[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.08,0:00:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you like Italian, you will surely know that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.24,0:00:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this language and most of its words come from Latin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.64,0:00:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, let's take this phrase (very natural, and which we say every day): as a joke,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.08,0:00:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I stole a bench from the hotel, but the guard saw me and broke my shin. No
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.48,0:00:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,term in this beautiful sentence, beyond the grammatical ones and the verb to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.24,0:00:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is of Latin origin. This is because Italian has taken many words, even quite common ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.84,0:00:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Germanic languages. Words like look, drive, lose, joke,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.16,0:00:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earn and many others are very ancient Germanisms - this is the topic of today's video.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.48,0:00:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah, and this is Podcast Italiano, a channel for those who learn or love the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.24,0:00:58.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Italian language. If you need it, you can turn on subtitles. If you learn Italian on my
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.12,0:01:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,website you will find the transcription of everything I will say in the video: the link is in the description.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.24,0:01:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The words I listed earlier, such as war, hotel and many others, were borrowed to us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.28,0:01:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,, so to speak, from languages ​​of the Germanic family.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.16,0:01:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the Barban languages ​​are part of this family ... descending from a common ancestor called Proto-Germanic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.78,0:01:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germanisms can be from any era, ancient or modern, but in this video we
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.64,0:01:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will focus particularly on the ancient ones, which mostly date back to the Early
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.96,0:01:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Middle Ages, because they tell us something interesting about the history of our country.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.00,0:01:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's start with the oldest ones of all, which date back to before the Middle Ages: they are the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.16,0:01:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paleo-Germanisms. Nothing to do with dinosaurs and Jurassic Park (sorry, Elena): it is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.44,0:01:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a term used by some scholars to indicate Germanic words lent not to Italian,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.28,0:02:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but already to Latin, from which they then arrived in Italian . These ancestral Germanisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.00,0:02:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so to speak, are not very many: for example we have words like soap, yew and spade.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.92,0:02:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every now and then, Germanic words were adopted to express a new concept, for which
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.96,0:02:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was not yet a word. It is the example of moose, lent to Latin by a Germanic culture which
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.40,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evidently dealt with moose more often than the Romans. These are called borrowings of necessity,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.40,0:02:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely because in a certain sense they are necessary (or at least useful) to the target language,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.20,0:02:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which does not have a word to designate that concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.16,0:02:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The word spade, however, allows us to observe the opposite phenomenon, that is, luxury borrowing:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.04,0:02:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the name already explains, this type of borrowing is not strictly necessary,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.00,0:02:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a word for the concept in question would already exist in the target language ; however,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.08,0:03:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a series of reasons, it is decided to adopt a foreign word and replace it with the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.40,0:03:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,native one. For example, the Germanic word war replaces the Latin word bellum.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.44,0:03:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among these very ancient Germanisms we also have blue, brown, ember,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.44,0:03:19.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stable and above all, the adorable marten. But look at her, isn't she adorable?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.44,0:03:24.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, but why were all these Germanic words adopted in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.00,0:03:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latin first, and in Italian or, well, proto-Italian, proto-Romance varieties then?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.80,0:03:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have to talk a little about the history of our country. Already during the Roman Empire,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.28,0:03:39.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were numerous invasions by barbarian… ahem, Germanic peoples,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.64,0:03:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which generated contact between the Roman people and that of the invaders;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.56,0:03:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and contact between peoples also means contact between languages, and therefore linguistic interference,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.84,0:03:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore borrowing. It's like when an Italian goes to England for three months
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.44,0:03:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and comes back putting anglicisms in every sentence he says. And then there were not only invasions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.28,0:04:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also trade and other types of interactions. Finally, gradually,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.20,0:04:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the units made up of Germanic soldiers became increasingly larger in the Roman army.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.20,0:04:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic peoples settled permanently
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.84,0:04:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in central-southern Europe; and, in particular, in Italy there were centuries
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.28,0:04:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of invasions and even Germanic kingdoms. In particular, we talk about Ostrogoths,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.00,0:04:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lombards and Franks. This explains our great linguistic interference. Consider that
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.92,0:04:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Ostrogoths (i.e. the eastern Goths; because the Visigoths were the western Goths) began
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.28,0:04:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reign in Italy at the end of the 5th century AD, and lost power towards the middle of the 6th,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.68,0:04:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then merging, over time, with the local population. At this point,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.12,0:04:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the entire Italian territory was under the dominion of the Germanic peoples. The Lombards, meanwhile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.24,0:05:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,entered Italy around the middle of the 6th century and began to conquer it, although they never
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.60,0:05:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,managed to obtain the entire territory. When the increasingly powerful Lombard kings
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.84,0:05:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arrived in Rome in the 8th century, the popes turned to the Franks, another Germanic people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.24,0:05:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were becoming the great European power of the time. Thus, from 774 AD, the Franks took
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.72,0:05:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control of the former Lombard Kingdom, led by a certain Charlemagne (maybe you know him);
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.16,0:05:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, unlike the two previous cases, there is no mass migration towards the boot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.68,0:05:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though we have a lot of information about this historical period, it is not always easy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.48,0:05:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand whether a certain Germanic word came to us from the Ostrogoths, the Lombards or the Franks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.60,0:05:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given that in any case they were all Germanic languages ​​related to each other. For
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.80,0:05:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example, truce could come from the Gothic triggwa, the Franconian triuwa or the Longoboard trewwa:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.24,0:06:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is also possible that it was a mixture of different Germanic words. Scholars
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.48,0:06:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often unsure. What we can say with certainty, however, is that
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.36,0:06:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have received quite a few words from these peoples: from the Lombards alone, almost three hundred,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.76,0:06:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,according to some estimates. Among these, for example, those that Barbero reminds us of.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.60,0:06:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are Lombard words war, brawl, truce, feud, bar,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.44,0:06:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trap, in short they were quite violent people.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.64,0:06:29.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over the centuries, Italian also borrows from what can
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.68,0:06:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already be called German (though not modern German, of course). In fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.04,0:06:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contacts with "Germany" (which did not yet exist) continued intense for centuries:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.12,0:06:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, Central-Northern Italy was part of the Holy Roman Empire for a long time and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.64,0:06:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,German mercenaries often fought in the Italian wars. Today, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.80,0:06:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to focus in particular on the most ancient Germanisms, those of the Early Middle Ages,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.28,0:07:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perhaps leaving the so-called Germanisms, that is, words that derive from German in different eras, for a future video
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.08,0:07:05.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,. But I want to say something about the word "German": why
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.00,0:07:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do we have this strange adjective in Italian when in other languages ​​we say German, Allemand, Aleman?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.96,0:07:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The adjective German ultimately comes from a Gothic word, thiuda, which meant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.20,0:07:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"people" and is related to that Deutsch of Deutschland. So, friends, it's not that strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.20,0:07:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Good, but in practice how did these ancient Germanisms pass into Italian?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.68,0:07:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apart from the fact that, as always, everything depends a lot on the historical moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.92,0:07:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there was a long interaction between Italy and the Germanic peoples, we can say that the loanwords
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.04,0:07:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from ancient Franconian (the language of the Franks) often entered late Latin (or, if we want,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.48,0:07:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a proto-Romance state, when Latin was becoming Romance languages) often by written means,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.48,0:07:59.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the language of the chancelleries (i.e. public offices that were responsible for drawing up documents;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.00,0:08:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact therefore the language of the bureaucracy) because the Franks they occupied precisely the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.88,0:08:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high-ranking environments, and were rather concerned with governing, rather than populating Italy en masse.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.24,0:08:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More often, however, the loans came orally from the Lombard language;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.88,0:08:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is also true that the Lombards, who came before the Franks, also
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.96,0:08:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reigned in Italy, and in fact some words that have come down to us from the Lombard come
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.64,0:08:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the legal chancellery field: we have, for example, truce and feud.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.08,0:08:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must not forget indirect loans. We have seen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.76,0:08:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaking of Paleogermanisms, that Latin has left us Germanic terms,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.28,0:08:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taken even before neo-Latin languages ​​such as Italian, French, Spanish,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.24,0:08:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Portuguese or Romanian were formed. We have also seen that late and medieval Latin,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.16,0:08:54.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through writing, indirectly left us many terms from Franconian. But there are other cases:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.04,0:08:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Old French, for example, left us many words that it had in turn taken
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.40,0:09:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Franconian. As we also saw in the video on Italianisms, words often make the rounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.64,0:09:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passing from one language to another: for example, if you remember, "baguette" is a Frenchism
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.88,0:09:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,common in many languages, but which French in turn took from the Italian “bacchetta”.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.80,0:09:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ok, but what kind of words entered Italian?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.44,0:09:21.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, it all depends on the historical context and when
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.48,0:09:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the term was borrowed. We can, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.64,0:09:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isolate some specific areas. For example, as you may have imagined by now,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.60,0:09:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have received several terms related to the military world, such as war, guard and brawl.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.52,0:09:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many – this may surprise you – terms to indicate the parts of the body of humans and
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.00,0:09:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals: we have cheek, spleen, knuckle, shin, span and tusk. I really like zanna because in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.56,0:09:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern German it is the same as the Lombard word from which the Italian one derives: zahn. In Italian,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.04,0:10:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however, zanna is used only for the particularly robust teeth of some animals, such as elephants. And
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.84,0:10:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even spleen in German is very similar: milz. However, not because Italian took it from German,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.12,0:10:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because Italian took it from Lombard, which was a Germanic language related to the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.44,0:10:21.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ancient language from which modern German descends. There is also strozza with the meaning of throat,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.76,0:10:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a term no longer used today, but which remains in the very common verb to strangle or choke.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.19,0:10:32.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I always find a good reason to strangle you! I'll choke you and I'll choke you again!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.76,0:10:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are also many terms related to the house and domestic life:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.92,0:10:44.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balcony, mezzanine, bench, shelf, pillowcase and hanger among others.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.44,0:10:48.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Less common are legal and administrative words. Some, however, are
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.04,0:10:52.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quite well known: for example the already mentioned truce and feud.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.28,0:10:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, we have many concrete and expressive terms: grab, snore,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.68,0:11:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,joke, stench (i.e. bad smell) and thud.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.16,0:11:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you can see, the type of words that come from a certain people depends on their culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.60,0:11:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As Barbero says, speaking specifically of the Lombards, "they were not a society of philosophers".
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.24,0:11:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that each language has its own set of sounds and its own way of putting them together;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.72,0:11:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thus, Japanese doesn't sound like Arabic, which doesn't sound like Italian, which in turn doesn't
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.92,0:11:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sound like English. Can you imagine if we talk about things? 🙂 It is clear, therefore, that words, passing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.88,0:11:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one language to another, will have to be adapted somewhat to the structures of the target language.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.84,0:11:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As previously mentioned, we are dealing in particular with very
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.68,0:11:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ancient Germanisms; and the fact is interesting, because the ancient borrowings have been adapted
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.36,0:11:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more heavily than the modern borrowings. If today we are used to foreign languages ​​and
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.08,0:11:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously non-Italian words (like blitz or panzer) don't seem too strange to us, things
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.96,0:12:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were once different. So let's see how these words were adapted and Italianized.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.76,0:12:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, in the presence of a diphthong, it was often reduced to a single
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.56,0:12:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vowel. So the Franconian rauba has become stuff, and raubon has instead
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.44,0:12:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become stealing. Later, the Middle High German stainbock became ibex.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.68,0:12:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another common phenomenon is epithesis, or in medical language the correction of a
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.68,0:12:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defective limb... no, I got the wrong definition, I meant "phenomenon whereby
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.28,0:12:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a sound is added, and in particular, in this case, a vowel, at the end of a word. Thus,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.92,0:12:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Franconian bank (which indicated a seat along the walls of a house) gave bench
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.48,0:12:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and bank (or bench), with the addition of o and a endings; from bosk (bush; and yes,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.16,0:12:52.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is related to the English and German bush/Busch) we got wood; and from want
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.48,0:12:58.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got glove. As I said earlier, knowledge of foreign languages ​​was not widespread
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.32,0:13:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,centuries ago. Some would say that it isn't even today in Italy, but not me. Given that all
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.52,0:13:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Italian words, with a few (few) exceptions, end with a vowel, the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.72,0:13:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average speaker did not feel at ease when faced with a word that ended with a consonant:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.40,0:13:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it simply did not come naturally (in a certain sense, it doesn't come so naturally even today:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.64,0:13:25.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why we pronounce fan or gol by adding a small final supporting vowel: fannə).
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.52,0:13:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Furthermore, as we can observe from the example of Stainbock/ibex,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.60,0:13:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes the last consonant was doubled,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.32,0:13:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do the same today: if you hear when I say fannə, double that n.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.00,0:13:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there is anaptyxis – again, no strange pathologies – whereby
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.52,0:13:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a vowel was added to a series of consonants, because we Italians don't like too many consonants in a row.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.72,0:13:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's think of the landsknechts, the German mercenary soldiers who sometimes came to Italy and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.52,0:13:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who all Italian readers know thanks to The Betrothed. The original word in German is
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.72,0:14:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Landsknecht, decidedly unpronounceable for an Italian: and therefore lanzichenecchi. Beautiful, is not it?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.52,0:14:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From the eighteenth century, however, knowledge of foreign languages ​​began to be more widespread,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.20,0:14:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the adaptation of loanwords became less burdensome and their foreign origin gradually
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.80,0:14:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more evident, as in nickel, fuhrer or panzer. This is why I am especially interested
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.40,0:14:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ancient or medieval Germanisms, because they are completely camouflaged in the pile of Latin words.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.76,0:14:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given that Germanisms arrived in Italian at different times,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.68,0:14:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and were not part of Italian (and Latin) for the entire history of these languages,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.96,0:14:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the normal process of evolution of words did not occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.36,0:14:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular as regards it's about sounds. Furthermore, Germanisms brought sequences
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.88,0:14:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sounds in unknown and sometimes even awkward to pronounce positions to Latin and Italian.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.16,0:15:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, the intervocalic b of Latin, i.e. placed between vowels, became v, therefore the Latin
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.76,0:15:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fabulam gave us fable, and the verb habere became to have (here I am referring to the words
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.56,0:15:15.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have been handed down orally for centuries; the cultured Latinisms , “recovered from books” are much
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.08,0:15:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more similar to the original Latin form, as I explained in this video). Germanisms, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.76,0:15:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not experience this change, so the Franconian rauba remained stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.12,0:15:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than becoming rova, and the Gothic raubon remained steal.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.28,0:15:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now look at one of the strongest indications of the Germanic origin of a word.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.16,0:15:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Be warned, this is interesting. The word-initial /gw/ sound did not exist in Latin:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.12,0:15:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it comes instead from the word-initial /w/ sound of Germanic loanwords. So
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.72,0:15:52.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wardon became look, with the addition of the verb ending -are. And so from
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.56,0:15:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warjan we got heal, again with initial /gw/, this time with -ire.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.08,0:16:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, we have warnjan, which meant to warn (Does it remind you of the English to warn?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.80,0:16:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nice intuition, totally not driven by me: the two words are in fact related.)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.76,0:16:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which to us gave garnish (once used mainly in a military sense ,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.44,0:16:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like "garnishing a city with weapons and ammunition", from which also the garrison, but which today is used
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.76,0:16:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above all in the kitchen: "garnishing a dish with a side of potatoes"), and then obviously werra,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.48,0:16:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which gave us war, wida, who gave us guidance, the Franconian waidhanjan who gave us
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.40,0:16:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gain or wai from which comes trouble. Like “woe betide you if you don't like this video”.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.60,0:16:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In short, almost all words that begin with /gw/ in Italian are Germanic. Almost,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.36,0:16:52.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not all. This mechanism was so widespread and common that it transformed /w/ into /gw/ even in
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.24,0:16:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latin words. From vadum, for example, precisely because of this mechanism, the form guado has come to us. Or from
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.96,0:17:05.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Latin… vāgīna (which in Latin was the sheath of a sword or in general a casing), is derived
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.76,0:17:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guaìna (which today, however, is pronounced guàina, with the accent on the a) and always means sheath,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.52,0:17:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,casing or membrane where… put something. Erm, you might be wondering… yes, vagina
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.12,0:17:25.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obviously comes from the same Latin word, but it is a cultured word, recovered from books.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.08,0:17:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that, we can conclude this journey. We have discovered that there is truly
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.16,0:17:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world of very ancient Germanic words that have arrived in Italian since Latin times
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.04,0:17:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then in all subsequent centuries; we just don't notice it, because they are
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.24,0:17:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so camouflaged that today only experts (or you, after this video) can recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.32,0:17:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their non-Latin origin. Having said that, the Italian lexicon still remains predominantly
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.76,0:17:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latin. But what does this mean? You may be interested in this video about it.