[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.27,0:00:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started teaching\Nundergraduate English courses
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.52,0:00:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the University of Puerto Rico,\NAguadilla Campus, about 20 odd years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.67,0:00:25.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I quickly became frustrated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.94,0:00:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love my job,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.20,0:00:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I was frustrated with myself,\Nand I was frustrated with my students.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.06,0:00:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it wasn't anything\Nmy students were doing wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.84,0:00:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On paper, they were learning English.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.32,0:00:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would give them tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.46,0:00:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they'd know everything about pronouns,\Nadjectives, syntax, grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.86,0:00:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You name it, they knew it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.20,0:00:47.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they could prove it\Nby passing the tests in writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.69,0:00:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, when I tried to have\Na conversation with my students,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.70,0:00:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I tried to have\Njust a casual conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.49,0:00:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would get this\Ndeer-in-the-headlights look
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.14,0:00:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like ...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.14,0:00:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.39,0:01:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they would go into what I call\N"Porky Pig Syndrome."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.19,0:01:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would go,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.19,0:01:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Imitates Porky Pig's stutter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.77,0:01:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.22,0:01:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It just wasn't working.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.10,0:01:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I was frustrated\Nbecause I said, "I can't do this."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.47,0:01:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These young men and women,\Nwhen they graduate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.62,0:01:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to go\Ninto a work environment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.86,0:01:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they are expected\Nto think at higher levels of cognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.59,0:01:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're expected to analyze,\Nto synthesize, to evaluate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.68,0:01:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they have to do it in a language\Nthat is not their first language,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.97,0:01:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.98,0:01:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I wanted them to be there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.70,0:01:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened was that I started\Nexperimenting with this and that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.72,0:01:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after a while, I developed\Na system which I think worked.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.74,0:01:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I call it "Teaching English\Nwithout teaching English."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.21,0:01:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I did was I moved away\Nfrom the grammar,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.65,0:01:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I developed a system
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.82,0:01:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which I divided the class\Ninto three stages.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.57,0:01:58.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first stage, I give\Nmy students a BS detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.59,0:02:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this BS detector
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.42,0:02:02.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.33,0:02:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a fully functional, portable\Nbut high-maintenance mental device
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.72,0:02:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they install into neurons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.69,0:02:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whenever they detect BS,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.41,0:02:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very frequently,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.49,0:02:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.91,0:02:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the alarm should go off.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.10,0:02:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"BS, BS, BS, BS."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.95,0:02:23.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.63,0:02:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.66,0:02:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the BS detector has three parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.48,0:02:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Part number one\Nis critical thinking skills.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.83,0:02:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have my students learn\Nthat whenever they read anything,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.51,0:02:35.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever they listen to a TED talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.19,0:02:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whenever they listen\Nto a debate, a conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.19,0:02:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they should ask\Na number of specific questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.76,0:02:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, Is the speaker\Nbeing specific?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.56,0:02:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People who know what they're talking about\Nusually are very specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.12,0:02:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can say who, what, where,\Nwhen, how many, how often.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.24,0:02:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, people who are -\Nhow shall I say it? - BS artists
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.53,0:03:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will run away from specificity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.92,0:03:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They will not be specific because\Nspecificity entails responsibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.93,0:03:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people are not specific,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.98,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I point out to my students\Nthat usually it's one of two reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Either they do not know\Nwhat they're talking about,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.06,0:03:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's nothing wrong there -\Nwe're all ignorant in different fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.50,0:03:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you don't know,\Nyou cannot be specific.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.97,0:03:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a human trait.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.78,0:03:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes people are not specific
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.17,0:03:30.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they don't want you to know\Nwhat they're talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.65,0:03:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now there's an ethical element\Nof betrayal there, of concealment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.06,0:03:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the first thing that they\Nneed to learn is ask specific questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.01,0:03:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the speaker comprehensive?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.66,0:03:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is she looking at\Nall the available evidence?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.84,0:03:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is the speaker looking at\Nthe burden of proof?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.38,0:03:50.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you say something,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.51,0:03:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are responsible\Nfor providing evidence for that claim.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.45,0:03:57.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they're talking\Nabout a scientific topic,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.96,0:03:59.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there replicability,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.53,0:04:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is there experimental data\Nto support that claim?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.78,0:04:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once I get that part\Nof the BS detector firmly installed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.01,0:04:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they will ask specific questions\Non whatever they read, see or hear,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.91,0:04:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I go to the second part.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.77,0:04:15.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should detect logical fallacies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.18,0:04:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And logical fallacies are mistakes\Npeople make in the reasoning process.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.80,0:04:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we all do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.91,0:04:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.19,0:04:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Spanish)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.78,0:04:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time I forget my umbrella, it rains.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.32,0:04:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you really think there's a relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.32,0:04:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the weather\Nand you forgetting your umbrella?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.70,0:04:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wouldn't that be fantastic?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.07,0:04:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because then this four-year drought\Nthey have in California -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.54,0:04:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.14,0:04:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all we have to do is get Californians\Nto forget their freaking umbrellas,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.31,0:04:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it'll rain, okay?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.46,0:04:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a non sequitur.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.06,0:04:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the name of that fallacy \Nof false cause and effect.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.49,0:04:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A happens, then B happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.95,0:04:58.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you assume that A caused B.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.83,0:05:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe, maybe not.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.71,0:05:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to check.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.19,0:05:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another logical fallacy\Nwhich is very common is ad hominems.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.19,0:05:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And ad hominems are nasty little things
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.35,0:05:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this is when\Nthe person gets personal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.10,0:05:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of attacking your arguments,\Nthe person attacks your person.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.32,0:05:17.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They attack your integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.57,0:05:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And unfortunately, political debate\Nis usually polluted by that.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.99,0:05:22.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When somebody is loosing an argument,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.94,0:05:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of sticking to the merits\Nof the arguments,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.90,0:05:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they back off,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.92,0:05:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they start\Ngetting nasty and offensive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.09,0:05:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ad hominems are terrible,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.01,0:05:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're very useful in the hands\Nof people who have no scruples.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.27,0:05:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another logical fallacy\Nthat's very popular
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.12,0:05:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is argument from authority.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.84,0:05:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This must be true
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.86,0:05:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because somebody who knows\Nmore than me says it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.41,0:05:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have my students learn
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.20,0:05:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to identify at least five or six\Nof those logical fallacies.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.86,0:05:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third part of the BS detector\NI take from Benjamin Bloom.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.34,0:06:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a wonderful scientist\Nwho started thinking about thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.90,0:06:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this guy said, "What do we do\Nwith our brains when we're thinking?"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.96,0:06:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he identified five or six skills,\Ndepending on which taxonomy you use.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.20,0:06:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for example, the basis of all learning\Nis remembering, memorization.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.62,0:06:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you need that for everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.45,0:06:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need that for everything.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.85,0:06:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, if you stay at that level\Nin which you only memorize and you repeat,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.65,0:06:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not deep thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.52,0:06:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's not deep thinking at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.28,0:06:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, you have the situation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.24,0:06:38.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you must find out\Nif the speaker is really a deep thinker.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.15,0:06:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does he know his stuff in detail,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.74,0:06:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or is he merely repeating\Nsome talking points
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.37,0:06:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somebody gave him?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.88,0:06:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, questions will help you identify
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.46,0:06:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether you're dealing\Nwith a deep thinker or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.46,0:06:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here you analyze,\Nyou synthesize, you evaluate.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.24,0:06:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's where I wanted to take my students,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.35,0:07:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but first I had to get\Nan obstacle out of the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.79,0:07:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people feel that it's wrong\Nto change your opinions, to be tentative.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.48,0:07:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And no, that is not true.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.36,0:07:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to grow as a person\Nand as a society,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.92,0:07:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to be open to change our minds\Nand change our minds constantly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.91,0:07:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as the world changes,\Nwe must change with the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.55,0:07:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to quote\NGeorge Bernard Shaw here.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.05,0:07:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He made the following observation.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.69,0:07:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He says, "Progress\Nis impossible without change,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.67,0:07:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those who cannot change their minds\Ncannot change anything."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.94,0:07:38.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I had to destroy that paradigm\Nthat you must know all the answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.78,0:07:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, you should know all the questions
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.32,0:07:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not be afraid to ask them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.60,0:07:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once they have the BS detector\Nfirmly installed,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.12,0:07:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we move to the fun part of the class.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.33,0:07:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we watch TED talks,\Nwe go into YouTube,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.75,0:07:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we read essays form the Internet\Nor from the local newspapers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.40,0:07:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we don't use textbooks.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.27,0:07:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use whatever is happening in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.95,0:08:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, this semester,\Nwe're talking about the Syrian refugees.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.07,0:08:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Four million people\Nrunning for their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.92,0:08:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are they running? Where are they?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.01,0:08:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than 1,000 have drowned\Ntrying to get from North Africa to Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.75,0:08:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's current events,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.00,0:08:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to make my students aware\Nthat this is happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.47,0:08:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we also speak about\NPuerto Rico's economic crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.20,0:08:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here we have a wonderful\Nresource: Joseph Stiglitz.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.61,0:08:33.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Joseph Stiglitz is a world-class economist\Nwho even has a Nobel Prize for economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.13,0:08:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this guy wrote a few articles\Nabout the situation we're in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.07,0:08:38.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made specific suggestions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.93,0:08:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we bring that to class,\Nwe read it, we discuss it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.46,0:08:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We compare with what local politicians\Nare saying and doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.85,0:08:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that fosters\Nan atmosphere of conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.48,0:08:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most of the students are so involved\Non what's going on in terms of content
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.46,0:08:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're not really aware\Nthat they're acquiring the language,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.69,0:09:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the central thing is, "Let's talk.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.27,0:09:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's check out what fulana wrote.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.46,0:09:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's check out what fulano said.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.56,0:09:06.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's compare notes."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.99,0:09:09.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I have two ground rules
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.40,0:09:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for this noisy, semichaotic\Nor chaotic classroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.39,0:09:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number one: ad hominems are not allowed.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.53,0:09:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Under no circumstances\Nare you to offend personally
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.64,0:09:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or attack another person's integrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.89,0:09:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You must respect everybody's freedom\Nto differ from you.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.92,0:09:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rule number one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.00,0:09:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rule number two is ideas are not people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.91,0:09:34.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ideas do not have rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.18,0:09:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if somebody says something dumb,\Nsomething that's questionable,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.46,0:09:40.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including me, the professor,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.61,0:09:44.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should feel free\Nto question that idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.40,0:09:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's not only a right that we have -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.57,0:09:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to question ideas\Nthat don't make sense to us -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.07,0:09:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's maybe an ethical responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.18,0:09:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a bad idea, if left unchecked,\Ncan do a lot of damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.61,0:10:03.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We forget, for example, that Adolf Hitler\Nwas in power for 12 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.64,0:10:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did this man\Nwho was so brutal and so evil
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.64,0:10:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get control of one of the most\Ncivilized nations of Europe?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.85,0:10:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.08,0:10:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His crazy ideas were not\Nquestioned early enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.82,0:10:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, by the time German intellectuals\Nand people who had values were aware
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.57,0:10:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this guy was taking them\Nto a world war,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.42,0:10:28.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he already controlled\Nthe nation's narrative,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.94,0:10:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he controlled basically everything:\Nthe military, the police, the media.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.60,0:10:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he just had too much power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.05,0:10:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took a world war\Nto remove Adolf Hitler from power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.62,0:10:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, when you see a bad idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.08,0:10:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially a bad idea that can hurt people\Nphysically or emotionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.95,0:10:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you may be morally obligated\Nto raise your voice and say,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.91,0:10:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Mnh-hnhmmm. That's not a good idea."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.53,0:10:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.54,0:11:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in this component\Nof interaction in the classroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.65,0:11:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once we have that out of the way,\Nwe go into the third area.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.91,0:11:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third area is reading and writing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.48,0:11:12.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And again, I have to remove\Nfrom my students the notion
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.100,0:11:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that making mistakes is somehow bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.95,0:11:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it is not.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.55,0:11:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It even has a name; \Nit's called developmental errors.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.62,0:11:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if you want to learn a language,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.82,0:11:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you must be willing\Nto make mistakes, lots of mistakes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.10,0:11:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's how you know\Nthe boundaries of linguistic rules.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.77,0:11:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I try to create an atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.44,0:11:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where my students\Nfeel completely comfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.86,0:11:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say whatever they want to say,\Nhowever they want to say it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.84,0:11:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.89,0:11:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the beginning of the semester,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.85,0:11:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I usually get two\Nor three students that'll say,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.11,0:11:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Profe, a mí el inglés no me entra."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.60,0:11:49.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I mean, I just can't deal with English."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.76,0:11:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these same students -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.47,0:11:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we're in the heat of the debate,\Nof the conversation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.57,0:11:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want to take part\Nin the conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.61,0:12:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then they start leaning to the left\Nand leaning to the right,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.42,0:12:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they ask the magic word,\N(Spanish) "How do you say ...?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.58,0:12:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.36,0:12:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then when they say,\N(Spanish) "How do you say?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.75,0:12:13.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other student says,\N(Spanish) "Like this,"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.90,0:12:18.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then there's peer tutoring,\Nand it's happening spontaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.64,0:12:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't even have to wait\Nfor these kids to raise their hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.56,0:12:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I saw what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.22,0:12:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They look at me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.23,0:12:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we have eye contact,\NI say, "Julio, what do you think?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.44,0:12:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Julio starts speaking in English.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.09,0:12:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he goes into a little bit\Nof Porky Pig Syndrome sometimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.23,0:12:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.25,0:12:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He starts going,\N(Imitates Porky Pig's stutter).
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.50,0:12:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.58,0:12:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he goes there,\Nwhen he gets the Porky Pig Syndrome,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.46,0:12:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes he feels a little embarrassed,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.38,0:12:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I say, "No, no, no. Go on."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.96,0:12:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he says, (Spanish)\N"Can I say something in Spanish?"
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.82,0:12:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Of course. You want to use Spanglish?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.79,0:12:56.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Use Spanglish. Tell us what you think."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.10,0:12:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they realize\Nthat they can make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.18,0:13:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And nobody is going to judge them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.20,0:13:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody is going to grade them worse.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.22,0:13:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is part of the language\Nacquisition process.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.67,0:13:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, there's something interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.67,0:13:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before I adopted this method,\NI felt a little awkward.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.12,0:13:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like, for example, trying\Nto have somebody understand
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.53,0:13:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a special plate,\Na special food tastes like.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.55,0:13:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you describe the food.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.23,0:13:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You say, "Oh, my God.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.26,0:13:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tastes like this,\Nand it smells like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.73,0:13:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the texture is like this."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.55,0:13:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And can you really share the experience\Nof good food like that?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.20,0:13:39.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somehow it doesn't work.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.46,0:13:43.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, now you say, "OK. I want you\Nto get a good cookbook
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.00,0:13:45.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and memorize the recipe."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.66,0:13:48.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And will that do the trick?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.83,0:13:50.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, no, it won't.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.10,0:13:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way of experiencing\Nwhat good food is like, how it smells,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.73,0:13:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the texture, the taste
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.16,0:14:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.18,0:14:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to take my students\Nto the point where they understand
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.35,0:14:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that language is a wonderful -\Nit's a living thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.49,0:14:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's no way\Nyou can learn a language
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.66,0:14:12.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by simply memorizing rules,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.77,0:14:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by concentrating only on grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.75,0:14:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once these students are comfortable\Nwith making mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.66,0:14:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the exchange in the classroom\Nbecomes so much more dynamic.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.12,0:14:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, when we get\Nto the writing process,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.43,0:14:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we go to the part\Nwhere we say, "OK, let's write."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.63,0:14:32.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again, form is secondary to content.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.97,0:14:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want them to get their ideas,\Nto get the evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.41,0:14:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get their feelings on paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.60,0:14:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once they do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.22,0:14:45.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they go into stage number two\Nwhich is, "Let's correct the paper."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.66,0:14:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So at first, you focus\Non content, not form,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.32,0:14:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then you focus on form, not content.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.65,0:14:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where you correct\Nall the grammatical mistakes
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.06,0:15:01.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you look at the mechanics\Nof the language, so to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.87,0:15:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they write summary-reaction papers
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.52,0:15:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they concentrate\Non one thing at first,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.21,0:15:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they worry about the form\Nof the language later.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.13,0:15:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I always stress\Ncontent is more important than form.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.10,0:15:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll prove it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.60,0:15:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take Stephen King,\Nor you take Isabel Allende.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.20,0:15:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are world-class writers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.18,0:15:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, these people,\Nwhen they write their manuscripts,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.73,0:15:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they send them to the editorials.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.31,0:15:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of Stephen King, Viking Press.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.84,0:15:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in Viking Press,\Nthey have a professional nerd.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.03,0:15:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.16,0:15:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this professional nerd is going\Nto go through Stephen King's manuscript,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:40.77,0:15:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is going to make\Nall the corrections that are needed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.72,0:15:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, who has the fame and fortune?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.38,0:15:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's Stephen King.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.63,0:15:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not the expert on grammar.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.66,0:15:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can learn grammar from a machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.06,0:15:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can have somebody\Nproofread your paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.09,0:15:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you cannot fake content.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.46,0:16:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You cannot fake the passion\Nand the suspense
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.22,0:16:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that goes into a good short story\Nor a fantastic novel.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.60,0:16:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my goal is for my students\Nto understand a number of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.80,0:16:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Learning is a painful process.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.36,0:16:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have all these narratives\Nthat society gives you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.16,0:16:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody around the world\Nhas narratives.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.33,0:16:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these narratives dictate\Nhow we feel about things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.81,0:16:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes, these\Nnarratives can be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.70,0:16:27.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's where we get\Ncognitive dissonance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.98,0:16:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And cognitive dissonance basically says,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.20,0:16:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Oh, my God. I can't believe that -\Nwhat you just said."
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.20,0:16:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now you have to make up your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.52,0:16:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are you rejecting that new idea?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:37.76,0:16:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's wrong or because you have\Na predisposition against that?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.16,0:16:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you have to explore your narratives,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.27,0:16:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at whatever is causing\Nthe cognitive dissonance
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.95,0:16:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then form your opinion,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.88,0:16:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an opinion based on reason,\Non critical thinking, not on prejudice.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.30,0:16:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, hopefully at the end of the semester,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.52,0:16:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my students will take\Na few things with them.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.38,0:17:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want them to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.94,0:17:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's nothing wrong\Nwith asking questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.35,0:17:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should be intense question-askers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.93,0:17:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They should resurrect\Nthe little boy or the little girl
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.50,0:17:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was a three-year-old
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.69,0:17:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was driving mommy crazy or daddy,\N(Spanish) "But why? Why? Why?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.95,0:17:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, "Shut up. Don't ask\Nso many questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.71,0:17:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Spanish) Children should be seen and ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.77,0:17:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know the rest.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.04,0:17:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.88,0:17:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we beat the curiosity\Nout of our students,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.10,0:17:33.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by sixth grade,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.14,0:17:36.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will not ask a question\Nif their life depended on it.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.21,0:17:40.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my job, I believe, is to resurrect\Nthat little kid, that little girl
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.27,0:17:42.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "You know something?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.05,0:17:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask questions constantly,\Neven dumb questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.81,0:17:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ask them."
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.95,0:17:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you should fear\Nnot the people who ask questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.86,0:17:54.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should fear the people\Nwho fear questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:54.62,0:17:58.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because growth and maturity,\Nand all things in life
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.69,0:18:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come from our ability to say,\N(Spanish) "Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.67,0:18:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should I believe that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.60,0:18:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People that are smart,\Nthat are competent, that are ethical
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.37,0:18:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not afraid of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.02,0:18:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes you just\Ncan't get them to shut up
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.48,0:18:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're so passionate\Nabout what you're talking about
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.41,0:18:14.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or what they believe
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.60,0:18:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they will just flood you\Nwith information.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.24,0:18:20.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what I think\Nwe should concentrate on.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.95,0:18:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to close this talk\Nwith this thought:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.75,0:18:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I believe my job as an educator
Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.82,0:18:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to open as many doors\Nas I can for my students
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.72,0:18:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while allowing them the freedom to decide
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.75,0:18:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if and when they want to cross\Nthe threshold of any of these doors."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:41.71,0:18:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want my students to learn how to cook,\Nnot to learn how to read a book.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.18,0:18:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how I teach English\Nwithout teaching English.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.66,0:18:53.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.69,0:18:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause) (Cheers)