[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.49,0:00:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank you very much well thank you for
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.63,0:00:22.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming out on a wet and travel
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.70,0:00:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interrupted evening I got on a train at
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.88,0:00:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fabricon I was told it was going to go
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.67,0:00:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slow took of the danger of floods and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.64,0:00:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought I wouldn't get here but here I
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.78,0:00:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,am and what I want to tell you this
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.78,0:00:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evening is a story of two narratives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.44,0:00:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about childhood once progressive and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.73,0:00:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,positive and the others depressing and
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.60,0:00:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negative in 1942 the poet in SCS Sylvia
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.30,0:00:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lind admitted that year that we have our
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.78,0:00:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,temporary misfortunes but he was
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.57,0:01:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confident that the story of English
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.12,0:01:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children is a story that moves towards a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.66,0:01:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy ending try saying that in 2014 no
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.49,0:01:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one now imagines that the story of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.44,0:01:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,English children is moving towards a
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.99,0:01:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy ending news reporting of the state
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.99,0:01:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of childhood is almost uniformly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.39,0:01:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negative children we know we learn our
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.84,0:01:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,obese children suffer high rates of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.35,0:01:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,self-harming and mental illness children
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.29,0:01:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are described as couch potatoes slumped
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.72,0:01:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in front of screens children suffer from
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.93,0:01:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.49,0:01:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children are materialistic hooked on
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.53,0:01:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consumerism an alarming number of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.17,0:01:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children's need to be autistic or to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.45,0:01:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffer from dyslexia and since the 1970s
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.53,0:01:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so research shows the world which
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.02,0:02:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children explore on their own has shrunk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.93,0:02:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a factor of nine this is not a purely
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.82,0:02:07.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British phenomenon but according to what
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.31,0:02:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we read it's worse in Britain than
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.34,0:02:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anywhere else when in 2007 UNICEF did a
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.87,0:02:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survey of children in 21 advanced
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.35,0:02:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economies you probably know where the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.93,0:02:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,united kingdom came 21st
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.04,0:02:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and things don't seem to be getting
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.68,0:02:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better there was a report last year
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.74,0:02:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that three-quarters of German
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.86,0:02:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,junior school children were allowed to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.23,0:02:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,travel home from school alone only one
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.71,0:02:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quarter or British children in 2006 sue
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.65,0:02:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Palmer published the book called toxic
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.99,0:02:52.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood our children's he argued are
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.32,0:02:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being poisoned not only by the food they
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.10,0:02:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eat and the drink they drink but also by
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.28,0:03:00.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the messages they receive and that
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.71,0:03:06.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,invite them into a world of consumption
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.92,0:03:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sexualisation so here are the two
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.11,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narratives I want to show how and why
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.40,0:03:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sylvia Lynde was so optimistic in 1942
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.12,0:03:24.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how that optimism survived for another
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.60,0:03:28.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,30 years or so after 1942 but then
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.97,0:03:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collapsed in the early 1970s to be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.55,0:03:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,succeeded by the negative narrative and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.35,0:03:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to suggest that the power of
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.03,0:03:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these narratives is such that they form
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.55,0:03:43.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a framework within which we fit
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.46,0:03:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything we hear about children and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.33,0:03:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood further that we go out to look
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.67,0:03:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for facts which will reinforce the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.94,0:03:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative so let me start with the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.70,0:03:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progressive narrative it's shaped as a
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.26,0:04:04.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romance that most basic of human stories
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.66,0:04:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it starts in the olden times once upon a
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.40,0:04:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time a historically unspecific period
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.03,0:04:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when children like adults lived in the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.43,0:04:15.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countryside help their parents around
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.19,0:04:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the house in the garden on the farm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.19,0:04:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gradually taking on more responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.57,0:04:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roles as they grew older there was no
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.60,0:04:26.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,great sentimentality about children life
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.57,0:04:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was too hard and demanding for that they
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.87,0:04:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were treated so the story claimed as
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.41,0:04:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little adults though that phrase i think
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.32,0:04:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an imposition
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.85,0:04:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earlier centuries by the 19th century
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.16,0:04:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neither families nor society were
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.34,0:04:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child-oriented the life course was
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.24,0:04:57.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pictured as a triangle you started at
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.61,0:05:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the base of the triangle was a baby
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.31,0:05:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,climbed up to the height in middle age
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.70,0:05:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then began the descent downwards
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.46,0:05:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their childhood a Shakespeare described
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.75,0:05:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it consisted of the infant mewling and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.68,0:05:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,puking and of the whining schoolboy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.15,0:05:28.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going unwillingly to school the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.94,0:05:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood years were not as they were to
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.37,0:05:35.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become the best years of life this world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.11,0:05:38.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicted as stable and hardly changing
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.75,0:05:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was according to the narrative disrupted
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.69,0:05:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by two forces that came to prominence in
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.94,0:05:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the late 18th century the first was
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.09,0:05:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romanticism and the second was the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.82,0:05:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial Revolution if we look a
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.15,0:05:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little bit before romanticism took hold
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.64,0:05:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we could argue until the late
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.28,0:06:01.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18th century there were two main modes
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.07,0:06:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of child-rearing the first strongest
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.91,0:06:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amongst Puritans saw the baby is born in
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.73,0:06:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sin the task of parenting was to bring
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.33,0:06:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the child to a consciousness of sin and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.24,0:06:16.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the means of salvation this was not
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.90,0:06:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something that could be left to chance
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.79,0:06:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or time children's lives were fragile
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.25,0:06:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,isaac watts in 1715 in his divine songs
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.98,0:06:33.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attempted in easy language for the use
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.75,0:06:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children taught children to sing this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.08,0:06:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might just might try and imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.94,0:06:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yourself aged about six singing this
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.65,0:06:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is an hour when I must die nor do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.08,0:06:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know how
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.97,0:06:49.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sunt will come a thousand children young
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.03,0:06:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as I are called by death to hear their
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.15,0:06:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doom the second mode of child rearing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.55,0:07:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strongly influenced by john locke's 1693
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.55,0:07:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some thoughts concerning education place
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.46,0:07:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emphasis on instilling in two
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.20,0:07:06.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children habits and thoughts that work
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.42,0:07:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,induced to the emergence of rational
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.49,0:07:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adults education as far as possible was
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.100,0:07:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be made enjoyable but all to the end
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.76,0:07:19.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of producing the desired adult
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.68,0:07:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romanticism in this context was I think
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.63,0:07:25.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolutionary the child moved center
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.05,0:07:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stage and was far from being painted
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.63,0:07:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with original sin or as in the Lockean
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.51,0:07:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,view a mere blank slate TIG Blake's
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.26,0:07:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blake's songs of innocence he has a two
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.77,0:07:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,day old child talking to his mother I
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.87,0:07:48.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have no I there no name I am but two
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.41,0:07:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days old what shall I call thee I happy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.73,0:07:57.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,am joy is my name sweet joy before thee
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.42,0:07:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now that may sound very obvious and
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.64,0:08:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simple but it is actually I think a
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.29,0:08:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,totally new way of looking at childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.10,0:08:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it had it that is not a very good
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.01,0:08:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reproduction of a famous picture the age
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.99,0:08:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of innocence by Joshua Reynolds but this
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.66,0:08:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the template from then onwards
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.76,0:08:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for how you would depict children
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.25,0:08:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children sitting amidst nature in the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.04,0:08:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,country innocent Wordsworth in his
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.89,0:08:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enormous Lorraine influential but
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.86,0:08:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,curiously titled Oh Don intimations of
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.77,0:08:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,immortality from recollections of early
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.23,0:08:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood claimed in a phrase which came
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.89,0:08:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much mocked later but claimed that
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.20,0:08:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,babies came trailing clouds of glory
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.49,0:08:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from God with our home children will now
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.57,0:08:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,messengers from God imbued with a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.96,0:08:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sensitivity to nature and an in
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.20,0:09:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on morality they could teach adults how
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.89,0:09:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live a good childhood became the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.10,0:09:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,foundation block for later life but
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.65,0:09:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing up in this perspective was a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.56,0:09:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,process of loss childhood was now seen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.73,0:09:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the best time of life the life course
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.97,0:09:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereafter downhill childhood they
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.28,0:09:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reiterated again and again should be
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.80,0:09:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy is an indication of how pervasive
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.86,0:09:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the influence of Romanticism was that in
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.83,0:09:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 1840s Thomas Guthrie a Scottish
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.80,0:09:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evangelical minister forgetting about
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.26,0:09:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,original sin could proclaim that God
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.44,0:09:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made childhood to be happy and what was
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.57,0:09:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the kind of trigger for him saying that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.27,0:09:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was watching children at play in the
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.51,0:09:50.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grassmarket in Edinburgh which was a
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.19,0:09:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extremely poor part of Edinburgh at that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.68,0:09:56.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time now the other big impact the late
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.94,0:09:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18th century was the Industrial
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.11,0:10:02.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolution which itself became
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.38,0:10:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with the exploitation of
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.20,0:10:09.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child labor in factories and mines as
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.64,0:10:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jael and Barbara Hammond put it in the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.22,0:10:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,town labourer 1917 I don't think it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.01,0:10:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would have been at all controversial
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.18,0:10:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they wrote it during the first
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.40,0:10:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phase of the Industrial Revolution the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.40,0:10:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,employment of children on a vast scale
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.03,0:10:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became the most important social feature
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.19,0:10:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of English life child labor was came to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.80,0:10:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be seen as a denial of childhood as the
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.04,0:10:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romantics imagined it Coleridge for
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.41,0:10:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,example took a leading role in trying to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.78,0:10:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end it and we need to sort to get us a
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.08,0:10:46.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sense of how revolutionary in my view
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.75,0:10:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was to look back to what people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.18,0:10:52.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were saying in the late 17th early 18th
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.52,0:10:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century John Locke had war had wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.51,0:10:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all children above three whose families
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.56,0:11:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sought relief from the parish to be sent
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.32,0:11:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a working to school a school where
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.42,0:11:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would work too
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.65,0:11:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,keep Daniel Defoe rejoiced in reports of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.42,0:11:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children of four or five earning their
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.54,0:11:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own keep in the textile trades
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.49,0:11:18.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,romanticism in combination with evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.90,0:11:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children's working conditions in the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.67,0:11:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial Revolution killed such
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.13,0:11:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notions by the 1830s samuel roberts a
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.21,0:11:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading campaigner against the use of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.100,0:11:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boys to clean chimneys was describing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.15,0:11:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how ever a toiling child death make us
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.65,0:11:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sad such children it was said were
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.49,0:11:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children without childhood childhood now
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.42,0:11:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,painted in romantic colors for Sylvia
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.48,0:11:53.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lind in 1942 the story of the industrial
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.65,0:11:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,age is the story of the martyrdom of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.43,0:12:00.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children if the progressive story of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.74,0:12:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood is a romance the Industrial
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.01,0:12:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Revolution was the crisis but a romance
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.07,0:12:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to have a happy ending fortunately
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.79,0:12:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for both nation and children rescue was
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.32,0:12:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at hand in the story as it was
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.02,0:12:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constructed in the second half of the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.40,0:12:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,19th century philanthropists Lord Ashley
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.19,0:12:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most prominent took up the cause of the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.25,0:12:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children in mines and factories he was
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.07,0:12:34.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biography of 19 26 foot it our
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.57,0:12:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British Abraham Lincoln the Emancipator
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.90,0:12:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of industrial England or in another
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.75,0:12:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phrase the Moses who led the children of
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.59,0:12:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bondage into their Promised Land the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.62,0:12:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Promised Land was in one since childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.18,0:12:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more mundane Lee it was school Ashley's
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.68,0:13:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concern stretched beyond working
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.84,0:13:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children he took up the cause of stewed
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.63,0:13:05.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children who were at the forefront of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.73,0:13:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public attention in the mid-nineteenth
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.32,0:13:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century here to school was seen as the
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.08,0:13:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remedy first in the ragged schools
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.18,0:13:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pioneered in the 1840s and then in a
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.06,0:13:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spread of compulsory
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.21,0:13:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,schooling in a late 19th century and
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.75,0:13:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,again we have numerous pictures of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.32,0:13:28.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,street children and a street life and of
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.05,0:13:29.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here is the rescue in operations feel
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.19,0:13:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like these are the one of Barnardo's
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.83,0:13:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faked before and after photos which he
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.44,0:13:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used the John raise money even dress up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.90,0:13:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,please you would finally still do it
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.49,0:13:40.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that that wasn't pretty miserable
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.51,0:13:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circumstances but he had a special model
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.49,0:13:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,clothing for them and he made them look
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.83,0:13:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thoroughly miserable here he is age 14
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.35,0:13:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,photographed before and after and he'd
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.17,0:13:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been rescued in the story of the rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.58,0:13:57.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was one further element the rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.92,0:14:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children from neglect mistreatment
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.44,0:14:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and abuse by adults here the NSPCC
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.15,0:14:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,founded in 1889 was seen as playing the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.85,0:14:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,crucial role the NSPCC was supremely
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.75,0:14:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,successful in constructing a version of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.42,0:14:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history in which children enjoyed no
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.85,0:14:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protection under law and it itself until
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.85,0:14:21.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it itself provided such protection
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.34,0:14:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government in harness with
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.05,0:14:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,philanthropists played a crucial role in
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.36,0:14:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rescue of children it passed factory
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.84,0:14:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apps and education acts and what were
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.36,0:14:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called children's charters is set up
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.11,0:14:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspectorate's arnold toynbee who was an
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.89,0:14:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspirational figure in setting up the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.86,0:14:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,notion of the Industrial Revolution as a
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.99,0:14:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social crisis tremble to think what this
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.19,0:14:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,country would have been but for the
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.59,0:15:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,factory acts romanticism impact and
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.25,0:15:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resonance I think left three lasting
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.59,0:15:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legacies first childhood as the best
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.69,0:15:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time of life should be prolonged the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.14,0:15:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,raising of the school leaving age was
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.03,0:15:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most influential way of doing this
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.34,0:15:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting at ten in 1818 now 18 second
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.93,0:15:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children and adults should as far as
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.45,0:15:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possible inhabit inhabit separate realms
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.26,0:15:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the adult world defined as dangerous for
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.59,0:15:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children special spaces should be
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.23,0:15:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,created for children schools playgrounds
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.99,0:15:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and adult spaces such as pubs denied
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.86,0:15:48.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them and third romanticism provided a
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.08,0:15:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,story a narrative of things getting
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.71,0:15:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better and we can see that narrative in
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.50,0:15:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place with the reflections on childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.02,0:16:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,offered on the occasion of Queen
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.33,0:16:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897 the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.29,0:16:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,end of the century and then queen with
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.84,0:16:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Queen Victoria's death the romance was
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.44,0:16:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now complete children had gone through
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.04,0:16:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crisis of the Industrial Revolution
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.78,0:16:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and been rescued for childhood the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.26,0:16:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nation could congratulate itself in 1897
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.05,0:16:26.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,w clark hall a barrister who worked with
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.06,0:16:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NSPCC described how when Victoria
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.99,0:16:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came to the throne the great juggernaut
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.50,0:16:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,car of unscrupulous commercialism
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.19,0:16:40.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,private greed and domestic inhumanity
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.68,0:16:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rolled upon its way with Nanda hinder
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.09,0:16:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tracing our way back down the dim
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.59,0:16:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avenues of the years we see the white
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.81,0:16:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and moldering bones of the child victims
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.78,0:16:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is cruel wheels have crushed but
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.58,0:17:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the juggernaut and now in 1897 been
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.26,0:17:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,halted year by year the number of his
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.86,0:17:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,victims become more few the shouts of
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.34,0:17:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the happy rescue children more loud and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.73,0:17:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more glad happy children themselves led
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.80,0:17:18.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story in the elementary schools they
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.59,0:17:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sang a song entitled o happy English
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.83,0:17:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children I found evidence of it both in
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.14,0:17:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Durham and in Kent but haven't been able
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.70,0:17:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find the words you can set yourself a
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.43,0:17:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,task of trying to imagine them if you
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.29,0:17:33.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the rest of this talk here is how the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.22,0:17:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scottish Society for the Prevention of
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.23,0:17:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cruelty to Children told the story it
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.81,0:17:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes from sicky sparrows the magazine
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.35,0:17:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the junior branch the League of pity
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.81,0:17:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sixty years ago when Victoria came to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.34,0:17:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the throne the children of a nation were
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.96,0:17:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in thousands of instances being done to
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.27,0:17:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death morally and physically in wretched
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.39,0:17:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,homes in which they slowly pined and
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.61,0:18:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starved to death in factories closely
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.70,0:18:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confined and set to watching the droning
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.25,0:18:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,turning wheels until released sick and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.55,0:18:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,faint at night they crept wearily home
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.77,0:18:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with no heart to rejoice in their
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.69,0:18:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood no thought but to rest and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.39,0:18:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were still down in the dark mines
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.03,0:18:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,underground little helpless naked
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.12,0:18:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children toiled in the coal pits think
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.30,0:18:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what that must have been new children
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.28,0:18:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who loved the bright sunshine and the
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.53,0:18:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,green fields but the rescue happened and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.85,0:18:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was ongoing since the Queen's accessions
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.21,0:18:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,city's barrows went on a hundred and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.36,0:18:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seven acts of parliament have been
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.37,0:18:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,passed relating to child life and child
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.28,0:18:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffering and now you happy children
Dialogue: 0,0:18:43.82,0:18:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout the length and breadth of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.13,0:18:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scotland we would appeal to you to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.26,0:18:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commemorate the glorious 60 years of our
Dialogue: 0,0:18:50.99,0:18:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,queen by joining the league of pity and
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.63,0:18:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so helping to carry on the work for
Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.27,0:19:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffering children she has done so much
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.12,0:19:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to further and we can see again in the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.81,0:19:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picturing of children the rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.85,0:19:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieved this is kate greenaway sillas
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.63,0:19:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tration of hark hark the dogs do bark
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.50,0:19:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the beggars have come to town it's set
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.39,0:19:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,curiously in the countryside there's no
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.55,0:19:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,town there there's a farmhouse and the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.40,0:19:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beggars us of disappearing into into the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.92,0:19:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,background up in the foreground the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.34,0:19:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child safely protected by
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.35,0:19:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a gate and a dog this is how
Dialogue: 0,0:19:39.07,0:19:46.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood should be enclosed and safe
Dialogue: 0,0:19:42.24,0:19:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a garden and here is a picture I
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.99,0:19:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take more or less a random from a book I
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.72,0:19:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,picked up a few years ago called
Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.95,0:19:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children in art which is one of those
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.66,0:19:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,books like you have them post cards you
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.79,0:20:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can pull out about 50 of them nearly all
Dialogue: 0,0:19:57.49,0:20:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 of them for something like this of a
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.69,0:20:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child sitting in nature surrounded
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.48,0:20:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carefully by animals and this is I think
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.30,0:20:15.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the amount 19 tens or early
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.00,0:20:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twenties so the story is established I
Dialogue: 0,0:20:15.13,0:20:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think by the turn of 19th 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.98,0:20:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was no significant threat to
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.32,0:20:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it in the first half of the 20th century
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.35,0:20:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather it became embedded in 1903 the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.80,0:20:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,author of a standard textbook h2b
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.41,0:20:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gibbons summarized his account in the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:32.02,0:20:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words only think of the triumph that
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.80,0:20:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been won in this generation for the
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.38,0:20:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children of england won for the century
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.23,0:20:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2004 and imagine yourself saying that in
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.92,0:20:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the interwar years the journalists and
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.14,0:20:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffragist evilyn sharp described how
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.72,0:21:02.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a young girl in the 1880s sorry she
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.14,0:21:04.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had no idea that she stood at the dawn
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.26,0:21:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a new age that was going to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.75,0:21:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revolutionize all childhood and had done
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.14,0:21:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she thought and for the better in
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.26,0:21:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1813 1930 said George Newman chief
Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.37,0:21:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,medical officer in the Ministry of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.93,0:21:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Health lecturing to the shafts with
Dialogue: 0,0:21:19.54,0:21:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,society a society to commemorate
Dialogue: 0,0:21:22.03,0:21:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ashley's work could rejoice the one of
Dialogue: 0,0:21:25.54,0:21:32.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the darkest chapters of our social
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.82,0:21:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history was over the long and shameful
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.41,0:21:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,story of cruelty and oppression is ended
Dialogue: 0,0:21:36.15,0:21:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children it was frequently said had a
Dialogue: 0,0:21:38.77,0:21:44.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right to health and happiness and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.17,0:21:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,increasingly they enjoyed both Sylvia
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.29,0:21:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lind celebrated at achievement in
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.89,0:21:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,42 drew gress was not confined to
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.24,0:21:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain the principle behind factory
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.88,0:21:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,legislation claimed Sydney web in 1910
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.73,0:22:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has spread to every industrial community
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.67,0:22:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the old world and the new in the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.33,0:22:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1830s people across the world look to
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.61,0:22:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain in horror at his use of child
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.04,0:22:17.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labour it had an unenviable not arathi
Dialogue: 0,0:22:14.55,0:22:21.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shared only by belgium by the early 20th
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.85,0:22:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century it was priding itself on setting
Dialogue: 0,0:22:21.27,0:22:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the path of progress and a narrative
Dialogue: 0,0:22:24.54,0:22:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kept going I think just about into the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.60,0:22:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1970s in both national and international
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.74,0:22:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level I'll just give you three markers
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.40,0:22:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1973 two very was well-respected
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.70,0:22:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,historians Ivy Pinchbeck and Margaret
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.95,0:22:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hewitt published the second of two
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.20,0:22:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,volumes on children in English society
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.21,0:22:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their second volume started in the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:47.49,0:22:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18th century and they opened with a
Dialogue: 0,0:22:49.86,0:22:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chapter entitled childhood without
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.92,0:22:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rights and protection children in the
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.88,0:23:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,18th century described as being little
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.73,0:23:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adults they end the volume in triumph
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.24,0:23:14.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the children act of 1948 it's a
Dialogue: 0,0:23:07.02,0:23:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,story of progress that was 1973 1974
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.66,0:23:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lloyd the modes were crossing the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.80,0:23:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atlantic here in America edited a
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.36,0:23:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,influential book called the history of
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.80,0:23:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood and he argued that child
Dialogue: 0,0:23:27.81,0:23:32.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parent-child relations had gone through
Dialogue: 0,0:23:29.97,0:23:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,six stages over time these ones I got at
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.94,0:23:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bottom here the Infanta sidle mode
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.51,0:23:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of child rearing was the first the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.64,0:23:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abandonment you just leave your child
Dialogue: 0,0:23:41.37,0:23:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out to die the ambivalent the intrusive
Dialogue: 0,0:23:44.43,0:23:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the socialization is getting better and
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.22,0:23:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finally in the mid 20th century the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.44,0:23:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helping mode and what he's arguing is
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.78,0:23:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that somehow parents of
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.12,0:23:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got to a stage when they can actually
Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.65,0:24:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand their children can help them
Dialogue: 0,0:23:57.84,0:24:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he starts with this famous or
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.47,0:24:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infamous statement hits the further back
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.69,0:24:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in history one goes that lower the level
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.21,0:24:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of childcare the more likely children
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.100,0:24:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are to be killed abandoned beaten
Dialogue: 0,0:24:11.70,0:24:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrorized and sexually abused there's
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.98,0:24:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still optimism and in 1973 also at the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:20.82,0:24:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world level the International Labour
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.86,0:24:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organization passed its minimum wage
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.62,0:24:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convention setting 15 as the age below
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.24,0:24:38.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which no child should work very soon
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.55,0:24:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that began to look not only not
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.67,0:24:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achievable but perhaps also something
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.19,0:24:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would not be desirable to
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.32,0:24:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieve that you might in some
Dialogue: 0,0:24:44.70,0:24:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,circumstances be happy to see children
Dialogue: 0,0:24:47.28,0:24:56.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,below 15 working so what happened in the
Dialogue: 0,0:24:51.96,0:24:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1970s and 80s or 1974 saw the first
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.100,0:25:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sustained attack on the story and what
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.16,0:25:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it implied for children John halts book
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.98,0:25:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,escaped from childhood childhood said
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.79,0:25:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,halt was portrayed it childhood pub for
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.93,0:25:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Holt was portrayed as an institution a
Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.42,0:25:17.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind of prison with powers to lock the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.72,0:25:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young into 18 years or more of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.55,0:25:22.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subservience e independence and make of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:20.25,0:25:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them a mixture of expensive nuisance
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.65,0:25:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fragile treasure slave and superpet
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.24,0:25:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood he said goes on far too long
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.02,0:25:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is both new and bad about modern
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.60,0:25:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood is that childhood are so cut
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.45,0:25:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,off from the adult world this was the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:40.89,0:25:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first frontal assault on the image of
Dialogue: 0,0:25:43.44,0:25:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood that had been built up in the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:45.57,0:25:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,19th in the first three quarters of the
Dialogue: 0,0:25:47.58,0:25:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20th century but it would be naive I
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.81,0:25:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think to place too much emphasis on
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.61,0:25:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haltingly short-lived movements for
Dialogue: 0,0:25:55.92,0:26:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child liberation which was some extent
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.23,0:26:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inspired by him larger factors were
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.86,0:26:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involved in the dismantling of the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:03.87,0:26:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progressive narrative narrative and its
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.66,0:26:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,replacement
Dialogue: 0,0:26:07.74,0:26:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the one we know today and at route
Dialogue: 0,0:26:10.65,0:26:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had little directly to do with
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.71,0:26:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood the oil crisis of 1973 seems
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.47,0:26:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to me the great turning point in the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:22.44,0:26:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history of the post-war world in the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:24.78,0:26:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,West the moment when optimism about the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:28.71,0:26:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,future shriveled it opened the way to
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.28,0:26:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what initially was called the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.99,0:26:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaganomics what has come to be called
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.50,0:26:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neoliberalism the belief in the justice
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.63,0:26:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and virtue of the market and the
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.88,0:26:49.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demonization of welfare states as a drag
Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.82,0:26:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on economic progress and the impact of
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.11,0:26:55.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these developments on children was
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.63,0:26:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dramatic in Britain in the 1980s and 90s
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.53,0:27:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the proportion of children living in
Dialogue: 0,0:26:57.99,0:27:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poverty rose from one in ten to one in
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.31,0:27:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three a statistic that led easily into a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.63,0:27:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negative narrative that things are
Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.58,0:27:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting worse in the developing world
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.55,0:27:17.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also in the developed world child
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.13,0:27:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labor began to increase the facts began
Dialogue: 0,0:27:17.22,0:27:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to impinge on world consciousness
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.05,0:27:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the pamphlets published by the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:20.52,0:27:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anti-slavery society between nineteen
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.07,0:27:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seventy eight and nineteen eighty eight
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.72,0:27:29.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there was also work beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:27:26.79,0:27:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at the extent of child labor in
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.01,0:27:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain in the developed world the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.15,0:27:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transition from childhood to adulthood
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.54,0:27:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in the late sixties and early
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.98,0:27:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seventies have become concentrated in a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:40.20,0:27:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,few short years in the late teens and
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.18,0:27:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,early twenties now stretched out over a
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.45,0:27:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decade or more this was largely due to
Dialogue: 0,0:27:48.36,0:27:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,youth unemployment which has dogged the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.66,0:27:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western world ever since we can see the
Dialogue: 0,0:27:55.71,0:28:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collapse of the old confidence about
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.51,0:28:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quant constituted the proper childhood
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.09,0:28:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about the direction in which society
Dialogue: 0,0:28:02.22,0:28:09.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was moving taking shape from the early
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.33,0:28:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1980s and the keynote was now not
Dialogue: 0,0:28:09.33,0:28:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,optimism but anxiety within 10 years of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.94,0:28:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John Holt's demand for an escape from
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.76,0:28:24.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood Neil postman
Dialogue: 0,0:28:20.55,0:28:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1982 was lamenting the disappearance
Dialogue: 0,0:28:24.69,0:28:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of childhood his was one of a number of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.99,0:28:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,books published around that time and
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.94,0:28:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many sins arguing that the barriers that
Dialogue: 0,0:28:33.42,0:28:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably properly existed between
Dialogue: 0,0:28:36.00,0:28:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood and adulthood were being
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.18,0:28:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dangerously lowered children were
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.69,0:28:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ceasing to be children postman had many
Dialogue: 0,0:28:46.68,0:28:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,successes in laments about the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.29,0:28:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undermining of childhood and in
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.75,0:28:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaigns to hold on to it or to bring
Dialogue: 0,0:28:55.44,0:29:04.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it back at a quite different level of
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.40,0:29:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of academic history in 1983 Linda
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.14,0:29:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollack published a book called
Dialogue: 0,0:29:05.79,0:29:12.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Forgotten children parent-child
Dialogue: 0,0:29:07.82,0:29:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relations from 1500 to 1900 and this
Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.63,0:29:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marker really big change in the view of
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.26,0:29:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the past which would generally gone
Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.64,0:29:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with the optimistic narrative
Dialogue: 0,0:29:20.51,0:29:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollock ruthlessly dismantled the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.39,0:29:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progressive narrative far from being a
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.06,0:29:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hell she said the past was now a country
Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.93,0:29:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where parents had always done the best
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.23,0:29:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for their children Pollock rigorously
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.90,0:29:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoided nostalgia but parents reading it
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.59,0:29:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in later twentieth-century membra
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.32,0:29:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pollock stopped in 1900 might well
Dialogue: 0,0:29:46.62,0:29:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wonder whether 20th century parents were
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.29,0:29:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing as well as their forebears
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.45,0:29:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coinciding with this economic historians
Dialogue: 0,0:29:56.61,0:30:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were dismantling and questioning the
Dialogue: 0,0:29:59.76,0:30:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Industrial Revolution first of all they
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.10,0:30:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they took away the capital letters and
Dialogue: 0,0:30:04.11,0:30:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they began to question it all
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.81,0:30:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together and began to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.19,0:30:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolution and more significant for our
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.76,0:30:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,purposes they quietly dropped child
Dialogue: 0,0:30:14.40,0:30:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labor from his previous simple position
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.43,0:30:22.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in academic history and in the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.13,0:30:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,progressive narrative and without child
Dialogue: 0,0:30:22.86,0:30:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,labor the progressive narrative was
Dialogue: 0,0:30:25.35,0:30:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undermined from within
Dialogue: 0,0:30:27.51,0:30:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many ways i think it was child labour
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.82,0:30:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the crisis which had brought the
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.07,0:30:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood and the rescue which was then
Dialogue: 0,0:30:34.68,0:30:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,described which set the framework for
Dialogue: 0,0:30:38.40,0:30:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the progressive one and so they began to
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.86,0:30:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emerge a new narrative and it's one
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.65,0:30:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which people of my generation love to
Dialogue: 0,0:30:49.50,0:30:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tell we were taught the progressive
Dialogue: 0,0:30:53.52,0:30:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative and we've seen it
Dialogue: 0,0:30:55.56,0:31:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disintegrates our story begins with our
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.04,0:31:02.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,own childhoods in the middle years of
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.84,0:31:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 20th century and ends in the present
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.91,0:31:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our childhoods we say we had freedom
Dialogue: 0,0:31:06.15,0:31:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore our world without constant
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.43,0:31:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adult supervision depending on our
Dialogue: 0,0:31:10.65,0:31:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social background and where we lived our
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.08,0:31:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mothers might turn us out of doors after
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.12,0:31:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breakfast and tell us not to come back
Dialogue: 0,0:31:16.80,0:31:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until teatime or we might have the
Dialogue: 0,0:31:19.77,0:31:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,freedom to roam the countryside the kind
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.26,0:31:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Arthur Ransome swallows and amazons
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.30,0:31:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,charlton no one talked about health and
Dialogue: 0,0:31:27.60,0:31:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,safety or about risk assessment autism
Dialogue: 0,0:31:30.72,0:31:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dyslexia self-harming attention deficit
Dialogue: 0,0:31:33.93,0:31:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hyperactivity disorder eating disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:31:36.54,0:31:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the things parents and children worried
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.88,0:31:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about now none of these featured in our
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.52,0:31:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lives as far as we knew in those of our
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.31,0:31:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parents in these childhoods it's always
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.97,0:31:54.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,summer time we had scrapes and box
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.59,0:31:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably some old man sad old man and a
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.57,0:32:01.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MAF exposed himself to us but we took
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.15,0:32:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this in our stride I sometimes think we
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.05,0:32:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ought to factor in boredom into these
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.85,0:32:07.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stories of our childhood but even that
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.13,0:32:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wouldn't alter the overall conclusion
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.29,0:32:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our childhoods were happy they were
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.08,0:32:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proper childhoods I've come to associate
Dialogue: 0,0:32:14.85,0:32:22.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this pessimistic narrative with the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:16.59,0:32:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Daily Mail in 2006 I was asked to write
Dialogue: 0,0:32:22.08,0:32:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something for the Daily Mail on the
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.12,0:32:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history of childhood a new opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.67,0:32:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an academic historian to reach her
Dialogue: 0,0:32:28.44,0:32:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new leadership at about one pound a word
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.43,0:32:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with two thousand words to play with it
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.92,0:32:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was an offer that was difficult to
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.33,0:32:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,refuse but I was told
Dialogue: 0,0:32:40.34,0:32:46.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little or some way into writing this
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.40,0:32:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing Paul Dacre would take a particular
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.91,0:32:51.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interest in what I wrote and unless I
Dialogue: 0,0:32:50.00,0:32:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could show that childhood have got worse
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.95,0:33:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the 1950s he wouldn't publish it I
Dialogue: 0,0:32:57.19,0:33:07.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did my best but not enough it was
Dialogue: 0,0:33:01.73,0:33:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archived no I look back on it I think
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.76,0:33:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some ways Paul Dacre was quite right he
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.51,0:33:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knew exactly what his readers wanted to
Dialogue: 0,0:33:14.00,0:33:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear they wanted to have their story
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.55,0:33:24.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confirmed and I was trying to challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.00,0:33:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it it could be said that this negative
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.53,0:33:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative has such a hold on us is
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.44,0:33:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually quite difficult to find any
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.56,0:33:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,space in which to challenge it few of us
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.56,0:33:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here would probably wish to be thought
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.96,0:33:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have a daily male version of
Dialogue: 0,0:33:38.33,0:33:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood that in essence i think is
Dialogue: 0,0:33:41.12,0:33:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what many of us have the pessimistic
Dialogue: 0,0:33:45.86,0:33:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative gains much of its potency from
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.02,0:33:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,names the names of children who died
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.92,0:33:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through neglect or been murdered or
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.24,0:34:03.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abducted maria colwell killed by her
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.72,0:34:05.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stepfather in 1973 despite in the last
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.17,0:34:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nine months of her life 30 complaints
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.96,0:34:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the way her mother and step-father
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.67,0:34:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,treaty to Jasmine Beckford starved and
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.44,0:34:20.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battered to death in 1984 James Bulger
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.09,0:34:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,murdered by two other children in 1993
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.05,0:34:27.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sarah Payne murdered by a pedophile in
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.63,0:34:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two thousand Victoria columbia dying of
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.38,0:34:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hypothermia in two thousand after months
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.87,0:34:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of neglect and abuse madeleine mccann
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.98,0:34:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abducted in 2007 Peter Connolly baby p
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.12,0:34:46.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dying in 2007 after neglect by his
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.93,0:34:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mother and her boyfriend you can add to
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.52,0:34:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ghastly roll call and it goes on
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.01,0:34:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the negative narrative the world now
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.56,0:35:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is far from being a safe place for
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.98,0:35:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children in home street school in the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.62,0:35:07.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,institutions often called homes where
Dialogue: 0,0:35:05.74,0:35:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some children have lived many of them
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.72,0:35:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,church-run in the BBC or in hospital a
Dialogue: 0,0:35:12.66,0:35:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,story tells us there is danger for
Dialogue: 0,0:35:16.27,0:35:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children so there are the two narratives
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.22,0:35:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most obvious question to ask of them
Dialogue: 0,0:35:23.29,0:35:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is are they true I make some attempt to
Dialogue: 0,0:35:27.79,0:35:31.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer that but I want also to consider
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.77,0:35:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the implications of narratives of the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.63,0:35:40.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,kind we have both the childhood and for
Dialogue: 0,0:35:34.87,0:35:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children if we ask are they true the
Dialogue: 0,0:35:40.99,0:35:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer has to be I think yes and no take
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.66,0:35:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the progressive narrative it's difficult
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.06,0:35:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deny that on key measurements like
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.70,0:35:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,life expectancy health standard living
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.40,0:35:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level of education it was indeed a story
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.49,0:36:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of progress even on these issue has
Dialogue: 0,0:35:59.11,0:36:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,however there was a degree of over
Dialogue: 0,0:36:01.99,0:36:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aching Sir George Newman whom we
Dialogue: 0,0:36:04.90,0:36:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encountered earlier went to great
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.33,0:36:12.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lengths to deny evidence of children's
Dialogue: 0,0:36:10.30,0:36:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,poor health in the northeast of England
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.01,0:36:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the into warriors similarly the Home
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.30,0:36:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Office consistently downplayed the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.23,0:36:24.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,existence of child labour continuing
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.42,0:36:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,child labour in the first half of the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:24.85,0:36:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20th century it's when we widened the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.08,0:36:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus to look at some of the policies
Dialogue: 0,0:36:30.88,0:36:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set in place for the rescue of children
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.95,0:36:40.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the progressive story begins
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.20,0:36:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seriously defray the NSPCC version of
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.00,0:36:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history was I'm afraid false there's now
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.17,0:36:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of evidence that the world's
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.41,0:36:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protection for children in law before
Dialogue: 0,0:36:49.54,0:36:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NSPCC this give you one bit of it
Dialogue: 0,0:36:52.33,0:37:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the times between 1785 and 1860 I before
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.97,0:37:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the NSPCC reported 385 case
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.64,0:37:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of child neglect and sexual abuse only
Dialogue: 0,0:37:07.99,0:37:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seven percent resulting in a not guilty
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.17,0:37:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,verdict there is considerable evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:37:14.14,0:37:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of neighborhood sanctions against
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.18,0:37:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parents who were perceived to be cruel
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.19,0:37:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one magistrate in the 1820s finding
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.85,0:37:25.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was insufficient evidence to
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.32,0:37:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,convict someone was up before him for
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.36,0:37:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cruelty and abuse looked up into the
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.97,0:37:33.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gallery of the court and said I'm sure
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.70,0:37:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll know what to do when he leaves
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.55,0:37:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dock and he was attacked but all
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.06,0:37:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this was forgotten as a NSPCC version of
Dialogue: 0,0:37:43.30,0:37:49.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history took root there were further
Dialogue: 0,0:37:46.06,0:37:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problems with the rescue narrative for
Dialogue: 0,0:37:49.12,0:37:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many children being rescued meant living
Dialogue: 0,0:37:51.85,0:37:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an institution and we have become
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.97,0:38:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very aware of the inhumanity that can
Dialogue: 0,0:37:57.97,0:38:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reside in institutions other rescue
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.78,0:38:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,policies were more far-reaching
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.95,0:38:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the immigration of children
Dialogue: 0,0:38:05.92,0:38:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overseas to Canada and then to Australia
Dialogue: 0,0:38:08.82,0:38:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there might be good intentions behind
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.20,0:38:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these policies but that does not
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.00,0:38:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defend them against accusations that
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.61,0:38:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they seriously infringe the rights of
Dialogue: 0,0:38:17.86,0:38:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those children who were emigrated in
Dialogue: 0,0:38:21.36,0:38:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short the invocation to children to be
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.82,0:38:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy to acquire is evil in sharp-edged
Dialogue: 0,0:38:27.91,0:38:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the habit of happiness was asking a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.36,0:38:38.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children who experienced nothing that
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.54,0:38:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might make them happy as to the negative
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.77,0:38:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative there is a gain much truth in
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.14,0:38:47.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it but the negative narrative too has
Dialogue: 0,0:38:44.47,0:38:50.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been built on some shaky foundations the
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.89,0:38:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing that strikes me most about much of
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.41,0:38:56.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the so-called evidence is a very basic
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.11,0:38:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confusion between a correlation and a
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.29,0:39:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,calls just to give you an example
Dialogue: 0,0:38:59.02,0:39:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children who watch a lot of television
Dialogue: 0,0:39:01.27,0:39:08.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are rated more materialistic than those
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.84,0:39:10.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who watch less but you can't jump from
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.41,0:39:13.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the correlation to say that it's
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.57,0:39:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching too much television that makes
Dialogue: 0,0:39:13.45,0:39:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them more materialistic it might equally
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.24,0:39:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wear
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.45,0:39:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be the other way around or there might
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.18,0:39:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be other factors involved and in many
Dialogue: 0,0:39:22.87,0:39:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cases of this which come up in the
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.34,0:39:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,research that's been done people almost
Dialogue: 0,0:39:26.29,0:39:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know the answers to the research before
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.93,0:39:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they started and how interesting i think
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.20,0:39:38.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that materialism which you might say is
Dialogue: 0,0:39:36.16,0:39:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the heart of politicians appeal to
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.35,0:39:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the adult public is thought to be quite
Dialogue: 0,0:39:40.96,0:39:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unacceptable for children so are there
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.00,0:39:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any reasons to be cheerful well when
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.77,0:39:56.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unicef in 2013 published the further
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.43,0:39:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,study of children's well-being in the
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.35,0:40:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,richer countries the headlines and
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.51,0:40:03.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,articles had in some sense been written
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.58,0:40:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the report emerged we knew it
Dialogue: 0,0:40:03.82,0:40:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be bad news the negative narrative
Dialogue: 0,0:40:07.27,0:40:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,demanded that it was in fact even on the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.14,0:40:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most cursory looks better news than in
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.37,0:40:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2007 britain had climbed out of bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.86,0:40:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place and was now 16th out of 29
Dialogue: 0,0:40:21.01,0:40:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countries but while grudgingly accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:40:25.24,0:40:30.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accepting this most reporting
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.91,0:40:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,highlighted the negative you wouldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:40:30.91,0:40:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have known that the report showed
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.96,0:40:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,improvement as i've shown here a decline
Dialogue: 0,0:40:37.63,0:40:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in infant mortality decline we're
Dialogue: 0,0:40:40.63,0:40:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking about the first decade of the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:42.01,0:40:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,21st century a decline in child poverty
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.98,0:40:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,levels and then from decent from these
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.95,0:40:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figures on with her 4 11 13 15 year olds
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.61,0:40:58.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a decline in the incidence of bullying a
Dialogue: 0,0:40:54.85,0:41:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decline in the incidence of fighting the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.09,0:41:04.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decline in drunkenness a decline in
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.73,0:41:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannabis use decline even in being
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.54,0:41:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overweight apparently and eighty-six
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.82,0:41:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,percent asked to rate their lives gave a
Dialogue: 0,0:41:16.03,0:41:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty positive version there's another
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.13,0:41:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,survey of this the 2006 youth survey of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:21.70,0:41:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the british household panel survey
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.29,0:41:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showed eighty-seven percent of 11 to 16
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.95,0:41:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year olds rating their life
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.45,0:41:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole as happy rather than unhappy
Dialogue: 0,0:41:33.01,0:41:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nine percent were neutral and only four
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.43,0:41:45.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,percent unhappy moving beyond the
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.92,0:41:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,question of the truth or otherwise of
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.05,0:41:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the narratives what are the implications
Dialogue: 0,0:41:47.66,0:41:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having narratives of this kind at all
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.09,0:41:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in essence it seems to me the new
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.62,0:42:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative the negative one is as much
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.53,0:42:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,infected by romanticism as the old at
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.00,0:42:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its heart lies a belief in the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.25,0:42:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,desirability of the separation and
Dialogue: 0,0:42:07.18,0:42:13.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distinctiveness of adulthood and
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.47,0:42:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood this suggests to me that the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.25,0:42:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,power of the narratives as much if not
Dialogue: 0,0:42:15.74,0:42:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more to do with adulthood as it does
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.10,0:42:25.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with childhood I don't want to explore
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.10,0:42:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this little further a few years ago I
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.76,0:42:31.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spent some time on an assessment panel
Dialogue: 0,0:42:29.03,0:42:32.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,set up by the then department of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.07,0:42:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children schools and families by PI had
Dialogue: 0,0:42:32.99,0:42:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,balls to look at the impact of the
Dialogue: 0,0:42:35.72,0:42:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commercial world on children's
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.79,0:42:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well-being and we were asked to compare
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.73,0:42:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the present with the past over the past
Dialogue: 0,0:42:43.34,0:42:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,50 years I was there as a historian was
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.10,0:42:50.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supposed to know that the answer to that
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.45,0:42:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we are urged to look for positive
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.33,0:42:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,benefits of the commercial world as well
Dialogue: 0,0:42:52.25,0:42:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as negative ones but of course the panel
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.05,0:43:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been set up precisely because of
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.06,0:43:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concern about the negative impact the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:02.21,0:43:08.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commercial world and what part of the
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.66,0:43:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world I kept asking myself is not now
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.65,0:43:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commercial is conceived of as an adult
Dialogue: 0,0:43:12.59,0:43:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world adults buying and selling as
Dialogue: 0,0:43:15.65,0:43:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equals but posed the commercial world
Dialogue: 0,0:43:18.68,0:43:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against children and you are likely to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.99,0:43:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think of advertisers and marketers
Dialogue: 0,0:43:22.84,0:43:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manipulating children's innocent and
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.04,0:43:30.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,naive minds children need to be
Dialogue: 0,0:43:27.86,0:43:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protected against it if we think of
Dialogue: 0,0:43:30.23,0:43:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children as obese if we think of them
Dialogue: 0,0:43:32.00,0:43:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constantly searching inappropriate parts
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.13,0:43:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the internet if we think of them was
Dialogue: 0,0:43:36.14,0:43:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prematurely sexualized if were bothered
Dialogue: 0,0:43:38.72,0:43:42.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by pester power the commercial world
Dialogue: 0,0:43:41.15,0:43:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surely has much to
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.39,0:43:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer children we might say have a
Dialogue: 0,0:43:45.66,0:43:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right to a life without any of these
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.64,0:43:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things children and I think it's a very
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.31,0:43:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling world as seen as vulnerable
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.35,0:44:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adults by contrast also Abby's also
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.13,0:44:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,searching inappropriate parts of the
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.75,0:44:06.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet the whole world sexualized and
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.84,0:44:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arata sized their insatiable desire for
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.54,0:44:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,material goods what makes the world go
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.88,0:44:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,round adults can survive without
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.55,0:44:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,protection we probably don't much like
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.99,0:44:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this adult life where perhaps rather
Dialogue: 0,0:44:18.18,0:44:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ashamed of it but at least we think we
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.45,0:44:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can spare children from it life is
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.45,0:44:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,downhill we often say that childhood has
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.73,0:44:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,been shortened that children go up too
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.07,0:44:41.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly to historian this looks nonsense
Dialogue: 0,0:44:36.84,0:44:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the contrary it's been extended it
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.19,0:44:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lasts officially now up to 18 but I
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.91,0:44:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think you would have found very few
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.40,0:44:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who had thought it lasted much
Dialogue: 0,0:44:49.44,0:44:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beyond 10 or perhaps 12 in the 18th
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.61,0:44:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century and one sign of the lengthening
Dialogue: 0,0:44:57.78,0:45:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of childhood is the shift in the cash
Dialogue: 0,0:44:59.88,0:45:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flow until roughly the mid-twentieth
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.00,0:45:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,century children typically kept up their
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.88,0:45:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,earnings to their mothers who gave them
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.19,0:45:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back something for spends cash flowed
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.82,0:45:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from children to parents would that was
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.98,0:45:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still the case some of you may be
Dialogue: 0,0:45:18.27,0:45:23.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:45:19.40,0:45:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as many of us know to our cost cash now
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.19,0:45:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flows the other way from parents to
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.28,0:45:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children and there seems no age at which
Dialogue: 0,0:45:28.77,0:45:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will or should end if one sign of
Dialogue: 0,0:45:32.16,0:45:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being an adult is to be financially
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.59,0:45:41.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independent then children in their 20s
Dialogue: 0,0:45:37.50,0:45:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 30s have yet to attain that status
Dialogue: 0,0:45:41.75,0:45:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if childhood has been extended it
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.82,0:45:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has also been and this will sound a
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.83,0:45:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contradiction shortened we constantly
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.80,0:45:54.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hear of children doing things at an age
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.75,0:45:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much younger than adults now in their
Dialogue: 0,0:45:54.45,0:45:58.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,middle age ever did children today may
Dialogue: 0,0:45:57.06,0:46:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not be able to cross a road on their own
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.89,0:46:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're integrated into a world of
Dialogue: 0,0:46:01.74,0:46:08.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social media fashion and celebrity in
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.65,0:46:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ways older people were not what has
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.22,0:46:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened is that the boundary fences
Dialogue: 0,0:46:10.26,0:46:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between childhood and adulthood those
Dialogue: 0,0:46:12.48,0:46:17.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which postman was so worried about
Dialogue: 0,0:46:14.43,0:46:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming down having deep broken down
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.15,0:46:22.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so-called adults behave like children
Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.38,0:46:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Beth children behave like adults and
Dialogue: 0,0:46:22.97,0:46:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we ask why this has happened one
Dialogue: 0,0:46:26.28,0:46:33.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer I think is that the prospect of
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.11,0:46:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adulthood is pretty bleak if you find
Dialogue: 0,0:46:33.06,0:46:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work it differed enough then adulthood
Dialogue: 0,0:46:36.30,0:46:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means work and we've learned in the last
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.18,0:46:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quarter century of it so that work means
Dialogue: 0,0:46:42.33,0:46:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stress for many work means well life
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.31,0:46:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means paid work plus unpaid child care a
Dialogue: 0,0:46:50.64,0:46:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recipe for even more stress I've heard
Dialogue: 0,0:46:54.21,0:47:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many people say i had an idyllic
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.99,0:47:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood i never heard anyone say they
Dialogue: 0,0:47:02.52,0:47:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are enjoying an idyllic adulthood of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.30,0:47:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,course the dilek childhoods a
Dialogue: 0,0:47:08.99,0:47:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,constructions made by adults they're
Dialogue: 0,0:47:12.51,0:47:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually pointers to see to how we see
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.18,0:47:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the life course narratives make sense of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.77,0:47:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world but they do not necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:47:21.39,0:47:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflect the world as it is the
Dialogue: 0,0:47:24.63,0:47:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narratives I've considered are extremely
Dialogue: 0,0:47:27.48,0:47:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,powerful in effect mindsets
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.21,0:47:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can incorporate into the story
Dialogue: 0,0:47:32.30,0:47:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything that's thrown at them huge
Dialogue: 0,0:47:35.43,0:47:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number of adults in 21st century of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:37.74,0:47:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain have bought into the negative
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.93,0:47:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,narrative and internalized it clinging
Dialogue: 0,0:47:43.41,0:47:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto a romantic and idealized view of
Dialogue: 0,0:47:46.23,0:47:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood if there are lessons to learn
Dialogue: 0,0:47:49.53,0:47:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think they come from the Scandinavian
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.54,0:47:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,countries which no one's surprise do
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.06,0:48:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well in the UNICEF surveys why first it
Dialogue: 0,0:47:59.43,0:48:03.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has something to do with greater
Dialogue: 0,0:48:00.51,0:48:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equality if you ask why Britain came
Dialogue: 0,0:48:03.47,0:48:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,21st in the 2007 it's worth looking at
Dialogue: 0,0:48:07.11,0:48:13.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the country which came 20th which was
Dialogue: 0,0:48:09.00,0:48:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States the US and Britain are
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.71,0:48:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on almost every count among the two most
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.32,0:48:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unequal societies in the developed world
Dialogue: 0,0:48:19.22,0:48:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inequality feeds social exclusion and
Dialogue: 0,0:48:22.41,0:48:27.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,damages children's sense of their
Dialogue: 0,0:48:24.39,0:48:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well-being and is not only the poor who
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.27,0:48:32.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffer from this parents are all too
Dialogue: 0,0:48:29.85,0:48:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're aware of how their children's
Dialogue: 0,0:48:32.37,0:48:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,future is dependent on school success
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.10,0:48:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course convey this to their
Dialogue: 0,0:48:37.20,0:48:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children we want our children to be
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.44,0:48:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happy perhaps even more we want them to
Dialogue: 0,0:48:43.98,0:48:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,achieve but second besides being less
Dialogue: 0,0:48:48.36,0:48:53.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unequal scandinavia seems to me has a
Dialogue: 0,0:48:51.36,0:48:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather different view of children than
Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.28,0:49:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in britain in britain children are seen
Dialogue: 0,0:48:56.43,0:49:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as vulnerable basically deficient in the
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.69,0:49:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,qualities and attitudes that would
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.24,0:49:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enable them to survive in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:49:05.52,0:49:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without adult supervision and
Dialogue: 0,0:49:07.82,0:49:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helicoptering parents in scandinavia the
Dialogue: 0,0:49:12.33,0:49:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,attitude is more that children are
Dialogue: 0,0:49:14.73,0:49:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically competent and could be trusted
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.48,0:49:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be sensible encouraging competence
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.54,0:49:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sounds rather unexcited aim for
Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.79,0:49:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood it is at the opposite pole to
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.51,0:49:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the romantic conception of child
Dialogue: 0,0:49:32.45,0:49:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,childhood and I think that would be all
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.61,0:49:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the good it might even mean that the
Dialogue: 0,0:49:38.73,0:49:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,issue of childhood became less fruit
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.13,0:49:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discussions of it less emotional we
Dialogue: 0,0:49:45.82,0:49:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be able to change the narrative or
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.45,0:49:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even do without one thank