[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.39,0:00:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: As we'll see in this video
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.24,0:00:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in others, the roots\Nof a lot of the current
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.10,0:00:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disagreements in the Middle East
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.62,0:00:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a lot of the conflict\Nin the Middle East
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.07,0:00:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can actually be traced\Nback to World War I.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.50,0:00:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I realize this is an\Nincredibly touchy subject
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.89,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there are people who\Nhave very strong feelings
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on either side of it and\Nmy goal here is to really
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.08,0:00:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give my best attempt at\Nwhat really happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.87,0:00:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I encourage you to doubt any of this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.10,0:00:31.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and look it up yourself and come, frankly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.25,0:00:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to your own conclusions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.81,0:00:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's rewind back to October of 1915,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.46,0:00:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 1915 in particular.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.07,0:00:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British were already\Nat war with the Ottoman's.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.05,0:00:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as a reminder of\Nsome of what happened
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.40,0:00:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1915, the Gallipoli campaign,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.13,0:00:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of 1915 it was pretty clear
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.00,0:00:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this was a disaster for the allies.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.13,0:00:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Ottoman's were able\Nto fend off the allies,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.29,0:00:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were in retreat.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.95,0:00:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British were able to\Nfend off the Ottoman's
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.40,0:00:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they tried to attack\Nthe Suez canal in 1915.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.66,0:01:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the background,\Nyou can imagine the British
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are eager to get any other allies they can
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.01,0:01:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their battle against the Ottoman's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.58,0:01:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In particular, they are\Neager to get the help
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.01,0:01:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Arab's who have been under the rule
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.40,0:01:13.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Ottoman's for hundreds of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.82,0:01:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the backdrop where you have
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.67,0:01:17.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this correspondence between\Nthe high commissioner
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.81,0:01:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Egypt, the British high commissioner,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.67,0:01:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sir Henry McMahon and the Sharif of Mecca,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.67,0:01:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hussein bin ʿAli, who\Nhad his own aspirations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.71,0:01:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to essentially be the\Nking of an independent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.56,0:01:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arab state.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.08,0:01:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They kept going back\Nand forth from mid 1915
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.60,0:01:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to early 1916 talking about\Nwhat the state could be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.56,0:01:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously the British want his support,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.07,0:01:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wants him to lead a revolt\Nagainst the Ottoman's.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.00,0:01:46.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's already articulated the boundaries
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.08,0:01:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a state that he would like to see.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.89,0:01:50.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, that gives us a context\Nfor this correspondence
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.93,0:01:52.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in October of 1915.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.82,0:01:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is from Sir Henry McMahon to Hussein.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.73,0:01:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"... it is with great pleasure\Nthat I communicate to you
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.94,0:02:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"on their behalf," the\NBritish government's behalf,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.48,0:02:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the following statement,\Nwhich I am confident
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.56,0:02:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"you will receive with satisfaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.20,0:02:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The two districts of\NMersina and Alexandretta
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.54,0:02:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and portions of Syria lying to the west
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.18,0:02:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.58,0:02:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and Aleppo cannot be\Nsaid to be purely Arab,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.33,0:02:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and should be excluded\Nfrom the limits demanded."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.91,0:02:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is referring to the limits that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.98,0:02:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hussein bin Ali had demanded
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.07,0:02:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in previous correspondence.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.75,0:02:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With the above modifications,"\Nso just that region
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.68,0:02:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right over there, this right over here is
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.57,0:02:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mersina, Alexandretta, this is Hama,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.40,0:02:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Homs, Damascus, so really\Nwhat he's referring to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.98,0:02:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this region, the west,\Nthe west of those cities
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.34,0:02:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.41,0:02:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's saying look, you\Ncan't really consider
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.07,0:02:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this to be purely Arab,\NI'm going to exclude
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.07,0:02:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this out of the boundaries\Nof this potential
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.23,0:02:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independent Arab state.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.74,0:02:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"With the above modification,\Nand without prejudice
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.20,0:02:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to our existing treaties with Arab chiefs
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.87,0:02:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"we accept those limits,"\Nwe accept those limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.94,0:02:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"As for those regions lying\Nwithin those frontiers
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.62,0:03:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"wherein Great Britain is free to act
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.39,0:03:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"without determinant to\Nthe interest of her ally,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.72,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"France," so as long as\NI'm not getting in trouble
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.71,0:03:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with France, "I'm empowered in the name of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.87,0:03:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the Government of Great\NBritain to give the following
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.80,0:03:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"assurances and make the following reply
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.96,0:03:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to your letter; Subject to\Nthe above modifications,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.74,0:03:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so taking this part out,\N"Great Britain is prepared
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.21,0:03:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"to recognize and support the independence
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.73,0:03:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of the Arabs in all the\Nregions within the limits
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.99,0:03:27.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"demanded by the Sharif of Mecca."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.53,0:03:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, essentially it\Nincluded all of this region
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.28,0:03:32.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and actually much beyond\Nwhat I'm showing here,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.71,0:03:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of present day Syria, Jordan, Iraq,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.06,0:03:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts of present day Saudi Arabia.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.66,0:03:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of that is essentially,\Nthe British are saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.70,0:03:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yeah we're going to\Nallow you to have that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.20,0:03:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an independent state there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.76,0:03:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Great Britain will\Nguarantee the Holy Places
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.68,0:03:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"against all external aggression
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.12,0:03:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and will recognize their inviolability.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.12,0:03:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"... I am convinced that\Nthis declaration will assure
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.65,0:03:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"you beyond all possible doubt,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.66,0:03:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond all possible\Ndoubt, "of the sympathy
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.59,0:04:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of Great Britain towards\Nthe aspiration of her friends
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.88,0:04:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the Arabs, and will result in a firm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and lasting alliance,\Nthe immediate results
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.28,0:04:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of which will be the\Nexpulsion of the Turks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.12,0:04:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"from the Arab countries and the freeing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.20,0:04:12.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of the Arab peoples\Nfrom the Turkish yoke,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.10,0:04:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"which for so many years\Nhas pressed heavily
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.60,0:04:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"upon them."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.26,0:04:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This actually does help\Nto convince the Arab's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.69,0:04:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to rise up against the Turks,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.46,0:04:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the Ottoman Empire,\Nthey play a significant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.80,0:04:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,role in the Palestine Campaign,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.47,0:04:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they rise up in June of 1916.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.45,0:04:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the video that I did\Non the Palestine Campaign,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.62,0:04:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got several comments\Nof people being cynical
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.35,0:04:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about Britain's intentions\Nand it does look like
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.84,0:04:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British were, indeed, cynical.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.34,0:04:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,T.E. Lawrence famous\Nfor Lawrence of Arabia
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.39,0:04:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was often depicted as\Nthis mystical fellow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.35,0:04:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this guy who had this\Nkinship with the Arab's.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.13,0:04:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His actual correspondence with the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.94,0:04:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British government actually\Ndo show that he did have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.55,0:04:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a kind of ... he was doing, I guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.10,0:04:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the words of George\NW. Bush, a little bit of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.86,0:04:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strategery, he had a more cynical view
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.22,0:05:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this relationship with the Arab's.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.92,0:05:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is some correspondence that he wrote
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.29,0:05:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in early 1916, so right\Nabout the same time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.47,0:05:08.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all of this was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.38,0:05:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This says he's referring\Nto a possible Arab revolt,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.07,0:05:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Hussein's activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.22,0:05:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hussein's activity\Nseems beneficial to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.58,0:05:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"because it matches\Nwith our immediate aims,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.56,0:05:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the break-up of the Islamic 'bloc'
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.25,0:05:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and the defeat and disruption of the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.03,0:05:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ottoman Empire."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.52,0:05:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Assuming he didn't really talk about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.97,0:05:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this being one of the\N... the British didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.02,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk about that when they\Nwere talking to Hussein.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.32,0:05:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If we can arrange that\Nthis political change
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.40,0:05:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"shall be a violent one,\Nwe will have abolished
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.04,0:05:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the threat of Islam, by\Ndividing it against itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.28,0:05:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in its very heart."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.49,0:05:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There will then be a Khalifa,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.28,0:05:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of a seat of Islam, "in Turkey
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.79,0:05:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and a Khalifa in Arabia,\Nin theological warfare."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.00,0:05:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is T.E. Lawrence, I got this from
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.75,0:05:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Golden Warrior: The Life and Legend
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.12,0:05:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Lawrence of Arabia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.93,0:05:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even this, somewhat\Nportrayed as a heroic figure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.54,0:05:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was doing things in very strategic,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.38,0:05:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strategic terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.30,0:06:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make things worse for the Arab's,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.76,0:06:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while the British were\Ntrying to convince them
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.25,0:06:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to revolt, they were also\Nin secret negotiations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.21,0:06:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the French on how they would divide
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.66,0:06:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Middle East if they were able
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.70,0:06:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to beat the Ottoman's.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.45,0:06:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At this point in the war\Nthe British were already
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.60,0:06:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making some progress in Mesopotamia,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.70,0:06:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they really hadn't really started
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.72,0:06:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Palestine Campaign right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.06,0:06:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this was all conjecture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.56,0:06:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British representatives was Sykes,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.72,0:06:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French representative was Picot,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.72,0:06:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was done with the\Nconsent of the Russian's.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.82,0:06:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have a revolution in Russia
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.24,0:06:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as of now, so in early\N1916, in May this agreement
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.57,0:06:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was concluded, this secret agreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.05,0:06:46.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the Sykes-Picot Agreement,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.22,0:06:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's secret.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.52,0:06:49.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me write that, it\Nis a secret agreement
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.05,0:06:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Britain and France\Nand essentially they are
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.40,0:06:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carving up the entire\NMiddle East between them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.72,0:06:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This blue area right here,\Nthis would be occupied
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.88,0:06:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the French, part of eastern Turkey
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.72,0:07:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or modern day eastern\NTurkey would be given
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.88,0:07:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Russian's.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.43,0:07:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The British would be able to occupy,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.24,0:07:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would occupy southern Mesopotamia
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.05,0:07:12.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially insuring protection of the oil
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.26,0:07:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is coming out of Persia.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.93,0:07:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oil is becoming more\Nand more of a relevant
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.59,0:07:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,factor in kind of global power.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.06,0:07:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you have these two protectorates
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.54,0:07:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right over here, which in theory could be
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.98,0:07:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independent or an independent Arab state,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.13,0:07:25.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or two independent Arab\Nstates under the protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.89,0:07:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me put that in quotes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.48,0:07:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because "protectorate"\Nis always not as nice
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.89,0:07:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as it sounds, under the\Nprotection of the French
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.72,0:07:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the British which means,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.95,0:07:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Hey you're an independent\Nstate, but we will
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.52,0:07:38.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"protect you in case\Nanyone wants to invade."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.30,0:07:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The reality of protectorate\Nis that it usually involves
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.67,0:07:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people doing the protecting have all
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.20,0:07:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the real power and all the real influence.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.63,0:07:49.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Sykes-Picot Agreement\Nalso give this little
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.60,0:07:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carve out to Britain so\Nthey would have access
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.10,0:07:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Mediterranean.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.51,0:07:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Palestine, or the Roman Kingdom of Judea,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.04,0:08:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is carved out as a\Nseparate international property
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.47,0:08:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that would be\Nadministered by multiple
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.55,0:08:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,states and I guess the argument would be,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.47,0:08:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is where the Holy Land's are,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.86,0:08:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multiple religions have\Nsome of their holiest sites
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.56,0:08:15.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within here and so they\Ncarved it out like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.54,0:08:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once again, this is all in secret,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.35,0:08:19.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they obviously don't want\Nthe Arab's to find out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.27,0:08:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're about\Nto convince the Arab's
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.10,0:08:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to join in a revolt against the Ottoman's.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.17,0:08:27.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, to make things ... once\Nagain, this was all secret
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.69,0:08:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to this point in 1916\Nwhen it was all agreed on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.84,0:08:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you forward to 1917 where we have
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.87,0:08:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the famous Balfour Declaration.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.67,0:08:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This right over here is\Nthe Balfour Declaration
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.07,0:08:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was essentially a letter from
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.89,0:08:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Foreign Secretary\Nof the U.K., Balfour,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.67,0:08:52.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to Lord Rothschild who was\Na leading [Briticizen] ,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.87,0:08:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a leading member of the Jewish community.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.70,0:08:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In it he writes, "Dear Lord Rothschild,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.67,0:08:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I have much pleasure in conveying to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.86,0:09:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"on behalf of His Majesty's Government,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.45,0:09:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the following declaration of sympathy
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.68,0:09:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"with Jewish Zionist\Naspirations which has been
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.79,0:09:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"submitted to, and\Napproved by, the Cabinet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.49,0:09:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"His Majesty's Government view with favor
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.42,0:09:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the establishment in\NPalestine of a national home,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.52,0:09:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a national home,\N"for the Jewish people,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.42,0:09:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and will use their best\Nendeavors to facilitate
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.41,0:09:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the achievement of this objective.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.33,0:09:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It being clearly understood\Nthat nothing shall be done
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.05,0:09:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"which may prejudice the\Ncivil and religious rights
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.72,0:09:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of existing non-Jewish\Ncommunities in Palestine,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.09,0:09:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"or the rights and political\Nstatus enjoyed by Jews
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.28,0:09:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in any other country.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.87,0:09:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I should be grateful if you would bring
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.20,0:09:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"this declaration to the knowledge of the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.83,0:09:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Zionist Federation."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.28,0:09:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Signed Artur Balfour.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.42,0:09:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In here, he's not explicitly saying ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.20,0:09:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're being very careful here,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.78,0:09:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's not saying we're supporting a state
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.50,0:09:51.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Jewish people, but he's saying
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.00,0:09:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is supporting the\Nreturn of national home
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.51,0:09:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Jewish people,\Nbut at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.01,0:09:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's saying that it\Nbeing clearly understood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.04,0:09:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that nothing shall be\Ndone which may prejudice
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.24,0:10:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the civil and religious\Nrights of the existing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.02,0:10:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-Jewish communities in Palestine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.82,0:10:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Needless to say, you\Ncan imagine that this is
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.29,0:10:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making the Arab's fairly uncomfortable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.26,0:10:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one side it seems, based on some of the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.98,0:10:14.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,McMahon-Hussein\Ncorrespondences that were ...
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.54,0:10:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially in 1915, that\Nthey were being promised
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.24,0:10:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an independent Arab state which included
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.41,0:10:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much of this territory,\Nbut at the same time,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.56,0:10:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Balfour Declaration\Nthe British were promising
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.74,0:10:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, kind of the Jewish diaspora,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.59,0:10:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they could have a homeland there
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.30,0:10:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it might one day, who\Nknows, it might one day
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.84,0:10:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turn in to some type of a state.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.53,0:10:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To make the Arab's even\Nmore uncomfortable,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.52,0:10:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was in November 2, 1917.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.27,0:10:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end of November,\Nyou have to remember
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.99,0:10:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that 1917 you first had a revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.36,0:10:46.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Russia the Czar was\Noverthrown in February
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.33,0:10:48.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in March of 1917, and October
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.75,0:10:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Bolshevik's take over.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.34,0:10:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to get out of the war,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.69,0:10:53.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't like all these secret deals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.100,0:10:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not clear that they\Nwould even get what they
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.26,0:10:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were entitled to these secret deals,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.35,0:11:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they actually release\Nall the entire text
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.43,0:11:02.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the Sykes-Picot Agreement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.69,0:11:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They released this, so in the same month
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.02,0:11:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the Arab's and the Ottoman's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.48,0:11:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the Ottoman's were\Nvery happy to see this
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.03,0:11:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it would undermine\Nthe Arab's belief
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.49,0:11:14.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in maybe supporting the allies,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.35,0:11:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in one month you have\Nthe Arab's finding out
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.90,0:11:18.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Balfour Declaration,\Nwhich was a pulbic
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.76,0:11:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,declaration and then later that month
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.44,0:11:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of the Russian release of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.86,0:11:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the formally secret Sykes-Picot Agreement,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.68,0:11:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it makes them very,\Nor at least a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.03,0:11:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more suspicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.41,0:11:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can imagine the British Empire
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.04,0:11:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to have it both\Nways, to kind of have
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.04,0:11:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,support from the Jewish Diaspora
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.26,0:11:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while at the same time have\Nsupport from the Arab's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.70,0:11:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their revolt against the Ottoman's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.60,0:11:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would lead to very significant conflicts
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.07,0:11:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the decades to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.85,0:11:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless of which side\Nof the issue you fall on,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.62,0:11:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of the seed is\Nhappening right around now,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.01,0:11:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right around World War I.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.36,0:11:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has been admitted by\Nthe British government.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.54,0:11:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is right here, this was the then
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.63,0:11:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secretary, or Foreign\NSecretary Jack Straw,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.67,0:12:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,U.K Foreign Secretary in 2002.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.69,0:12:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a statement he made to the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.83,0:12:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,News Statesman Magazine in 2002.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.10,0:12:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A lot of the problems we\Nare having to deal with now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.62,0:12:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I have to deal with now,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.36,0:12:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's the Foreign Secretary,\N"are a consequence
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.100,0:12:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"of our colonial past ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.67,0:12:16.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequence of our colonial past.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.56,0:12:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Balfour Declaration\Nand the contradictory
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.33,0:12:22.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assurances," "and the\Ncontradictory assurances
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.12,0:12:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"which were being given to Palestinian's
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.31,0:12:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"in private at the same time as they were
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.52,0:12:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"being given to the Israelis ...
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.15,0:12:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"again, an interesting history for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.60,0:12:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"but not an honorable one."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.42,0:12:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is really just the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.57,0:12:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we'll see in future\Nvideos as we go to the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.59,0:12:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interwar period, the British\Nkind of go back and forth
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.58,0:12:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this issue over, over, and over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.61,0:12:47.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but needless to say,\Nit's lead to a very messy
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.60,0:12:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,situation in the modern Middle East.