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嗨 我的名字是約瑟夫·斯卡瑪多。

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哲學系助理教授和

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公共事務研究所的副主任。

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我專門研究有關殘疾
和生物倫理學的哲學。

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我也是一位殘疾人。

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我有脊髓損傷，

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以及罕見的侏儒症，

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所以我是買一得二。

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因此，我對歧視的第一印像是

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其實，很難說，

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就恥辱或偏執的經歷而言，

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我有很多記憶。

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主要是在我的侏儒症方面。

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所以，

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我對此有很多早期的記憶

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有關從很小的時候
就遭遇到孩子們的凝視和嘲笑

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以及諸如此類的經驗。

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然後，到目前為止，

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我遭遇到某種將我排除在

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我想做的事情之外的

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更系統性的歧視。

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我小時候的經歷非常好，

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主要是因為我父母確實做了很多

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確保我被包括在內。

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我記得在當童子軍

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和小童子軍時，

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我父親，真的和我一起做了很多

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以確保即使我有殘疾也能參加-

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和我一起去露營

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隨時在一旁照顧我

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確保我能夠

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去和參加

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諸如此類的。

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因此，我的第一個真實體驗到被排斥

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因此，我的第一個真實體驗到被排斥

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發生在上高中的時候

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發生在上高中的時候

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我上的是我們鎮上的公立學校

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一直到八年級。

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然後上高中時，

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我應該去上

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我的哥哥姐姐去上的

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私立的宗教學校。

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我參加了入學考試甚至

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拿到一個小的獎學金。

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但是這個學校沒有電梯。

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我是用小電動車代步

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我是用小電動車代步

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所以我不可能去

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學校上課

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因為學校沒有電梯。

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那時實際上
ADA 《美國殘疾人法》已經通過了，

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但是因為那是

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一個宗教學校

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所以它沒有被 ADA 要求。

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所以它沒有被 ADA 要求。

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因此，我無法

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根據那個法律

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要求學校遵循。

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要求學校遵循。

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所以我還是只好去上鎮上的公立高中。

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其實我對此覺得很高興。

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因為我所有的朋友都上那個高中。

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但我仍然遇到困境

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事實上...

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我不是可以所有地方都能去到，

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並非所有地方都有為殘障人士設計

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因此這是我一生

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都必需自己去面對

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都必需自己去面對

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至於記得 ADA

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以及它的通過

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這樣的事情。

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在我很小的時候 ADA 就通過了，

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我有時被稱為

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ADA 一代，意思是

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我和 ADA 一起長大。

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我出生於 1982 年，

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在我 8 歲或 9 歲的時候

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ADA 被通過了，所以我沒有

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“啊哈！”的

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它被過過的那一刻的記憶。

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以我當時的所在的地方

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或類似的東西的記憶。

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但是我記得我父親

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在我要上高中的時候

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對我解釋這一件事。

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當我經驗到那個

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私立天主教學校的那件事，

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那種系統性的

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歧視經驗，

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我父親解釋說

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我能夠去公立學校以及其他公共場所

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是因為 ADA

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這個法律規定

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哪些地方要能讓

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坐輪椅和

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像我當時一樣用電動車代步的人也能使用。

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所以那是我對 ADA 的認識，

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對 ADA 的認識，

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以及我的第一次意識到歧視，

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很酷。我想？

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因為有那個經驗，

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「好吧，

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這是對你來說將是一個挑戰。

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這是你會被如何保護，
以及這是關於它你可以做些什麼。”

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就是這樣，在某種程度上，

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我也被喚醒成為倡導者。

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現在，至於 ADA 在我的生活中

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或著別人的生活上造成的不同是
我想當然它是一個非常重要的法律

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給殘障人士開闢了各種機會

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從公共交通，讓他們能夠在社區裡四處走動，

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基於ADA，宅基地的決定，當這些人

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需要任何種類的長期照護，

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他們需要最少限制性環境，這意味著

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你不能只是把他們放在養護機構裡或
將他們如放在倉庫裡一般，

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因為那樣對你更方便，你需要確保
他們能夠生活在社區中

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或是為他們來說，最好的地方。

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ADA還做什麼？ 只是
如你所，能夠受過教育，

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擁有工作的能力，
這些對我和其他人來說，

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都是是由 ADA 造成的。
老實說，我真的不能想像

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在 ADA 之前的情況。

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我的意思是，我可以想像得到，但是
我很高興

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我不必體驗一下。

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ADA 在很大範圍內對於個人經歷，

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還有各種各樣的殘疾政治問題
發揮了作用。 對嗎？

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所以，我的最近的個人經歷
受到 ADA 的影響

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是我與我的兩個孩子一起獨立生活的能力。

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我認為，在通過 ADA 之前，
要做到這一點會困難得多。

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你知道養育孩子意味著我必須
進入許多不同的公共場所

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而要做一些，你想一下，專業上來說，
我可能不會被‘要求’要做的各種不同事情，

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或只是在日常生活上的事，如果我沒有它們。

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所以去動物園，或者臨時要去
雜貨店

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或者你知道的，無論它是什麼，
我認為，你知道--

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如開設日托中心等等。

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ADA 將所有這些對我，輪椅使用者，都打開了，

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所以這就是它最近對我的生活的
個人影響很大的地方。

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現在，我認為一件事
我可以專業地說，

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關於ADA及其影響或
缺乏影響可能有兩個方面：

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一是我作為身體殘障人的特權--

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當然有一個殘疾等級制度，
所以身體殘障

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通常位於該層次結構的頂部。
精神病患者

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和智力發展的殘疾者，

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在結構上的層次有點低。

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因此，作為身體殘障人士，
與本來性別一致的異性戀白人，

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我從 ADA 中比那些

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沒有那種特權的很多其他人受益更多。

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我想，例如關於 ADA 真的如何被設計成

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倡導您所認為的機會均等，

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意思是美國的經濟生活，
每個人在某種程度上

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都有平等的競爭的機會

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因此，它允許您進入
勞動力並參與教育系統等等

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並且競爭。

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但是它沒有做的是
解決其他任何優勢

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或與之相交的劣勢
能力主義。

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我認為那些是 ADA 的一個真正的問題。

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00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:14,053


263
00:20:14,595 --> 00:20:22,575


264
00:20:22,951 --> 00:20:26,024


265
00:20:26,613 --> 00:20:34,215


266
00:20:34,215 --> 00:20:40,406


267
00:20:40,406 --> 00:20:45,356


268
00:20:45,967 --> 00:20:50,527


269
00:20:50,527 --> 00:20:58,017


270
00:20:58,847 --> 00:21:03,458


271
00:21:03,458 --> 00:21:09,472


272
00:21:09,714 --> 00:21:17,962


273
00:21:17,962 --> 00:21:21,490


274
00:21:28,432 --> 00:21:42,011


275
00:21:43,216 --> 00:21:47,216


276
00:21:47,308 --> 00:21:51,674


277
00:21:51,674 --> 00:21:53,632


278
00:21:53,648 --> 00:21:59,198


279
00:21:59,198 --> 00:22:01,343


280
00:22:01,343 --> 00:22:04,533


281
00:22:04,533 --> 00:22:11,444


282
00:22:11,444 --> 00:22:16,203


283
00:22:17,327 --> 00:22:24,375


284
00:22:25,678 --> 00:22:31,728


285
00:22:31,728 --> 00:22:34,589


286
00:22:36,806 --> 00:22:45,986


287
00:22:46,060 --> 00:22:53,335


288
00:22:53,755 --> 00:22:56,167


289
00:22:57,537 --> 00:23:06,916


290
00:23:07,537 --> 00:23:12,551


291
00:23:13,531 --> 00:23:16,597


292
00:23:17,474 --> 00:23:27,393


293
00:23:28,535 --> 00:23:30,834


294
00:23:31,496 --> 00:23:37,742


295
00:23:38,659 --> 00:23:43,969


296
00:23:44,224 --> 00:23:47,344


297
00:23:48,275 --> 00:23:54,736


298
00:23:55,487 --> 00:24:00,000


299
00:24:00,078 --> 00:24:04,078


300
00:24:04,371 --> 00:24:08,901


301
00:24:08,901 --> 00:24:10,194


302
00:24:10,194 --> 00:24:11,777


303
00:24:12,550 --> 00:24:16,550


304
00:24:16,943 --> 00:24:20,167


305
00:24:20,167 --> 00:24:21,857


306
00:24:22,385 --> 00:24:24,476


307
00:24:25,034 --> 00:24:27,038


308
00:24:27,038 --> 00:24:31,251


309
00:24:31,868 --> 00:24:35,419


310
00:24:35,419 --> 00:24:37,747


311
00:24:39,213 --> 00:24:42,052


312
00:24:42,052 --> 00:24:44,245


313
00:24:45,204 --> 00:24:47,580


314
00:24:48,137 --> 00:24:50,589


315
00:24:51,684 --> 00:24:53,885


316
00:24:53,885 --> 00:24:54,849


317
00:24:55,135 --> 00:24:59,595


318
00:24:59,595 --> 00:25:01,521


319
00:25:02,050 --> 00:25:05,348


320
00:25:05,348 --> 00:25:09,068


321
00:25:09,068 --> 00:25:11,284


322
00:25:11,284 --> 00:25:13,567


323
00:25:13,567 --> 00:25:15,505


324
00:25:15,505 --> 00:25:16,805


325
00:25:17,693 --> 00:25:22,555


326
00:25:23,722 --> 00:25:27,722


327
00:25:27,776 --> 00:25:30,306


328
00:25:30,370 --> 00:25:32,420


329
00:25:32,420 --> 00:25:35,150


330
00:25:35,150 --> 00:25:37,690


331
00:25:37,690 --> 00:25:40,193


332
00:25:40,193 --> 00:25:40,903


333
00:25:41,749 --> 00:25:45,749


334
00:25:45,984 --> 00:25:53,121


335
00:25:53,264 --> 00:25:55,499


336
00:25:55,499 --> 00:25:58,499


337
00:25:58,499 --> 00:26:00,515


338
00:26:00,515 --> 00:26:03,646


339
00:26:03,646 --> 00:26:06,919


340
00:26:07,763 --> 00:26:13,250


341
00:26:14,397 --> 00:26:18,994


342
00:26:19,618 --> 00:26:23,618


343
00:26:24,774 --> 00:26:28,336


344
00:26:28,549 --> 00:26:31,053


345
00:26:31,053 --> 00:26:32,823


346
00:26:32,823 --> 00:26:36,023


347
00:26:36,023 --> 00:26:41,900


348
00:26:41,900 --> 00:26:45,900


349
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:47,807


350
00:26:49,043 --> 00:26:53,255


351
00:26:53,255 --> 00:26:57,866


352
00:26:57,875 --> 00:27:03,575


353
00:27:03,575 --> 00:27:06,975


354
00:27:06,975 --> 00:27:10,975


355
00:27:11,869 --> 00:27:14,428


356
00:27:14,943 --> 00:27:17,893


357
00:27:17,893 --> 00:27:20,619


358
00:27:20,619 --> 00:27:22,597


359
00:27:22,729 --> 00:27:25,037


360
00:27:25,037 --> 00:27:26,754


361
00:27:26,754 --> 00:27:28,334


362
00:27:28,462 --> 00:27:34,935


363
00:27:34,935 --> 00:27:37,452


364
00:27:37,452 --> 00:27:39,973


365
00:27:40,011 --> 00:27:45,453


366
00:27:45,453 --> 00:27:48,556


367
00:27:48,556 --> 00:27:52,743


368
00:27:52,743 --> 00:27:58,974


369
00:27:58,974 --> 00:28:02,000


370
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:06,106


371
00:28:07,122 --> 00:28:09,603


372
00:28:09,603 --> 00:28:12,168


373
00:28:12,402 --> 00:28:15,225


374
00:28:15,225 --> 00:28:17,654


375
00:28:17,654 --> 00:28:18,901


376
00:28:19,502 --> 00:28:23,502


377
00:28:23,592 --> 00:28:28,352


378
00:28:28,352 --> 00:28:32,352


379
00:28:32,352 --> 00:28:36,352


380
00:28:36,352 --> 00:28:38,931


381
00:28:40,068 --> 00:28:50,474


382
00:28:50,474 --> 00:28:52,196


383
00:28:53,499 --> 00:28:58,790


384
00:28:58,790 --> 00:29:04,580


385
00:29:04,580 --> 00:29:07,334


386
00:29:07,334 --> 00:29:09,432


387
00:29:09,622 --> 00:29:11,218


388
00:29:13,154 --> 00:29:16,323


389
00:29:16,323 --> 00:29:18,087


390
00:29:18,087 --> 00:29:20,025


391
00:29:20,025 --> 00:29:22,017


392
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:25,134


393
00:29:25,217 --> 00:29:27,144


394
00:29:27,819 --> 00:29:30,048


395
00:29:31,091 --> 00:29:33,299


396
00:29:33,299 --> 00:29:34,609


397
00:29:34,609 --> 00:29:36,510


398
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:39,479


399
00:29:40,484 --> 00:29:46,377


400
00:29:46,674 --> 00:29:49,518


401
00:29:49,518 --> 00:29:52,045


402
00:29:52,045 --> 00:29:53,649


403
00:29:55,219 --> 00:29:58,059


404
00:29:58,059 --> 00:29:59,812


405
00:30:00,951 --> 00:30:05,570


406
00:30:05,570 --> 00:30:09,570


407
00:30:09,570 --> 00:30:13,570


408
00:30:13,570 --> 00:30:16,740


409
00:30:16,740 --> 00:30:18,270


410
00:30:19,834 --> 00:30:22,706


411
00:30:23,176 --> 00:30:26,204


412
00:30:26,204 --> 00:30:28,484


413
00:30:28,484 --> 00:30:31,356


414
00:30:31,356 --> 00:30:33,801


415
00:30:35,809 --> 00:30:37,807


416
00:30:37,807 --> 00:30:40,100


417
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:43,770


418
00:30:43,770 --> 00:30:46,464


419
00:30:47,994 --> 00:30:50,334


420
00:30:50,334 --> 00:30:52,073


421
00:30:53,082 --> 00:30:55,047


422
00:30:55,047 --> 00:30:56,777


423
00:30:56,959 --> 00:30:59,262


424
00:30:59,830 --> 00:31:03,830


425
00:31:03,830 --> 00:31:07,630


426
00:31:07,630 --> 00:31:11,725


427
00:31:11,725 --> 00:31:13,422


428
00:31:14,821 --> 00:31:18,821


429
00:31:19,536 --> 00:31:23,536


430
00:31:23,663 --> 00:31:26,782


431
00:31:26,782 --> 00:31:30,782


432
00:31:30,865 --> 00:31:33,684


433
00:31:33,684 --> 00:31:35,093


434
00:31:35,093 --> 00:31:37,881


435
00:31:37,881 --> 00:31:41,881


436
00:31:41,881 --> 00:31:43,951


437
00:31:43,951 --> 00:31:46,547


438
00:31:46,547 --> 00:31:53,012


439
00:31:53,012 --> 00:31:57,012


440
00:31:57,012 --> 00:32:02,217


441
00:32:03,977 --> 00:32:07,857


442
00:32:07,857 --> 00:32:10,837


443
00:32:11,820 --> 00:32:14,188


444
00:32:14,188 --> 00:32:17,137


445
00:32:17,137 --> 00:32:23,581


446
00:32:23,581 --> 00:32:25,968


447
00:32:26,504 --> 00:32:29,880


448
00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:33,880


449
00:32:33,974 --> 00:32:36,563


450
00:32:36,563 --> 00:32:39,341


451
00:32:39,341 --> 00:32:42,265


452
00:32:42,265 --> 00:32:44,179


453
00:32:44,179 --> 00:32:48,483


454
00:32:48,483 --> 00:32:51,149


455
00:32:51,149 --> 00:32:54,434


456
00:32:54,434 --> 00:32:58,361


457
00:32:58,361 --> 00:33:01,168


458
00:33:01,168 --> 00:33:04,468


459
00:33:04,468 --> 00:33:06,643


460
00:33:06,643 --> 00:33:09,101


461
00:33:09,101 --> 00:33:11,771


462
00:33:12,542 --> 00:33:16,232


463
00:33:16,232 --> 00:33:21,292


464
00:33:21,292 --> 00:33:23,303


465
00:33:23,303 --> 00:33:25,389


466
00:33:25,389 --> 00:33:28,801


467
00:33:28,801 --> 00:33:34,661


468
00:33:34,661 --> 00:33:37,351


469
00:33:37,351 --> 00:33:41,051


470
00:33:41,051 --> 00:33:44,395


471
00:33:44,395 --> 00:33:46,015


472
00:33:46,015 --> 00:33:48,230


473
00:33:48,230 --> 00:33:50,655


474
00:33:50,655 --> 00:33:53,340


475
00:33:53,340 --> 00:33:57,340


476
00:33:57,340 --> 00:34:01,540


477
00:34:01,540 --> 00:34:03,456


478
00:34:03,456 --> 00:34:05,636


479
00:34:05,636 --> 00:34:07,915


480
00:34:07,915 --> 00:34:13,541


481
00:34:14,113 --> 00:34:17,763


482
00:34:17,763 --> 00:34:21,763


483
00:34:22,099 --> 00:34:24,973


484
00:34:24,973 --> 00:34:27,159


485
00:34:27,159 --> 00:34:29,761


486
00:34:29,761 --> 00:34:32,830


487
00:34:32,830 --> 00:34:35,168


488
00:34:35,411 --> 00:34:38,961


489
00:34:38,961 --> 00:34:41,781


490
00:34:41,781 --> 00:34:43,522


491
00:34:43,522 --> 00:34:46,251


492
00:34:46,710 --> 00:34:49,471


493
00:34:49,802 --> 00:34:53,034


494
00:34:53,382 --> 00:34:56,665


495
00:34:56,665 --> 00:35:00,665


496
00:35:00,665 --> 00:35:03,969


497
00:35:03,969 --> 00:35:07,969


498
00:35:07,978 --> 00:35:11,238


499
00:35:11,238 --> 00:35:13,742


500
00:35:13,742 --> 00:35:17,742


501
00:35:17,742 --> 00:35:19,739


502
00:35:19,739 --> 00:35:23,369


503
00:35:23,369 --> 00:35:27,369


504
00:35:27,558 --> 00:35:30,164


505
00:35:30,164 --> 00:35:32,407


506
00:35:32,407 --> 00:35:35,523


507
00:35:35,677 --> 00:35:39,302


508
00:35:39,302 --> 00:35:43,085


509
00:35:43,085 --> 00:35:48,129


510
00:35:48,129 --> 00:35:50,309


511
00:35:50,326 --> 00:35:52,268


512
00:35:52,339 --> 00:35:55,879


513
00:35:55,879 --> 00:35:59,372


514
00:35:59,663 --> 00:36:03,070


515
00:36:03,070 --> 00:36:06,933


516
00:36:06,933 --> 00:36:10,253


517
00:36:10,253 --> 00:36:13,806


518
00:36:13,806 --> 00:36:16,826


519
00:36:16,826 --> 00:36:19,936


520
00:36:19,936 --> 00:36:21,440