[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.55,0:00:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of you who\Nare just starting
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.25,0:00:04.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn about the\Nhistory of China
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.70,0:00:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first half\Nof the 20th century,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.00,0:00:09.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be a little\Nbit confusing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.75,0:00:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the goal of this video is\Nreally to give you an overview,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.04,0:00:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to give you a scaffold, of\Nthe history of the first half
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.07,0:00:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 20th century in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.98,0:00:22.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as we go into\Nthe early 1900s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.68,0:00:27.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the end of imperial\Ndynastic rule in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.39,0:00:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a big deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.38,0:00:31.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China has been ruled\Nby various dynasties
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.51,0:00:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for multiple thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.67,0:00:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as you get into the\N1900s, the dynastic rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.34,0:00:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular the Qing Dynasty,\Nwas getting weaker and weaker.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.19,0:00:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had suffered at the\Nhands of the Japanese
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.67,0:00:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the first Sino-Japanese\NWar at the end of the 1800s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.31,0:00:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was growing discontent\Namongst the opposition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.29,0:00:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the dynasty,\Nthat the emperors,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:00:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were not modernizing\NChina enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.44,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, this is\Nthe early 1900s.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.12,0:01:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The rest of the world was\Nbecoming a very, very modern
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.37,0:01:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.11,0:01:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,China in the 1800s had suffered\Nat the hands of Western powers
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.38,0:01:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were essentially exerting\Ntheir own imperial influence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.22,0:01:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.21,0:01:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people felt that this\Nwas because China was not
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.48,0:01:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as modernized\Neconomically, politically,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.95,0:01:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technologically as\Nit needed to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.48,0:01:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you fast-forward to 1911.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.86,0:01:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have what is known as\Nthe Wuchang Uprising, which
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.22,0:01:30.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the overthrow\Nof the Qing dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.40,0:01:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1912, a Republic of China\Nwas established in Nanjing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.51,0:01:38.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Nanjing right over here\Nwas where it was established.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.47,0:01:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Beijing was, of course, the\Nseat of dynastic rule in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.55,0:01:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the first\Nprovisional president
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.87,0:01:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Republic of China was Dr.\NSun Yat-sen, right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.53,0:01:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he actually did not\Ndirectly participate
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.70,0:01:55.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this final\Nuprising that finally
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.97,0:01:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,led to the overthrow\Nof the Qing dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.46,0:02:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was actually in Denver at\Nthe time, Denver, Colorado.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.66,0:02:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was a leading or one of\Nthe leading figures in the run
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.81,0:02:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to this uprising, one\Nof the leading figures
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.83,0:02:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was providing\Nopposition and had tried
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.45,0:02:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple times to\Noverthrow the dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.94,0:02:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now along with Sun Yat-sen,\Nhe was essentially in cahoots
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.09,0:02:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with Yuan Shikai, who was a\Ngeneral in the old dynasty.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.82,0:02:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he has his own\Nfascinating history.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.27,0:02:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Sun Yat-sen struck\Na deal with Yuan Shikai,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.60,0:02:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who was very\Npolitically ambitious.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.25,0:02:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yuan Shikai said, hey, if I\Ncan get the emperor Puyi, who
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.83,0:02:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the last emperor of China,\Nif I can get him to officially
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.23,0:02:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abdicate, I want to\Nbecome the president.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.74,0:02:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Sun Yat-sen agrees to this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.32,0:02:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Yuan Shikai\Nbecomes the president
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.05,0:02:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Republic of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.88,0:02:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that wasn't enough for him.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.45,0:02:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He declares himself\Nemperor in 1915,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.03,0:02:58.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you could imagine did\Nnot make many people happy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.39,0:03:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they were tired\Nof having emperors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.37,0:03:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by 1916, he abdicates\Nand he passes away, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.99,0:03:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this actually\Nbegins a period
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.42,0:03:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of extremely fragmented\Nrule for China.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.51,0:03:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even under imperial rule,\Nthe Chinese military
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.44,0:03:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not one consolidated body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.24,0:03:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The military was controlled\Nby various warlords
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.64,0:03:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in various regions that all\Nhad allegiance to the emperor.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.59,0:03:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you have Yuan Shikai\Nabdicating and then dying
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.63,0:03:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1916, and even\Nprior to that, when
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.96,0:03:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he declared himself\Nemperor, people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.98,0:03:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did not want to pledge\Nallegiance to Yuan Shikai.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.22,0:03:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you had what is known\Nas the beginning of the Warlord
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.46,0:03:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Era in China.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.13,0:03:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a fragmented\Nperiod where you did not
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.79,0:03:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have any centralized leadership.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.85,0:03:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This map over here shows\Nkind of the rough picture
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.31,0:03:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what the Warlord\NEra looked like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.04,0:03:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each of these regions\Nwere controlled
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.01,0:03:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a different warlord\Nwho was in charge
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.39,0:03:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a different military.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.85,0:04:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When this was going on\Nduring the Warlord Era,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.44,0:04:05.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially as we go back\Nto the early '20s, in 1921
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.68,0:04:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in particular, Sun\NYat-sen hasn't given up.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.12,0:04:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He goes to the\Nsouth in Guangzhou
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.34,0:04:16.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sets up, essentially,\Na revolutionary government,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.51,0:04:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially a desire\Nfrom there to try
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.82,0:04:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to consolidate power in\NChina again and reestablish
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.81,0:04:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Republic of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.97,0:04:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he goes there.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.54,0:04:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unfortunately he passes\Naway in 1925 from cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.44,0:04:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the hands or the power of\Nthe movement that he started,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.79,0:04:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now being referred\Nto as the Kuomintang-- Let me
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.71,0:04:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,write that down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.79,0:04:56.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially, the\Npower there passes on
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.15,0:05:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Generalissimo\NChiang Kai-shek.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.04,0:05:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Chiang Kai-shek,\Nthe reason why
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.50,0:05:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say the power\Nessentially goes to him
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.17,0:05:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because he was in\Ncontrol of the major part
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.53,0:05:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the military forces\Nof the Kuomintang.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.54,0:05:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is essentially the\Nvery nascent early stages
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.04,0:05:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what would essentially\Nbe the Chinese Civil
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.05,0:05:22.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War because in the period from\N1921 until Sun Yat-sen's death,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.89,0:05:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually had a\Nlot of collaboration
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.99,0:05:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Chinese\Nnationalists, the Kuomintang,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.59,0:05:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Soviet Union, and\Nthe Chinese Communist Party.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.54,0:05:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were trying to\Ncollaborate in order
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.91,0:05:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about how\NChina would unify.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.81,0:05:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then once Sun Yat-sen dies\Nand the power of the Kuomintang
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.83,0:05:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially goes into the\Nhands of Generalissimo Chiang
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.89,0:05:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kai-shek, he starts\Nto consolidate power.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.08,0:05:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And right from the\Nget-go, he doesn't
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.07,0:05:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,antagonize the communists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.81,0:05:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by 1927, he's\Nstarting to consolidate,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.01,0:06:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's starting to merge\Nthese various factions
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.84,0:06:02.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the rest of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.97,0:06:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's able to\Nconsolidate power.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.90,0:06:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he also starts to\Ngo after the communists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.47,0:06:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Chiang Kai-shek,\Nby '27, also starts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.98,0:06:13.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go after the communists.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.10,0:06:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the communists\Nare saying, hey, we
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.68,0:06:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the ones that really\Nrepresent the spirit of what
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.11,0:06:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sun Yat-sen represented,\Nwhile the Kuomintang
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.38,0:06:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under the leadership of Chiang\NKai-shek said, no, no, no.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.75,0:06:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We represent what Sun Yat-sen\Nrepresented when he first
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.06,0:06:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,established the\NRepublic of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.33,0:06:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in 1927, you have the\Nbeginning of the Chinese Civil
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.53,0:06:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.03,0:06:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is when the Kuomintang,\Nas part of its efforts
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.65,0:06:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to consolidate\Npower, not only tries
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.55,0:06:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to consolidate power\Nof the warlords,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.35,0:06:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also goes after\Nthe Communist Party.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.67,0:06:48.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now while all of\Nthis is happening,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.99,0:06:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we get into the early\N1930s, Japan once again
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.21,0:06:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is trying to exert its\Nimperial, its military,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.47,0:06:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might on the Chinese mainland.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.86,0:07:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had already\Ncaptured Formosa,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.97,0:07:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is now known\Nas Taiwan, and Korea
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.40,0:07:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the first Sino-Japanese\NWar at the end of the 1800s.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.34,0:07:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in 1931, the Japanese\Nstart to encroach on Manchuria.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.25,0:07:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this would essentially\Nbecome a multi-year occupation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.86,0:07:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infiltration of\NJapan into China.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.96,0:07:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this continues all\Nthe way until 1937,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.79,0:07:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it becomes an\Nofficial all-out war
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.35,0:07:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the Japanese\Nand the Chinese.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.87,0:07:35.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have a map\Nhere that shows kind
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.13,0:07:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the maximum Japanese\Ncontrol over this period.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.05,0:07:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so in east Asia between\Nthe Chinese and the Japanese,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.25,0:07:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,World War II was really just\Npart of the Sino-Japanese War.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.44,0:07:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Japanese had\Nalready encroached
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.78,0:07:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the mainland of China\Nwell before World War
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.31,0:07:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,II had officially begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.79,0:08:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now while all this\Nis happening, Japan
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.02,0:08:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is encroaching into Manchuria,\Nin 1934, you have to remember,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.64,0:08:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Kuomintang, the Nationalist\NParty under Chiang Kai-shek
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.37,0:08:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going after the communists.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.16,0:08:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1934, he almost\Nhas them, or he does.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.56,0:08:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The communists are\Nnearly defeated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.51,0:08:22.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're surrounded by\Nthe Nationalist Party.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.81,0:08:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this becomes what\Nis a fairly famous event
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.59,0:08:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Chinese history, the\Nfamous Long March, where
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.79,0:08:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Chinese Communist\NParty, their military,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.41,0:08:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is marched through\Nextremely tough terrain
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the way to the\Nnorthwest of China.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.33,0:08:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this right over here is\Na map of the Long March.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.49,0:08:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Chinese Communist Party\Nseemed to be on the ropes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.06,0:08:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here in 1934.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.37,0:08:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was during\Nthis Long March
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.58,0:08:55.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Mao Zedong really started\Nto exert and show leadership.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.67,0:08:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The leadership during\Nthis Long March,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.58,0:09:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during this retreat to\Nthe northwest of China,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.08,0:09:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is really what allowed Mao\NZedong to eventually take
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.95,0:09:06.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control of the Chinese\NCommunist Party.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.18,0:09:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as we fast forward, we know\Nthat the Sino-Japanese War--
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.14,0:09:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could view this as one\Ntheater, eventually, of World
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.70,0:09:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War II-- eventually the\NUS goes in on the side
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.36,0:09:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Allies against\NJapan after Pearl Harbor.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.20,0:09:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then in 1945,\Nyou have the attacks
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.21,0:09:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Hiroshima and Nagasaki\Nwith atomic weapons,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.90,0:09:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which essentially ends\Nthe Pacific theater.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.64,0:09:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's defeat for Japan, and\NJapan has lost World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.24,0:09:38.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at this point,\Nfull-scale civil war
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.53,0:09:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the two parties\Nbreak out again.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.72,0:09:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Civil War started in 1927,\Nand then it kept continuing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.72,0:09:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then once there was a common\Nenemy in Japan that was clearly
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.78,0:09:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aggressively trying to take\Nover more and more of China's
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.14,0:09:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people, resources, exert\Nits imperial influence,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.75,0:09:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you had the two parties\Nkind of go into a low-grade war
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.37,0:10:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, hey, we need\Nto fight these Japanese.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.42,0:10:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But once World War\NII ended in 1945,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.88,0:10:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once the Japanese were\Ndefeated, then you
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.67,0:10:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had full-scale\Ncivil war break out
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.53,0:10:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again between the\NChinese Communist
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.10,0:10:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Party and the Kuomintang.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.26,0:10:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is probably one of the\Nbiggest comebacks in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.85,0:10:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was the Chinese Communist\NParty that in 1934 and 1935
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.89,0:10:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked like they\Nwere on the ropes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.35,0:10:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were forced into,\Nessentially, retreat.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.96,0:10:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were able to come back.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.13,0:10:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1949-- and\Nthere's a lot of theories
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.48,0:10:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as to why they were\Nable to pull this off.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.09,0:10:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That they were able to get\Nmuch more of the support
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.80,0:10:35.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the rural population.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.09,0:10:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were more savvy about\Ngetting support generally
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.46,0:10:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the Kuomintang.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.36,0:10:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we could talk about\Nthat in a future video.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.07,0:10:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But by 1949, they\Nwere able to defeat
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.29,0:10:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Chiang Kai-shek\Nand the Kuomintang,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.77,0:10:53.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,force the Kuomintang\Nto retreat to Taiwan,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.77,0:10:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,establish government in Taiwan.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.57,0:10:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ever since then, you\Nhad the establishment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.76,0:11:02.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Chinese\NCommunist Party in 1949
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.44,0:11:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the People's\NRepublic of China.