in this lecture and a subsequent few we are going to go through some of the basics on
the networking aspects of internet of things so the first thing that we need to understand
is that iot has evolved a lot so starting from basic research basic fundamental research
and innovation there has been different other types of innovation which are dik through
ah which are disruptive and some of the other innovations which are sustaining in nature
so in terms of basic research there has been lot of research on ah the nanotechnology the
use of nanotechnology the use of quantum [teletransport/ah teleportation] ah teleportation quantum teleportation
basically means that how ah the different information at the atomic level is sent from
one point to another so is transported from one point to another
at the atomic level and nanotechnology ah it involves things like nanoiot nanonodes
nanonetworking nodes ah nanosensor nodes and ah nanonetworks that means at the nanoscale
forming a network which can be for different purposes nanonetworks are used for different
purposes ah in the human inside the human body at the molecular level nanonetworks can
be used so like this at the nanoscale and ah for quantum ah ah ah communication there
has been lot of ah advertisements ah that has been done ah for ah involving ah basic
innovations basic research innovations so this is one likewise ah for ah semantic
interoperability there has been lot of research on semantic in for interoperability for example
let us see that a temperature sensor it might be given the data as temp another temperature
sensor as temperature another temperature sensor the third one st so there has to be
interoperability between all these different colossians but they are all different to the
same temperature right so this is basically taken care of by things like semantic interoperability
there has been lot of research on this one this particular aspect then energy harvesting
again there has been lot of research ah you know energy harvesting through different renewable
ah sources ah such as wind energy solar etcetera etcetera how these can harvest you know how
these deferent renewable sources ah from these how energy can be harvested to power the different
nodes and iot these are very small powered you know small sized nodes with very [la/limited]
limited power so energy harvesting is very crucial it plays
a crucial role in the sustenance of these networks so ah there has been lot of work
on this one also and this has been like you know these aspects for example there has been
lot of brick through innovation on these ah then disruptive innovation ah for example
virtual reality augmented reality you know so these are all like ah you know involvement
of these an incorporation into the iot network ah there has been lot of ah ah research ah
on on this particular front and ah things like cloud ah big data these are like sustaining
technologies for iot again there has been lot of work on ah these technologies ah as
well ah now when we talk about iot if we think about iot what we have we have these different
things ah ah which as i said in one of the previous lectures is these things are fitted
ah ah these are basically physical objects once again so these physical objects are fitted
with different sensors and these sensors basically ah sense different physical phenomena that
are occurring around them so these sensor fitted things sensors actuators
and different other emirate devices ah these these are one component of the iot so but
these become the different nodes in the network these are the individual nodes in the network
so then what we have is these nodes they have to communicate with one another and the information
that is sensed by one of these sensors fitted to this nodes this information from the sensor
and the other sensors these are taken and are sent to the other sensor nodes the destination
nodes so how is that turn first these information have to flow through the local network and
then if the destination intended destination is outside this local network then it is sent
through the internet typically if it is if we are talking about an iot which is basically
internet ah based iot then basically it is going to flow through the internet or some
other wide area network and finally it is going to arrive at the intended destination
node and from there may be there can be some there can be some ah at that point actually
there can be some analytic engine which is running on some backend server ah those could
be there and from that point from the decision from these analytics they can run on this
servers ah decisions about actuation could be made
so what we see is from sensors to actuators through the local area network the internet
involving ah you know [black/backend] backend services analytics ah which includes again
some you know high end processing at deferent servers ah and different [complec/complex]
complex algorithms execution of different [call/complex] algorithms ah which are based
on may be machine learning ah neural networks and so on and so forth these are all required
so so basically you know what happens is we basically can conceive ah of an iot as a very
complex system involving sensors actuators ah networks local area wide area internet
and ah ah different servers different algorithms machine learning and so on all executing ah
together to make the system function as as one single entity so going back we have ah
in this local network as you are saying then we have the internet we have the backend ah
services and finally the applications that i have been served
so these are the different basic components of iot so this is the scenario that i was
referring to earlier so what we have we have these different things we have these different
things these things could be ah like you know different ah physical objects which are fitted
with different sensors these things could be telephones ah lightning systems ah could
be cameras could be different other scanner sensors like ah the temperature sensor and
so on and these things are able to communicate with one another with the help of wireless
technologies like zigbee bluetooth wifi and so on so as you can see that this wireless
basically helps these different devices to talk to one another and this information from
these devices they will fro through a local network and from a local network they will
go through the internet to ah ah to the ah you know these data are basically sent to
the backend services involving different servers processors and so on and so forth for running
different analytics and then based on that different devices can be actuated ah um ah
you know ah may be a pump ah this is an example that i gave earlier in a previous lecture
basically for agricultural purposes the use of iot a pump might be started might be actuated
based on the data that is received from the sensor nodes and based on analytics are run
at the different servers ah a ah in a that are involved in the backend service processing
so in terms of the functional components of iot so one of the very important things is
basically interaction interaction not only with the physical environment by this different
sensors but also interaction and communication with the different devices ah ah ah that means
a different nodes in the iot in the iot network then comes the processing so processing and
analysis of the different functioning and the operations that taken place so processing
of that ah data the processing of operations ah so this is another component ah the third
functional component is basically the interaction interaction typically with the internet ah
and because you know at present most of the times the most of the iot implementations
are still using the internet so it is all you know internet powered iot implementations
so ah internet interaction is a ah is one of the very important ah ah components of
ah building iot then we have the web services web services machine to machine communication
and so on so basically it what is going to happen earlier most of the so when you talk
about a web technology typically we are talking about human to machine communication you know
web service we are talking about ah you know ah some machine ah ah sending ah or some ah
some ah equipment basically sensing and sending that data to another machine for further processing
or machine to machine communication is involved and offering different services so one machine
offer some services to another machine and so on so so like this ah and this is basically
you know this sort of thing in a iot scenario is taken care of ah ah um ah typically and
then we have ah the integration of different applications services and the user interface
to access the iot that is another component so there has to be is a user interface a human
interface to accessing the iot network or the iot ah you know mega network so looking
at this particular figure i would like to try to clarify how the iot implementation
is typically done and it can be done to achieve different application needs so this is a figure
which shows that we have different sensors processors and radio it refitted to each of
this devices or the sensor nodes or the sensor motes or the iot motes as you may want to
call them so these motes they talk to one another but these different sensor nodes these
different sensor nodes they are basically within the jurisdiction or the domain of the
gateway so the gateway is basically tasked to assign different local locally unique addresses
to these different nodes to these different iot nodes and the gateway basically takes
care of the local addressing within that particular local area network so from the that point
all the data can flow through a proxy server if internet access is required so it will
go through the internet then a web socket and from the web socket it goes through a
cloud server that means this is where lot of analytics and backend processing takes
place and based on that the actuation based on the analytics and the infer ant says that
and run from the sensed data actuation of different devices can take place
for example lighting a particular lamp could be the actuation of that particular lamp we
have different interdependencies that are evolved in the implementation of iot so we
have if we look at iot from another prospective or we have we have sensors we have actuators
and a bunch of other things that are they are in between has shown in this particular
figure so this is basically the entire spend of these different embedded devices so the
sensors basically sense the data and that data is basically serving the application
requirements and then we have an operating system and a power management unit which basically
you know does things like duty cycling of the sensors the how much the sensors ah you
know how much time we are going to be active or how much time they are going to be in the
sleep state how to power them how to power them because these are very small sized you
know very resource staved sensors so ah and the the basically the power unit in these
sensor nodes these are very small ah in size so basically consequently what happens is
these embedded devices they themselves are very resource staved so we have ah a very
power management unit which basically takes care of power management as a whole how much
power is require for how long it is going to power then what are the ways to harvest
energy if at all it can be harvested and ah how much power consumption is going to take
place at different points of time can it be can it be optimized ah different points of
ah operation ah on so on and so forth and a as you can see over here there after we
have these different radios involving bluetooth zigbee six low pan wifi ethernet and ah low
range ah basically wifi ah so these are the different you know radios
that can help ah in communicating the data ah that is sensed ah ah ah onward to other
nodes these these basically these [di/different] different radio technologies can help in the
[com/for] for the communication purpose so alongside we also have things like virtual
machines which the takes care of the virtualization of the nodes we have the web ah we have ah
you know different things like http client mqtt client coap client so these are the once
mqtt coap we are going to talk next in in the ah subsequent lectures so ah ah that will
make our understanding clearance but these are like no different application level ah
protocols that are used for functioning of these different iot devices and finally comes
the actuator verticals so we have the sensors we have different applications
operating system power management radios virtual machines web and then we have these actuators
all together which forms the embedded systems the embedded devices now you let us now look
at the service orientation the service oriented architecture of ah ah iot so in the iot if
here what we have at these different layers the sensing layer the network layer the service
layer and the interface layer so we have four different layers and as the name suggests
sensing layer basically takes care of sensing through different rfid tags sensors and so
on so fourth and then data are sensed are acquired and so on are sent to the next layer
higher up which is the network layer the network layer basically ah serves sensor networks
social networks you know different other networks and data bases internet and so on that is
the network layer then what we have we have the service layer which deals [mo/mostly]
mostly with the service delivery ah such as ah service ah division service integration
ah service ah ah you know service repository ah service ah logic ah by business logic and
so on so all these different things that i involved with the offering of the services
to support the business functions then we have the interface layer we have the
application frontend we have ah a contract interface and application apis so so [these/this]
this becomes the interface layer and when we have the security issues which basically
span all these different ah layer verticals ah sorry layer horizontals so in terms of
ah ah the categorization of iot it can be categorized into two one is the consumer iot
which is what typically most of the people tempt to use and these are ah here basically
these different devices they communicate ah with another ah ah ah through these local
networks and it can be you know find a further communication you can also take place over
the internet as well so depending on the requirements either local or ah through the internet then
we have the local communication which is typically done via bluetooth zigbee or wifi and ah so
basically this local communication is constraint within the bounds of or within the domain
of the iot gateway so ah this is consumer iot then ah we have the industrial iot which
is basically ah ah quite similar to the consumer iot but ah the application ah ah uh the application
interest is in the industrial sector so we are talking about manufacturing industries
with different machines with these machines are fitted with different iot devices they
together become the iot device they have different sensors and so on feature there which can
the node as a whole can communicate with other machines and so on so this becomes the industrial
iot and ah basically there are different communication that takes place between the different nodes
as well as different industry specific technologies now we talk about iot gateways ah so this
is what i told you that ah in a local network you have this locally unique addresses ah
and that are they are ah within that local area network iot network and so ah ah
so these local addresses basically they take care of ah ah the addressing of the ah the
different nodes now so what are these gateways doing so the gateways basically take care
of the addressing but then ah in this is what the gateway structure looks like so this is
ah what ah is here so we have the local network on one side of the gateway we have the global
network on the other side of the gateway and this is where the the gateway this is how
the gateway looks like so the gateway has ah and functions different tasks such as switching
ah routing protocol conversion firewall and vpn services security as a whole and processing
so this is what a gateway does and the gateway with the local network and the global network
communicate via the wired or wireless channels ah and so on so this is how the iot gateways
function different associated technologies of iot ah involving big data cloud smart grid
internet of vehicles ah that means you know different vehicles on the road ah ah are fitted
with different iot devices which can communicate with one another and different intelligence
about the route traffic conditions about the offering different ah road side services ah
ah can be make possible with the help of internet of vehicles then we have the machine to machine
communication where one machine talks to another without any human intervention
we have telemedicine ah offering ah you know offering health care services to the demote
hospitals demote health care centers and so on ah cps server physical systems we have
three g four g five g we have ah sdn ah and so on so these are the different associated
technologies which together ah make ah ah ah iot which together are used to ah deliver
iot solutions now you know if we try to to make a side by side comparison between ah
the iot stack and web stack we will see that more or less the application layers remain
the same for both iot as well as the as well as the web so conceptually these application
layers these different layers communication layers and application layers that communication
layers remaining the same between iot and web but what is different is that we have
a new set of protocols that are used over here so the new set of protocols and additionally
in iot unlike in the case of web things such as different types of management management
of the network management of the power management of different other resources these are all
additionally taken care of in the iot node ah in the iot stack ah which is not available
in the case of the web and this is very much required because you know in the case of iot
we are talking about heavily resource constraint nodes and this heavily resource constraint
nodes basically required management network management in terms of energy in terms of
processing in terms of data and so on and so forth
so there are different key technologies that basically help iot survive we have the future
internet knowledge aggregation yeah obtain through data assignation data data collection
processing and ah analysis then we have the different standards we have the sensor networks
we have the communication we have cloud computing we have discovery services nanoelectronics
embedded systems software system integration and last but not the least what is over here
on top is the security on privacy issues so security on privacy issues are per amount
in iot because there are heavy concerns ah because you know we are dealing with resource
constraint nodes with communication constraints bandwidth constraints processing constraints
energy constraints and so on so these nodes become very much valuably valuable to different
type of attacks different types of security breaches and also because iot systems are
very much detail intensive there is lot of information that frozen through the network
as a consequence of which the privacy of the individuals of the organizations might be
at stack so security and privacy and trust also which is not mentioned over here these
are very much important ah to power iot technologies there are different types of challenges securities
scalability energy efficiency bandwidth management interfacing interoperability
so when we are talking about interfacing it is typically we are referring to device interfacing
so different you know one device ah talking to another device may be these devices do
not belong to the same vender they are not running the same stack they are not following
the same standard and so on so then comes consequently then comes the interoperability
issue how to make these devices talk to one another how the different protocols the different
devices the different algorithms they are going to hand shake with one another so like
this this is another challenge which is typical of iot implementations then we have data storage
an analytics and complexity management with tools such as sdn so asdn basically helps
in ah addressing the com ah the complexity of ah systems by decupling ah the control
plane from the detect plane of the networks different considerations and they are for
building iot one is that will to have a straight network architecture which can be used by
different iot implementations so there has to be a governing network architecture number
two hardware requirements and cost are important ah you know what type of communication hardware
are going to be used ah and different devices in the costs that are involved and due to
the presence of numerous applications of iot enabled devices a single networking platform
may not be sufficient to address and the needs of the consumer or the iot device
so this is another the third consideration that has to be taken into ah ah account while
building the iot systems then we have the complexity of the networks ah you know if
the number of nodes in the network increases then whether the in the solution because if
the system is going to be ah ah you know sustainable whether it can be scaled up or not ah then
we have the interface among ah interference among the different devices this is very watch
in vital in ah in any network interference is ah a crucial issue and particularly iot
networks involve lot of large number of typically densely deployed nodes and these nodes because
the at you know typically ah wireless power ah by wifi or bluetooth or zigbee and so on
so interference between these different ah ah communication between these different nodes
that at the ah corresponding radios and so on is possible so how do you handle it network
management as a whole as i was tell in earlier involving ah you know energy management involving
computation management involving communication management involving service management and
infrastructure management and so on so network management as a whole then heterogeneity in
the networks heterogeneity in terms of the devices standards the protocols the algorithms
and so on so how do you handle because iot devices unlike traditional internet
iot networks come in different ah you know come from different venders different devices
coming from different venders different devices using different algorithms these different
protocols being used and so on so so all these ah basically invite ah dealing with the issue
of heterogeneity lot of heterogeneity is involves so how heterogeneity is taken care of and
protocol organization and standardization so ah within the network so how the different
protocols can be standardized ah so that a device running one protocol can talk to another
device and so on the different wireless networks are used issues such as traffic management
load management ah then variations in the different wireless network forms for example
wireless [pa/personal] personal area network w turn versus wireless body area network interoperability
i have already mentioned just a while back then network management and overlay network
so ah ah so basically you know the overlay network takes care of some kind of a virtualization
of the physical devices on you know so ah and and one type of this physical virtual
devices and the networks and overlay is created this is basically the overlay network
scalability in involving flexibility within the internet ah then integration of different
iot devices there are many manufactured using different standards may be in the using different
ah you know vender specific ah ah protocols ah so iot integration ah is ah a very complex
issue ah which basically dictates the scalability of the system large scale deployment issues
ah and real time connectivity of billion centurions of devices with this we come to an end of
ah this lecture on ah ah on the basics of iot networking ah um ah but this is just a
first part we are going to cover ah many other ah issues involving ah the networking aspects
of iot in the subsequent lectures and from ah there we can understand from this subsequent
lectures we can understand how forming an iot is very complex what are the different
protocols individual protocols that are how they are did may not be a single isolated
or or a single ah thread head let us say ah um ah one protocol ah for iot as a whole but
there as all these individual protocols settled there so how that can be taken care of and
for how can architecture be sent up between these different iot devices manufactured by
different venders so these like this actually there are different complexities that i have
involved so we have really talk about that in the subsequent lectures
thank you