[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.81,0:00:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,JOANNE FARYON: Hello, I'm Joanne Faryon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.22,0:00:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to tonight's special, When Immunity Fails:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.61,0:00:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Whooping Cough Epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.79,0:00:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll explore the worst whooping cough outbreak in California
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.56,0:00:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in more than 60 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.51,0:00:26.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just why is a disease that was nearly extinct thirty years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.89,0:00:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finding its way back not just in this state, but in other parts
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.92,0:00:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the country as well?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.46,0:00:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we learned may surprise you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.78,0:00:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are serious questions about how well the vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.64,0:00:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent the disease works;
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.90,0:00:42.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,questions government health officials have been slow
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.31,0:00:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to even ask.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.13,0:00:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KPBS teamed up with the Watchdog Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.22,0:00:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an investigative journalism center
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.96,0:00:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at San Diego State University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.23,0:00:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Radio Netherlands Worldwide to tell this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.45,0:00:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A story that took us across California
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.00,0:00:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and overseas to Amsterdam.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.63,0:01:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But first, we begin in a delivery room
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.37,0:01:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a San Diego hospital, where a mother has just given birth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.61,0:01:12.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to her third son.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.54,0:01:13.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[ baby crying ]
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.91,0:01:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matthew Jacob Bryce was born Oct 11, 2010.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.19,0:01:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A healthy baby boy, the third boy for Cindy and Marlon Bryce.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.71,0:01:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matthew started showing signs of a cold
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.77,0:01:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he was just two weeks old.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.45,0:01:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Bryce family knew something was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.73,0:01:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MARLON BRYCE: So it just seemed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.34,0:01:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this cold it was just affecting his breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.64,0:01:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The family was aware of the whooping cough epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.71,0:01:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in California, from news reports REPORTER:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.54,0:01:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,State health officials say more than 6,400 cases
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.13,0:01:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of whooping cough have been reported this year.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.92,0:01:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: And their pediatrician.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.71,0:01:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BRYCE: There wasn't any whooping
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.30,0:01:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they always say there is a whooping or a cough,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.52,0:01:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he didn't have a cough or anything it was just
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.48,0:01:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there was a cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.43,0:01:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Matthew's doctor suspected it could be whooping
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.62,0:02:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cough, also known as pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.81,0:02:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She took a nasal swab and sent it to the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.67,0:02:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also started Matthew on antibiotics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.50,0:02:09.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six days later, with Matthew just 23 days old,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.97,0:02:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cindy Bryce got a phone call
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.37,0:02:13.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the California Department of Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.48,0:02:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The diagnosis was whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.93,0:02:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M. BRYCE: The moment I heard it I just immediately started
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.86,0:02:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking the worst because you have heard the news
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.05,0:02:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the babies that have passed away.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.69,0:02:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: From January to October this year,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.77,0:02:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 newborns in California died from whooping cough,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.06,0:02:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two in San Diego County.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.16,0:02:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 7,000 children and adults got sick
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.45,0:02:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the disease - the highest number in the state
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.37,0:02:45.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in more than 60 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.20,0:02:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just how did Matthew and so many others come down with a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.88,0:02:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is supposed to be preventable with a vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.96,0:02:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tonight we'll raise questions
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.97,0:02:56.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the effectiveness of that vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.91,0:03:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A four-month investigation by KPBS and the Watchdog Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.41,0:03:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found many people who have been diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.86,0:03:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whooping cough were immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.14,0:03:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also show how government data on the number
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.91,0:03:13.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people diagnosed with whooping cough lacks timeliness
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.35,0:03:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is often inconsistent, begging the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.68,0:03:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just who is keeping track of this epidemic?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.59,0:03:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll show you how some of the experts
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.65,0:03:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who influence vaccine policy are financially tied
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.21,0:03:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to vaccine companies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.04,0:03:29.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, we'll follow the Bryce family as they struggle
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.39,0:03:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their son's diagnosis, and the setbacks in his recovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.49,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whooping cough, violent cough, the hundred-day cough;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.64,0:03:42.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all names for pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.37,0:03:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. JAMES CHERRY: What causes the cough actually we
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.92,0:03:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't know...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.69,0:03:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's no other cough quite like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.45,0:03:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Pertussis is a respiratory illness caused
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.84,0:03:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the bacterium bordetella pertussis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.43,0:03:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, it can mimic a cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.53,0:03:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But later produces a violent and persistent cough,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.07,0:04:02.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cough that leaves children gasping for air -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.09,0:04:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,creating the distinct whooping sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.20,0:04:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For adults, whooping cough may only be a nuisance.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.38,0:04:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact scientists estimate more than 80 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.26,0:04:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of adult cases are never diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.13,0:04:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because most people assume they just have a bad cold.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.26,0:04:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But to infants whooping cough can be deadly,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.50,0:04:22.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if not diagnosed early.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.95,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. JAMES CHERRY: So with infection
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.39,0:04:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you eventually clear the bacteria and you get better.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.85,0:04:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a prolonged, a good percentage
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.12,0:04:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of cases will last one or two months.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.93,0:04:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. FRITS MOOI: After a pertussis infection it has been
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.21,0:04:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shown to get super infections, in fact that is one
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.87,0:04:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the main complications, pneumonia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.09,0:04:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Young babies aren't able to cough up secretions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.24,0:04:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that collect in their lungs, leading to pneumonia
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.61,0:04:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making it difficult to breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.93,0:04:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early antibiotic treatment is most critical in this age group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.49,0:05:02.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whooping cough was nearly wiped out by the late 1970's
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.63,0:05:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of mass immunization,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.91,0:05:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's somehow found its way back to California
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.40,0:05:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other highly vaccinated communities around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.29,0:05:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just why it's made such a vengeful comeback has two
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.07,0:05:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the world's leading whooping cough experts in disagreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.58,0:05:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. James Cherry of UCLA: CHERRY:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.27,0:05:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main reason is increased awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.53,0:05:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: and Dr. Frits Mooi of the Netherlands Centre
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.12,0:05:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for Infectious Diseases Control.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.95,0:05:33.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: We found really a new mutation in the bug.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.35,0:05:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi and Dr. Cherry both began their research
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.12,0:05:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Whooping Cough about 30 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.75,0:05:42.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cherry in the U.S. and Mooi in The Netherlands.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.94,0:05:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The two scientists know each other's work.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.62,0:05:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: First of all, his molecular microbiological is,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.79,0:05:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's right at the top of scholars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.99,0:05:57.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no question about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.37,0:06:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think where some of the things he's published is the clinical
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.15,0:06:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,data are not very good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.06,0:06:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: I don't communicate too much with him but what he wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.29,0:06:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the press is that I screw up epidemiology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.59,0:06:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn't help me too much.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.44,0:06:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: To understand why these two experts disagree,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.49,0:06:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to know a little about the history
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.57,0:06:19.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the pertussis vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.85,0:06:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: Since most serious cases occur before school age,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.71,0:06:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immunization in school may be too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.12,0:06:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The bacteria that causes whooping cough was first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.34,0:06:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isolated in Belgium in 1906.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.10,0:06:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time, the illness was one
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.85,0:06:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the leading causes of infant death.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.70,0:06:40.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: In 1921, whooping cough killed 316
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.68,0:06:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Michigan children.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.56,0:06:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, the number of deaths was reduced to 63.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.31,0:06:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The discovery lead to the first attempts at a vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.34,0:06:55.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't until the late 1940's scientists developed a
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.25,0:06:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine effective enough to prevent whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.01,0:06:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANNOUNCER: Unlike the disease however,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.92,0:07:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vaccine does not endanger life.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.67,0:07:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: By 1946, mass immunization programs began
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.35,0:07:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the U.S. and the number of cases dropped dramatically.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.85,0:07:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prior to the vaccine the rate
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.79,0:07:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of disease was 157 cases per 100,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.80,0:07:19.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the 1970's, with large scale immunizations, fewer than one
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.81,0:07:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one hundred thousand people got whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.67,0:07:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the vaccine was not without controversy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.22,0:07:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The early versions were associated with side effects
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.34,0:07:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as prolonged crying spells and seizures in babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.97,0:07:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1996, the FDA approved a new whooping cough vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.63,0:07:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was called an acellular version.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.17,0:07:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That means the vaccine uses only purified components
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.27,0:07:45.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the disease-causing organism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.62,0:07:49.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That vaccine was considered to be safer and associated
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.08,0:07:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with few mild side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.32,0:07:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, the U.S. uses only the acellular pertussis vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.10,0:08:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the United States was changing vaccines something else
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.94,0:08:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was happening - health officials
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.65,0:08:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across the country were reporting increasing numbers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.74,0:08:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positive whooping cough cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.16,0:08:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a government lab about 30 minutes outside of Amsterdam,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.14,0:08:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a group of scientists had discovered something else -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.19,0:08:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bacterium that causes whooping cough started
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.32,0:08:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look a little different.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.99,0:08:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: This new mutation had the effect that the bacteria started
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.69,0:08:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce more pertussis toxin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.52,0:08:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Just whether that mutation is to blame,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.80,0:08:35.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least in part, for the California epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.49,0:08:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and outbreaks elsewhere in the world is at the heart
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.35,0:08:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the whooping cough debate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.26,0:08:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Mooi believes this to be the case, but not Dr. Cherry.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.45,0:08:47.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: Even though these changes have occurred there is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.23,0:08:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no evidence that that's lead to increased vaccine failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.04,0:08:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Here in San Diego County, more than 85 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.67,0:09:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children are immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.40,0:09:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, less than three percent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.19,0:09:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of kids entering kindergarten have not been immunized
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.86,0:09:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of their family's personal beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.07,0:09:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But despite the high immunization rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.77,0:09:14.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,San Diego has the second largest number
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.51,0:09:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positive whooping cough cases in California.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.66,0:09:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Dean Sidelinger is San Diego's deputy public
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.76,0:09:21.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,health officer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.71,0:09:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. DEAN SIDELINGER: This is a disease
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.71,0:09:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if someone has it it's very easy to transfer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.15,0:09:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one person to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.77,0:09:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you or I sitting here during this interview,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.10,0:09:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of us had pertussis chances are we could transmit
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.09,0:09:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that to the other person.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.47,0:09:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sidelinger says in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.99,0:09:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of whooping cough cases peaked in summer
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.99,0:09:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and slowed by fall, but this year, that didn't happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.69,0:09:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SIDELINGER: So as time goes on we're seeing more cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.35,0:09:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that public awareness plays into that as we talk
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.95,0:09:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about pertussis more people are asking their doctors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.48,0:09:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doctors are asking their patients we're going
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.23,0:09:55.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see more, but that trend continued.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.41,0:09:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: By the end of November 2010, nearly 1000 infants,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.53,0:10:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children and adults in San Diego County tested positive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.83,0:10:04.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.05,0:10:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half of them had been immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.76,0:10:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our investigation shows
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.09,0:10:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that trend continues throughout California.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.89,0:10:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,KPBS and The Watchdog Institute collected data
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.19,0:10:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from 9 California counties that report some
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.95,0:10:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the highest infection rates.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.05,0:10:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our research shows that where immunization history is known,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.59,0:10:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 44 and 83 percent of people diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.24,0:10:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with whooping cough were vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.65,0:10:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We looked at California Department
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.37,0:10:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Public Health records too.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.43,0:10:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In cases where vaccination history was recorded,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.46,0:10:39.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than 80 percent of infected people had been immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.09,0:10:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DR. MARK HORTON: From the epidemiology experts
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.05,0:10:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the experts in vaccine that this is absolutely expected.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.78,0:10:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mark Horton is the director
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.22,0:10:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the California Department of Public Health.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.74,0:10:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: If you've got a percentage
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.56,0:10:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the population vaccinated and a percentage of those vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.34,0:10:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are still susceptible
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.44,0:11:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the vaccine isn't perfectly effective or effective
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.82,0:11:02.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all individuals, when you work
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.80,0:11:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out the arithmetic you'll see that even
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.05,0:11:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a very effective vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.98,0:11:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even if you have the majority
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.36,0:11:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the population vaccinated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.30,0:11:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the pool of susceptibles will include a number of individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.13,0:11:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have never been vaccinated
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.39,0:11:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but will also include quite a few and in some cases greater
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.39,0:11:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 50 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.24,0:11:22.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the individuals have been previously vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.35,0:11:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: In other words, if you do the math,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.67,0:11:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will always find a certain number
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.72,0:11:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of immunized people getting sick
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.62,0:11:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a vaccine is not 100 percent effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.65,0:11:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: So that's no surprise to us nor is it a reflection
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.93,0:11:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the efficacy of the vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.52,0:11:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,REPORTER KEVIN CROWE: It's not a reflection
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.89,0:11:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the efficacy of the vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.07,0:11:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,HORTON: Correct, correct.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.69,0:11:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: But 20 years ago, the reverse was true.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.56,0:11:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to a report by the Centers for Disease Control,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.99,0:11:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than half of the children between 3 months and 4 years old
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.42,0:11:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who got whooping cough nationwide between 1990
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.45,0:11:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 1996 were not immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.90,0:11:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rate of whooping cough has also been increasing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.48,0:11:58.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the past 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.05,0:12:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From less than one in 100,000
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.90,0:12:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 18 per 100,000 here in California.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.25,0:12:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in some California counties such as San Luis Obispo,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.58,0:12:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rates are nearly as high as before vaccines were developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.88,0:12:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two days after our interview
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.91,0:12:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the Bryce family, Matthew got a fever.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.63,0:12:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was hospitalized at Rady's Children's Hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.48,0:12:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in San Diego.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.00,0:12:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Matthew was not immunized against whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.82,0:12:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's too young.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.06,0:12:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Babies can't be immunized until they're two months old.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.90,0:12:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But everyone else in the Bryce family was vaccinated -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.88,0:12:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even his parents got booster shots.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.16,0:12:39.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The practice of immunizing everyone
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.40,0:12:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around a newborn baby is called cocooning.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.03,0:12:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CINDY BRYCE: When I called the doctor they asked me who has it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.86,0:12:50.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I couldn't give them an answer because I don't know
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.39,0:12:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he got it from because everyone's been vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.46,0:12:56.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Myron and one of his sons were also tested
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.55,0:12:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for whooping cough - both were negative.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.39,0:13:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,M. BRYCE: The one thing I would want
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.99,0:13:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to know is the vaccine working?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.74,0:13:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it as effective because before this I thought the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.30,0:13:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine was working and I thought that if I did everything
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.71,0:13:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I was told to do that our sons would be protected.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.22,0:13:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Just how effective is the vaccine?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.14,0:13:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That all depends on who you talk to.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.70,0:13:34.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Drug information included
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.25,0:13:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the two most commonly used whooping cough vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.11,0:13:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the US say the vaccine is 85 percent effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.41,0:13:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: This new strain has completely invaded the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.12,0:13:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Netherlands and also other countries and pushed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.49,0:13:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out all the other strains.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.29,0:13:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.09,0:13:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi believes there's no way
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.66,0:13:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to determine how effective the vaccines are
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.48,0:13:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they have not been tested
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.13,0:13:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the new strain of whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.39,0:13:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: We call it the p3 strain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.74,0:14:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: A strain he believes is more virulent
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.55,0:14:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can make people sicker.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.00,0:14:07.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This strain emerged while the new acellular vaccines were
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.54,0:14:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.38,0:14:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: I can tell you one
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.51,0:14:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the reasons the vaccine companies is not too happy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.32,0:14:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with me is because if what I say is true they selected the wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.75,0:14:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strains the in the 1980's.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.98,0:14:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Mooi's lab was studying the new strain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.44,0:14:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when The Netherlands experienced an unexpected whooping cough
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.62,0:14:30.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,epidemic in 1996.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.27,0:14:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: There were more strains in fact
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.15,0:14:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you compare the two there was a very direct relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.07,0:14:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the emergence of these strains, we call them p3 strains
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.11,0:14:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the increase in pertussis notifications.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.64,0:14:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: There's absolutely no evidence that either
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.82,0:14:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the two vaccines that are most common today used
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.87,0:14:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the U.S. that there is increased vaccine failure
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.33,0:14:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with either of those vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.02,0:15:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: So if you had to explain why we're seeing this epidemic
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.13,0:15:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the highest number of cases in 60 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.08,0:15:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what would you tell people?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.69,0:15:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: The main reason is increased awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.56,0:15:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People, particularly public health people are much more
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.50,0:15:14.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aware and that trickles down.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.89,0:15:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Cherry says the increase is also due in part
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.56,0:15:19.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of something called waning immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.89,0:15:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Immunity to whooping cough does not last a lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.50,0:15:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you are vaccinated or develop natural immunity
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.44,0:15:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from getting the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.96,0:15:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost all experts agree waning immunity is contributing
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.59,0:15:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whooping cough outbreaks worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.35,0:15:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where they disagree: when does immunity fail?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.42,0:15:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Mooi believes the new strain of pertussis causes immunity
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.30,0:15:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to fail sooner than in the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.40,0:15:49.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he's published his findings
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.18,0:15:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in several peer reviewed journals including the CDC's
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.51,0:15:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Infectious Diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.01,0:15:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: When the immunity is sub-optimal what will happen the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.28,0:16:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bacteria will not be recognized very well by the immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.30,0:16:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the mismatch and second of all even
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.33,0:16:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if immune response is started
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.71,0:16:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the body the toxin will be able to delay it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.74,0:16:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could say these two changes work together
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.92,0:16:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by decreasing the period
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.46,0:16:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which the vaccine is protective further.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.83,0:16:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The Netherlands learned something else
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.90,0:16:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after its 1996 epidemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.35,0:16:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time, it had very few samples of the bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.32,0:16:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was causing people to get sick.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.85,0:16:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Mooi's lab began asking doctors and their labs
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.79,0:16:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send him positive pertussis swabs.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.46,0:16:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His lab now has 3,000 samples.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.70,0:16:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,California that has collected just 29 samples from the more
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.92,0:16:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 7,000 whooping cough cases in the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.55,0:16:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the KPBS/Watchdog four month investigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.08,0:16:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also learned data kept by the state
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.17,0:17:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the CDC was often lagging behind county data
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.89,0:17:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was inconsistent.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.70,0:17:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While counties like San Diego knew the immunization status
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.86,0:17:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the vast majority of people with whooping cough,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.54,0:17:11.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the state's data listed the information as unknown.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.77,0:17:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite statewide protocols for reporting pertussis,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.18,0:17:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a KPBS/Watchdog survey found some counties don't follow them
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.23,0:17:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or are slow to report the information HORTON:
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.14,0:17:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a perception that the more numbers the better,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.93,0:17:30.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me be very clear we in no way need reports
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.46,0:17:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on every single case of pertussis for us
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.05,0:17:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make important judgments and decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.04,0:17:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what's happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.33,0:17:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: The CDC in Atlanta declined our requests
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.49,0:17:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for an interview.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.57,0:17:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In an email response they said it is "difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.48,0:17:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to disentangle all the factors" contributing to increases
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.38,0:17:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in pertussis, but listed "increasing transmission,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.87,0:17:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better recognition,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.36,0:17:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and increased laboratory confirmation."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.30,0:18:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also asked whether a new more virulent strain could be
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.30,0:18:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contributing to the outbreak.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.06,0:18:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CDC's response: "Available data do not suggest
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.79,0:18:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that ptxP3 is more virulent,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.35,0:18:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or that increasing reports are attributable only
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.42,0:18:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the emergence of ptxP3.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.27,0:18:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We continue to work on this and other potential explanations
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.36,0:18:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the increase in pertussis
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.46,0:18:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has occurred since the 1980s."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.78,0:18:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The CDC sent us this study by their own investigators.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.94,0:18:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The study looked at children
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.18,0:18:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between 6 months and five years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.95,0:18:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It found pertussis vaccines to be more
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.08,0:18:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than 90 percent effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.24,0:18:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The study looked at data between 1998 and 2001.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.60,0:18:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It did not collect pertussis strain information.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.71,0:18:46.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Do you happen to know what a T-dap is?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.85,0:18:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a special vaccine but it's not just for kids.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.26,0:18:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sanofi Pastuer, one of two companies
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.94,0:18:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make the vaccine widely used in the U.S.,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.36,0:19:02.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sponsored this singing competition earlier this year.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.33,0:19:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Persussis is the reason why you should call your
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.07,0:19:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doctor today.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.01,0:19:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: It was a public relations exercise
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.41,0:19:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the word out about whooping cough and immunization.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.04,0:19:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just where is the line between good PR and trying
Dialogue: 0,0:19:18.32,0:19:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to influence public health policy?
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.75,0:19:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SINGING: Take a shot and give pertussis a whooping.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.99,0:19:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Especially when public health policy can increase
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.70,0:19:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccine sales.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.14,0:19:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Since 2007, the California department
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.04,0:19:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of health has spent more than $200 million
Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.03,0:19:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on pertussis vaccines for children on medical
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.43,0:19:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or who are under-insured.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.06,0:19:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's sure to rise.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.51,0:19:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In September, the California state legislature passed a law
Dialogue: 0,0:19:47.84,0:19:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,requiring all students to receive another does,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.81,0:19:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sixth dose of the pertussis vaccine before entering
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.20,0:19:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,middle school.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.36,0:19:57.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may be a case of what's good
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.11,0:19:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for business is also good for public health.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.85,0:20:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much influence does industry have
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.34,0:20:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over public health policy?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.15,0:20:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sanofi Pasteur also established
Dialogue: 0,0:20:06.47,0:20:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and funds The Global Pertussis Initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.39,0:20:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A group made up of medical experts from around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.34,0:20:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The GPI was established 10 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.72,0:20:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study why pertussis was making a comeback and find ways
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.98,0:20:21.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control the disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:21.55,0:20:23.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than half its members are employees
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.34,0:20:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the pharmaceutical company
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.05,0:20:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or receive research money or consulting fees.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.17,0:20:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Public officials from across the country, including California
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.46,0:20:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the CDC, site the Global Pertussis Initiative
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.88,0:20:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when making vaccine policy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.21,0:20:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. James Cherry is a member of the initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.14,0:20:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also received speaking fees and research funds
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.24,0:20:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from vaccine manufacturers.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.32,0:20:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time, he sat on government committees
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.08,0:20:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help determine vaccine policy and efficacy.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.42,0:20:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: A cynic might say that if you have a community
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.45,0:21:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of experts in pertussis as in the Global Pertussis Initiative,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.26,0:21:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who primarily their work in terms
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.94,0:21:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this endeavor is being funded by the drug company
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.37,0:21:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes the vaccine, there might be less incentive
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.12,0:21:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say make a new vaccine and more incentive
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.81,0:21:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say just use the old one more often.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.41,0:21:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you say to them?
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.84,0:21:19.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CHERRY: I don't think that's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.92,0:21:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we've been talking about new vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.50,0:21:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It think the difficulty with the new vaccine lies in the expense
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.49,0:21:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would cost to make a new vaccine and the difficulty
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.42,0:21:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in testing it and FDA requirements for it and I think
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.04,0:21:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the climate was right for two
Dialogue: 0,0:21:48.88,0:21:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the major manufacturers they would do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.27,0:21:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: And these are three different pertussis strains.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.48,0:21:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Dr. Mooi is a critic of the Pertussis Initiative.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.22,0:22:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MOOI: My big disappointment is they have totally
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.63,0:22:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think willfully ignored pathogen adaptation.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.09,0:22:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think a few years ago we had the year
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.50,0:22:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Darwin died 100 year ago, it was not so long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.11,0:22:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's very strange that evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.46,0:22:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pathogen adaptation is completely ignored
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.18,0:22:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by such a group.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:30.20,0:22:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find that bad for science and bad for public health.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:35.06,0:22:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sanofi Pastuer released this statement to KPBS
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.14,0:22:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Watchdog Institute.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.31,0:22:44.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It says its grant to the GPI brings the world's authorities
Dialogue: 0,0:22:44.15,0:22:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on pertussis together and that benefits society as a whole.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.50,0:22:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The company also says "at the present time,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.93,0:22:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is no evidence to suggest current pertussis vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.86,0:22:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lack effectiveness."
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.80,0:23:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Dean Sidelinger was one of the first health officials
Dialogue: 0,0:23:00.64,0:23:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn immunized people were getting sick in his county.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.77,0:23:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said he was surprised, but in the end,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.78,0:23:10.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he says the current vaccine is still the best thing he's got
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.76,0:23:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to protect his community.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.28,0:23:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,SIDELINGER: It does significantly decrease the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.09,0:23:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pertussis we see a significantly lower number
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.01,0:23:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pertussis cases now then we saw before we started using
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.19,0:23:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.28,0:23:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we don't want people to feel complacent to say I don't want
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.05,0:23:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that vaccine because I've seen many of the cases
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.34,0:23:29.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been reported were fully vaccinated.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.81,0:23:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Sidelinger says there would be many more cases
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.43,0:23:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there was no vaccine at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.70,0:23:36.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Mooi agrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.04,0:23:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He believes public health officials should be encouraging
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.96,0:23:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cocooning, immunizing all those around newborn babies.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.50,0:23:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the long run, he says we need better vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:48.94,0:23:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Baby Matthew spent four days in the hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.80,0:23:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was eventually discharged.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.25,0:23:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, he's getting his two-month routine check-up.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.40,0:24:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DOCTOR: I think it was just back luck he's had two illnesses
Dialogue: 0,0:24:00.10,0:24:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a row and now the cold he's building up his immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.50,0:24:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Despite a stuffy nose, Matthew is doing well today.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.16,0:24:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,DCOTOR: As you might know the vaccine is not
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.27,0:24:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as effective as we want it to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:13.16,0:24:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's one reason why there've been a lot of cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.21,0:24:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with Matthew in particular, his own immunity has kicked
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.85,0:24:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in from having the illness, that is, in effect a sort
Dialogue: 0,0:24:24.69,0:24:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a booster that will protect him going forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.52,0:24:31.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how long that immunity lasts is still a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.11,0:24:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MARLON: The one thing I would want to say
Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.20,0:24:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to parents is just watch your kids, just be concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.07,0:24:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because at first we thought we were being over protective.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.70,0:24:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm glad we were just a little bit over-concerned.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.36,0:25:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FARYON: Since KPBS and the Watchdog Institute began its
Dialogue: 0,0:25:00.91,0:25:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,investigation, state health officials, the CDC
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.54,0:25:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and scientists from UCLA, including Dr. James Cherry,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:08.16,0:25:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,began a new study to determine whether the new strain
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.59,0:25:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pertussis is contributing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.45,0:25:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the current whooping cough outbreak.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.99,0:25:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For more on this story, and to see more of the data collected
Dialogue: 0,0:25:18.61,0:25:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our investigation, go to kpbs.org/whoopingcough
Dialogue: 0,0:25:24.37,0:25:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watchdoginstitute.org.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.76,0:25:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For KPBS, the Watchdog Institute
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.21,0:25:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Radio Netherlands Worldwide, I'm Joanne Faryon.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.41,0:26:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching.