[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.49,0:00:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JOANNE FARYON: Hello, Iím Joanne Faryon.\NWelcome to tonightís special, When Immunity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.79,0:00:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fails: The Whooping Cough Epidemic. Weíll\Nexplore the worst whooping cough outbreak
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.20,0:00:26.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California in more than 60 years. Just\Nwhy is a disease that was nearly extinct thirty
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.27,0:00:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago, finding its way back not just in\Nthis state, but in other parts of the country
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.52,0:00:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as well? What we learned may surprise you.\NThere are serious questions about how well
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.98,0:00:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccine to prevent the disease works;\Nquestions government health officials have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.83,0:00:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been slow to even ask. KPBS teamed up with\Nthe Watchdog Institute, an investigative journalism
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.58,0:00:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,center at San Diego State University, and\NRadio Netherlands Worldwide to tell this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.55,0:01:01.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A story that took us across California and\Noverseas to Amsterdam. But first, we begin
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.24,0:01:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a delivery room in a San Diego hospital,\Nwhere a mother has just given birth to her
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.74,0:01:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,third son.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.41,0:01:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ baby crying ]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.07,0:01:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matthew Jacob Bryce was born Oct 11, 2010.\NA healthy baby boy, the third boy for Cindy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.73,0:01:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Marlon Bryce. Matthew started showing\Nsigns of a cold when he was just two weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.88,0:01:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,old. The Bryce family knew something was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.94,0:01:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MARLON BRYCE: So it just seemed like this\Ncold it was just affecting his breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.17,0:01:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The family was aware of the whooping\Ncough epidemic in California, from news reports
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.64,0:01:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,REPORTER: State health officials say more\Nthan 6,400 cases of whooping cough have been
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.13,0:01:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reported this year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.04,0:01:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: And their pediatrician.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.43,0:01:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BRYCE: There wasnít any whooping or they\Nalways say there is a whooping or a cough,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.66,0:01:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didnít have a cough or anything it was\Njust that there was a cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.51,0:02:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Matthewís doctor suspected it could\Nbe whooping cough, also known as pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.87,0:02:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She took a nasal swab and sent it to the lab.\NShe also started Matthew on antibiotics. Six
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.56,0:02:12.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days later, with Matthew just 23 days old,\NCindy Bryce got a phone call from the California
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.95,0:02:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Department of Health. The diagnosis was whooping\Ncough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.45,0:02:22.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M. BRYCE: The moment I heard it I just immediately\Nstarted thinking the worst because you have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.15,0:02:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heard the news about the babies that have\Npassed away.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.72,0:02:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: From January to October this year,\N10 newborns in California died from whooping
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.78,0:02:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cough, two in San Diego County. More than\N7,000 children and adults got sick from the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.17,0:02:46.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disease - the highest number in the state\Nin more than 60 years. Just how did Matthew
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.45,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so many others come down with a disease\Nthat is supposed to be preventable with a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.36,0:02:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine? Tonight weíll raise questions about\Nthe effectiveness of that vaccine. A four-month
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.76,0:03:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,investigation by KPBS and the Watchdog Institute,\Nfound many people who have been diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.87,0:03:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whooping cough were immunized. We also\Nshow how government data on the number of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.01,0:03:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people diagnosed with whooping cough lacks\Ntimeliness and is often inconsistent, begging
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.70,0:03:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question: just who is keeping track of\Nthis epidemic?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.32,0:03:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Weíll show you how some of the experts who\Ninfluence vaccine policy are financially tied
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.21,0:03:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to vaccine companies. And, weíll follow the\NBryce family as they struggle with their sonís
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.75,0:03:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diagnosis, and the setbacks in his recovery.\NWhooping cough, violent cough, the hundred-day
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.79,0:03:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cough; all names for pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.80,0:03:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. JAMES CHERRY: What causes the cough actually\Nwe donít knowÖ thereís no other cough quite
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.23,0:03:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.28,0:03:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Pertussis is a respiratory illness\Ncaused by the bacterium bordetella pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.34,0:03:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, it can mimic a cold. But later produces\Na violent and persistent cough, a cough that
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.67,0:04:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaves children gasping for air ñ creating\Nthe distinct whooping sound. For adults, whooping
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.68,0:04:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cough may only be a nuisance. In fact scientists\Nestimate more than 80 percent of adult cases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.57,0:04:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are never diagnosed because most people assume\Nthey just have a bad cold. But to infants
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.69,0:04:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whooping cough can be deadly, especially if\Nnot diagnosed early.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.73,0:04:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. JAMES CHERRY: So with infection that you\Neventually clear the bacteria and you get
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.71,0:04:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better. But it's a prolonged, a good percentage\Nof cases will last one or two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.97,0:04:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. FRITS MOOI: After a pertussis infection\Nit has been shown to get super infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.11,0:04:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact that is one of the main complications,\Npneumonia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.96,0:04:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Young babies arenít able to cough\Nup secretions that collect in their lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.68,0:04:56.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to pneumonia and making it difficult\Nto breathe. Early antibiotic treatment is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.76,0:05:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most critical in this age group. Whooping\Ncough was nearly wiped out by the late 1970ís
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.02,0:05:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of mass immunization, but itís somehow\Nfound its way back to California and other
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highly vaccinated communities around the world.\NJust why itís made such a vengeful comeback
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.63,0:05:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has two of the worldís leading whooping cough\Nexperts in disagreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.07,0:05:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. James Cherry of UCLA:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.95,0:05:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: The main reason is increased awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.76,0:05:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: and Dr. Frits Mooi of the Netherlands\NCentre for Infectious Diseases Control.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.88,0:05:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: We found really a new mutation in the\Nbug.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.40,0:05:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi and Dr. Cherry both began\Ntheir research into Whooping Cough about 30
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.71,0:05:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years ago. Cherry in the U.S. and Mooi in\NThe Netherlands. The two scientists know each
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.82,0:05:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other's work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.50,0:05:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: First of all, his molecular microbiological\Nis, he's right at the top of scholars. There's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.18,0:06:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no question about that. I think where some\Nof the things he's published is the clinical
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.19,0:06:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,data are not very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.02,0:06:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: I don't communicate too much with him\Nbut what he wrote in the press is that I screw
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.29,0:06:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up epidemiology. That doesn't help me too\Nmuch.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.25,0:06:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: To understand why these two experts\Ndisagree, you need to know a little about
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.06,0:06:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the history of the pertussis vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.85,0:06:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: Since most serious cases occur\Nbefore school age, immunization in school
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.60,0:06:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may be too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.47,0:06:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The bacteria that causes whooping\Ncough was first isolated in Belgium in 1906.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.98,0:06:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time, the illness was one of the leading\Ncauses of infant death.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.52,0:06:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: In 1921, whooping cough killed\N316 Michigan children. Last year, the number
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.49,0:06:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of deaths was reduced to 63.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.04,0:06:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The discovery lead to the first attempts\Nat a vaccine. But it wasnít until the late
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.08,0:06:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1940ís scientists developed a vaccine effective\Nenough to prevent whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.100,0:07:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: Unlike the disease however, a vaccine\Ndoes not endanger life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.75,0:07:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: By 1946, mass immunization programs\Nbegan in the U.S. and the number of cases
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.32,0:07:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dropped dramatically. Prior to the vaccine\Nthe rate of disease was 157 cases per 100,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.71,0:07:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1970ís, with large scale immunizations,\Nfewer than one in one hundred thousand people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.59,0:07:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got whooping cough. But the vaccine was not\Nwithout controversy. The early versions were
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.47,0:07:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with side effects such as prolonged\Ncrying spells and seizures in babies. By 1996,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.56,0:07:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the FDA approved a new whooping cough vaccine.\NIt was called an acellular version. That means
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.63,0:07:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccine uses only purified components\Nof the disease-causing organism. That vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.63,0:07:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was considered to be safer and associated\Nwith few mild side effects. Today, the U.S.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.53,0:07:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uses only the acellular pertussis vaccine.\NBut as the United States was changing vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.28,0:08:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something else was happening ñ health officials\Nacross the country were reporting increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.28,0:08:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,numbers of positive whooping cough cases.\NAnd in a government lab about 30 minutes outside
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.90,0:08:20.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Amsterdam, a group of scientists had discovered\Nsomething else ñ the bacterium that causes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.69,0:08:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whooping cough started to look a little different.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.77,0:08:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: This new mutation had the effect that\Nthe bacteria started to produce more pertussis
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.13,0:08:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toxin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.58,0:08:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Just whether that mutation is to blame,\Nat least in part, for the California epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.49,0:08:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and outbreaks elsewhere in the world is at\Nthe heart of the whooping cough debate. Dr.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.80,0:08:44.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mooi believes this to be the case, but not\NDr. Cherry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.28,0:08:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: Even though these changes have occurred\Nthere is no evidence that thatís lead to
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.78,0:08:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increased vaccine failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.32,0:09:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Here in San Diego County, more than\N85 percent of children are immunized. In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.01,0:09:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less than three percent of kids entering kindergarten\Nhave not been immunized because of their familyís
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.06,0:09:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,personal beliefs. But despite the high immunization\Nrate, San Diego has the second largest number
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.46,0:09:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positive whooping cough cases in California.\NDr. Dean Sidelinger is San Diegoís deputy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.48,0:09:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public health officer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.51,0:09:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. DEAN SIDELINGER: This is a disease that\Nif someone has it itís very easy to transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.40,0:09:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one person to another. So if you or I\Nsitting here during this interview, one of
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.38,0:09:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us had pertussis chances are we could transmit\Nthat to the other person.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.43,0:09:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sidelinger says in the past, the number of\Nwhooping cough cases peaked in summer and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.25,0:09:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slowed by fall, but this year, that didnít\Nhappen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.46,0:09:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SIDELINGER: So as time goes on weíre seeing\Nmore cases. We know that public awareness
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.86,0:09:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,plays into that as we talk about pertussis\Nmore people are asking their doctors and doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.00,0:09:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are asking their patients weíre going to\Nsee more, but that trend continued.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.56,0:10:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: By the end of November 2010, nearly\N1000 infants, children and adults in San Diego
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.76,0:10:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,County tested positive for whooping cough.\NMore than half of them had been immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.93,0:10:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigation shows that trend continues\Nthroughout California. KPBS and The Watchdog
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.25,0:10:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Institute collected data from 9 California\Ncounties that report some of the highest infection
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.29,0:10:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rates. Our research shows that where immunization\Nhistory is known, between 44 and 83 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.07,0:10:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people diagnosed with whooping cough were\Nvaccinated. We looked at California Department
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.42,0:10:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Public Health records too. In cases where\Nvaccination history was recorded, more than
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.35,0:10:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80 percent of infected people had been immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.27,0:10:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. MARK HORTON: From the epidemiology experts\Nand the experts in vaccine that this is absolutely
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.35,0:10:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.02,0:10:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mark Horton is the director of\Nthe California Department of Public Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.69,0:10:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: If you've got a percentage of the\Npopulation vaccinated and a percentage of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.32,0:11:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those vaccinated that are still susceptible\Nbecause the vaccine isn't perfectly effective
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.40,0:11:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or effective in all individuals, when you\Nwork out the arithmetic you'll see that even
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.10,0:11:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very effective vaccine, and even if\Nyou have the majority of the population vaccinated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.43,0:11:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pool of susceptibles will include a number\Nof individuals that have never been vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.44,0:11:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will also include quite a few and in some\Ncases greater than 50 percent of the individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.96,0:11:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been previously vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.34,0:11:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: In other words, if you do the math,\Nyou will always find a certain number of immunized
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.57,0:11:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people getting sick if a vaccine is not 100\Npercent effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.62,0:11:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: So thatís no surprise to us nor is\Nit a reflection on the efficacy of the vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.52,0:11:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,REPORTER KEVIN CROWE: Itís not a reflection\Non the efficacy of the vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.12,0:11:39.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: Correct, correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.87,0:11:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: But 20 years ago, the reverse was\Ntrue. According to a report by the Centers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.73,0:11:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Disease Control, more than half of the\Nchildren between 3 months and 4 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.48,0:11:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who got whooping cough nationwide between\N1990 and 1996 were not immunized. The rate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.38,0:11:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whooping cough has also been increasing\Nfor the past 20 years. From less than one
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.52,0:12:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 100,000 to 18 per 100,000 here in California.\NAnd in some California counties such as San
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.31,0:12:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luis Obispo, rates are nearly as high as before\Nvaccines were developed. Two days after our
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.40,0:12:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interview with the Bryce family, Matthew got\Na fever. He was hospitalized at Radyís Childrenís
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.43,0:12:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hospital in San Diego. Matthew was not immunized\Nagainst whooping cough. Heís too young. Babies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.84,0:12:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,canít be immunized until theyíre two months\Nold.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.96,0:12:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But everyone else in the Bryce family was\Nvaccinated ñ even his parents got booster
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.23,0:12:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shots. The practice of immunizing everyone\Naround a newborn baby is called cocooning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.89,0:12:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CINDY BRYCE: When I called the doctor they\Nasked me who has it and I couldnít give them
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.20,0:12:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an answer because I donít know where he got\Nit from because everyoneís been vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.66,0:12:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Myron and one of his sons were also\Ntested for whooping cough ñ both were negative.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.59,0:13:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M. BRYCE: The one thing I would want to know\Nis the vaccine working? Is it as effective
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.71,0:13:14.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because before this I thought the vaccine\Nwas working and I thought that if I did everything
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.20,0:13:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I was told to do that our sons would\Nbe protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.60,0:13:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Just how effective is the vaccine?\NThat all depends on who you talk to. Drug
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.10,0:13:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,information included with the two most commonly\Nused whooping cough vaccines in the US say
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.32,0:13:40.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccine is 85 percent effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.51,0:13:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: This new strain has completely invaded\Nthe Netherlands and also other countries and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.33,0:13:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pushed out all the other strains. Itís quite\Nunique.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.57,0:13:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi believes thereís no way\Nto determine how effective the vaccines are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.28,0:13:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have not been tested against\Nthe new strain of whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.19,0:14:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: We call it the p3 strain.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.04,0:14:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: A strain he believes is more virulent\Nand can make people sicker. This strain emerged
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.31,0:14:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the new acellular vaccines were being\Ndeveloped.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.49,0:14:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: I can tell you one of the reasons the\Nvaccine companies is not too happy with me
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.66,0:14:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because if what I say is true they selected\Nthe wrong strains the in the 1980ís.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.10,0:14:28.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Mooiís lab was studying the new strain\Nwhen The Netherlands experienced an unexpected
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.07,0:14:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whooping cough epidemic in 1996.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.83,0:14:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: There were more strains in fact when\Nyou compare the two there was a very direct
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.13,0:14:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relationship between the emergence of these\Nstrains, we call them p3 strains and the increase
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.75,0:14:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in pertussis notifications.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.78,0:14:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: Thereís absolutely no evidence that\Neither of the two vaccines that are most common
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.63,0:14:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,today used in the U.S. that there is increased\Nvaccine failure with either of those vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.76,0:15:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: So if you had to explain why weíre\Nseeing this epidemic the highest number of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.87,0:15:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cases in 60 years, what would you tell people?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.92,0:15:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: The main reason is increased awareness.\NPeople, particularly public health people
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.27,0:15:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are much more aware and that trickles down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.96,0:15:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Cherry says the increase is also due\Nin part because of something called waning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.84,0:15:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immunity. Immunity to whooping cough does\Nnot last a lifetime, whether you are vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.78,0:15:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or develop natural immunity from getting the\Ndisease. Almost all experts agree waning immunity
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.81,0:15:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is contributing to whooping cough outbreaks\Nworldwide. Where they disagree: when does
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.88,0:15:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immunity fail? Dr. Mooi believes the new strain\Nof pertussis causes immunity to fail sooner
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.56,0:15:51.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in the past. And heís published his\Nfindings in several peer reviewed journals
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.10,0:15:53.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the CDCís Infectious Diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.71,0:16:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: When the immunity is sub-optimal what\Nwill happen the bacteria will not be recognized
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.66,0:16:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very well by the immune system because of\Nthe mismatch and second of all even if immune
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.90,0:16:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,response is started in the body the toxin\Nwill be able to delay it. You could say these
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.27,0:16:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two changes work together by decreasing the\Nperiod of which the vaccine is protective
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.23,0:16:25.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.86,0:16:31.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The Netherlands learned something\Nelse after its 1996 epidemic. At the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.04,0:16:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it had very few samples of the bacteria that\Nwas causing people to get sick. So Mooiís
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.67,0:16:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lab began asking doctors and their labs to\Nsend him positive pertussis swabs. His lab
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.04,0:16:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now has 3,000 samples. California that has\Ncollected just 29 samples from the more than
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.24,0:16:55.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,7,000 whooping cough cases in the state.\NDuring the KPBS/Watchdog four month investigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.12,0:17:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also learned data kept by the state and\Nthe CDC was often lagging behind county data
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.16,0:17:06.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was inconsistent. While counties like\NSan Diego knew the immunization status of
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.05,0:17:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vast majority of people with whooping\Ncough, the stateís data listed the information
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.49,0:17:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as unknown. Despite statewide protocols for\Nreporting pertussis, a KPBS/Watchdog survey
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.80,0:17:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found some counties donít follow them or\Nare slow to report the information
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.84,0:17:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: Thereís a perception that the more\Nnumbers the better, but let me be very clear
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.87,0:17:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we in no way need reports on every single\Ncase of pertussis for us to make important
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.42,0:17:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,judgments and decisions about whatís happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.14,0:17:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The CDC in Atlanta declined our requests\Nfor an interview. In an email response they
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.07,0:17:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,said it is ìdifficult to disentangle all\Nthe factorsî contributing to increases in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.51,0:17:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pertussis, but listed ìincreasing transmission,\Nbetter recognition, and increased laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.50,0:18:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confirmation.î We also asked whether a new\Nmore virulent strain could be contributing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.99,0:18:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the outbreak. The CDCís response: ìAvailable\Ndata do not suggest that ptxP3 is more virulent,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.31,0:18:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that increasing reports are attributable\Nonly to the emergence of ptxP3. We continue
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.03,0:18:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to work on this and other potential explanations\Nfor the increase in pertussis that has occurred
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.49,0:18:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the 1980s.î The CDC sent us this study\Nby their own investigators. The study looked
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.61,0:18:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at children between 6 months and five years\Nold. It found pertussis vaccines to be more
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.08,0:18:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 90 percent effective. The study looked\Nat data between 1998 and 2001. It did not
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.41,0:18:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collect pertussis strain information.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.42,0:18:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Do you happen to know what a T-dap\Nis? It's a special vaccine but it's not just
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.22,0:18:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.62,0:18:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sanofi Pastuer, one of two companies\Nthat make the vaccine widely used in the U.S.,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.19,0:19:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sponsored this singing competition earlier\Nthis year.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.32,0:19:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Persussis is the reason why you should\Ncall your doctor today.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.75,0:19:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON:
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.64,0:19:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a public relations exercise to get\Nthe word out about whooping cough and immunization.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.10,0:19:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just where is the line between good PR\Nand trying to influence public health policy?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.64,0:19:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Take a shot and give pertussis a\Nwhooping.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.19,0:19:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Especially when public health policy\Ncan increase vaccine sales. Since 2007, the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.90,0:19:37.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,California department of health has spent\Nmore than $200 million on pertussis vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.45,0:19:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for children on medical or who are under-insured.\NAnd itís sure to rise. In September, the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:44.52,0:19:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,California state legislature passed a law\Nrequiring all students to receive another
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.24,0:19:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does, a sixth dose of the pertussis vaccine\Nbefore entering middle school. It may be a
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.11,0:20:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,case of whatís good for business is also\Ngood for public health. But how much influence
Dialogue: 0,0:20:01.15,0:20:07.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does industry have over public health policy?\NSanofi Pasteur also established and funds
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.31,0:20:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Global Pertussis Initiative. A group made\Nup of medical experts from around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.81,0:20:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The GPI was established 10 years ago to study\Nwhy pertussis was making a comeback and find
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.72,0:20:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways to control the disease. More than half\Nits members are employees of the pharmaceutical
Dialogue: 0,0:20:24.31,0:20:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,company or receive research money or consulting\Nfees. Public officials from across the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:30.19,0:20:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including California and the CDC, site the\NGlobal Pertussis Initiative when making vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.03,0:20:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,policy. Dr. James Cherry is a member of the\Ninitiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.14,0:20:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Heís also received speaking fees and research\Nfunds from vaccine manufacturers. At the same
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.01,0:20:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time, he sat on government committees to help\Ndetermine vaccine policy and efficacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.93,0:20:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: A cynic might say that if you have\Na community of experts in pertussis as in
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.33,0:21:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Global Pertussis Initiative, who primarily\Ntheir work in terms of this endeavor is being
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.97,0:21:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,funded by the drug company that makes the\Nvaccine, there might be less incentive to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.25,0:21:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say make a new vaccine and more incentive\Nto say just use the old one more often. What
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.18,0:21:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do you say to them?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.83,0:21:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: I donít think thatís true. I think\Nthat weíve been talking about new vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.27,0:21:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It think the difficulty with the new vaccine\Nlies in the expense that it would cost to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.48,0:21:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a new vaccine and the difficulty in testing\Nit and FDA requirements for it and I think
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.11,0:21:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the climate was right for two of the major\Nmanufacturers they would do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.38,0:21:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: And these are three different pertussis\Nstrains.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.43,0:21:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi is a critic of the Pertussis\NInitiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.01,0:22:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: My big disappointment is they have totally\Nand I think willfully ignored pathogen adaptation.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.25,0:22:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think a few years ago we had the year that\NDarwin died 100 year ago, it was not so long
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.76,0:22:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ago, I think it's very strange that evolution\Nand pathogen adaptation is completely ignored
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.21,0:22:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by such a group. I find that bad for science\Nand bad for public health.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.60,0:22:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sanofi Pastuer released this statement\Nto KPBS and the Watchdog Institute. It says
Dialogue: 0,0:22:41.01,0:22:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its grant to the GPI brings the world's authorities\Non pertussis together and that benefits society
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.48,0:22:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a whole. The company also says ìat the\Npresent time, there is no evidence to suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:22:53.10,0:23:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,current pertussis vaccines lack effectiveness.î\NDr. Dean Sidelinger was one of the first health
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.31,0:23:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,officials to learn immunized people were getting\Nsick in his county. He said he was surprised,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:05.48,0:23:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the end, he says the current vaccine\Nis still the best thing heís got to protect
Dialogue: 0,0:23:11.43,0:23:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his community.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.03,0:23:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SIDELINGER: It does significantly decrease\Nthe pertussis we see a significantly lower
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.64,0:23:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number of pertussis cases now then we saw\Nbefore we started using the vaccine. So we
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.81,0:23:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,donít want people to feel complacent to say\NI donít want that vaccine because Iíve seen
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.80,0:23:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many of the cases that have been reported\Nwere fully vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.62,0:23:34.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sidelinger says there would be many\Nmore cases if there was no vaccine at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.76,0:23:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Mooi agrees. He believes public health\Nofficials should be encouraging cocooning,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.23,0:23:46.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immunizing all those around newborn babies.\NBut in the long run, he says we need better
Dialogue: 0,0:23:46.07,0:23:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines. Baby Matthew spent four days in\Nthe hospital and was eventually discharged.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.32,0:23:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, heís getting his two-month routine\Ncheck-up.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.23,0:24:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DOCTOR: I think it was just back luck heís\Nhad two illnesses in a row and now the cold
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.07,0:24:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's building up his immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.86,0:24:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Despite a stuffy nose, Matthew is\Ndoing well today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.94,0:24:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DCOTOR: As you might know the vaccine is not\Nas effective as we want it to be. And that's
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.98,0:24:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one reason why there've been a lot of cases.\NBut with Matthew in particular, his own immunity
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.60,0:24:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has kicked in from having the illness, that\Nis, in effect a sort of a booster that will
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.21,0:24:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protect him going forward. And how long that\Nimmunity lasts is still a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.30,0:24:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MARLON: The one thing I would want to say\Nto parents is just watch your kids,\Njust be concerned. Because at first we thought
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.90,0:24:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we were being over protective. But Iím glad\Nwe were just a little bit over-concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.53,0:25:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Since KPBS and the Watchdog Institute\Nbegan its investigation, state health officials,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:03.35,0:25:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the CDC and scientists from UCLA, including\NDr. James Cherry, began a new study to determine
Dialogue: 0,0:25:10.50,0:25:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the new strain of pertussis is contributing\Nto the current whooping cough outbreak. For
Dialogue: 0,0:25:16.17,0:25:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more on this story, and to see more of the\Ndata collected in our investigation, go to
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.49,0:25:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kpbs.org/whoopingcough and watchdoginstitute.org.\NFor KPBS, the Watchdog Institute and Radio
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.92,0:25:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Netherlands Worldwide, Iím Joanne Faryon.\NThanks for watching.