it about the
Dialogue: 0,1:12:39.36,1:12:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible lies of a female\Ncandidate that are so much
Dialogue: 0,1:12:42.08,1:12:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more powerful than the absolute\Nuntruths of the male candidate?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:45.76,1:12:47.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:47.12,1:12:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why are we still\Nin this conundrum?
Dialogue: 0,1:12:50.00,1:12:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this, I think,\Nis the reason.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:52.16,1:12:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we assign women\Na mercurial nature.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:55.44,1:12:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We assign women ups and\Ndowns of emotionality
Dialogue: 0,1:12:58.56,1:12:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that cannot be controlled.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:59.92,1:13:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not gonna stand\Nup here and tell you this
Dialogue: 0,1:13:02.08,1:13:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is true, because I actually\Ndon't believe it is.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:04.40,1:13:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, first of all,\Ndon't believe that we
Dialogue: 0,1:13:06.08,1:13:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only have male and female.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:07.44,1:13:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are the ones that have\Nculturally constructed a binary.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:10.64,1:13:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you talk about a\Ntransgender and you talk about
Dialogue: 0,1:13:13.12,1:13:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the complications of sexuality,\Nyou talk to a biologist and
Dialogue: 0,1:13:16.48,1:13:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about all of the sexual\Nexpressions that are allowed for
Dialogue: 0,1:13:19.60,1:13:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us humans, it's extraordinary.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.92,1:13:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an oversimplified\Nagricultural system.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:25.12,1:13:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is what we live with,\Nthis is what we have, and so,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:28.00,1:13:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then I'll look at this and\NI would like to turn this
Dialogue: 0,1:13:30.48,1:13:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on its head and say, if we\Nassume that females are so much
Dialogue: 0,1:13:33.76,1:13:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more emotional than men, and if\Ncognitive scientists do tell us
Dialogue: 0,1:13:37.52,1:13:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that on the whole you and I can\Nread each other's faces better,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:40.80,1:13:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we actually are more in\Ntouch with our emotions,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:43.28,1:13:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less likely to, I don't know,\Nstalk an ex-spouse or pick up
Dialogue: 0,1:13:46.40,1:13:48.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gun and kill up the whole\Nfamily and then kill ourselves
Dialogue: 0,1:13:48.72,1:13:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'cause we're not in touch\Nwith our emotions, right?
Dialogue: 0,1:13:51.04,1:13:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If that is the case,\Nthen I would encourage
Dialogue: 0,1:13:53.36,1:13:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of us to look at this\Nemotionality more positively
Dialogue: 0,1:13:56.24,1:13:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think of that emotionality,\Nwhether wielded by men or
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.52,1:14:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by women, as the ability\Nto feel something before
Dialogue: 0,1:14:02.48,1:14:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you decisively act upon it.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:05.12,1:14:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That this emotionality could\Nbe the very thing that got,