[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.84,0:00:03.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we think about prejudice and bias,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.22,0:00:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to think about stupid and evil people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.37,0:00:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing stupid and evil things.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.82,0:00:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this idea is nicely summarized
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.89,0:00:12.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the British critic William Hazlitt,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.36,0:00:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who wrote, "Prejudice is the child of ignorance."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.29,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to try to convince you here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that this is mistaken.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.04,0:00:20.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to try to convince you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.77,0:00:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prejudice and bias
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.50,0:00:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are natural, they're often rational,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.78,0:00:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're often even moral,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.61,0:00:29.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that once we understand this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.87,0:00:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're in a better position to make sense of them
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.38,0:00:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they go wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.43,0:00:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they have horrible consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.20,0:00:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're in a better position to know what to do
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.52,0:00:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when this happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.21,0:00:42.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, start with stereotypes. You look at me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.23,0:00:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know my name, you\Nknow certain facts about me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you could make certain judgments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.31,0:00:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could make guesses about my ethnicity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.16,0:00:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my political affiliation, my religious beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.44,0:00:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the thing is, these\Njudgments tend to be accurate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.54,0:00:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're very good at this sort of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.72,0:00:58.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're very good at this sort of thing
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.21,0:01:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our ability to stereotype people
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.94,0:01:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not some sort of arbitrary quirk of the mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.20,0:01:06.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather it's a specific instance
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.51,0:01:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a more general process,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.17,0:01:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is that we have experience
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.78,0:01:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with things and people in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.33,0:01:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fall into categories,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.58,0:01:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can use our experience\Nto make generalizations
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.03,0:01:17.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about novel instances of these categories.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.39,0:01:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everybody here has a lot of experience
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.76,0:01:22.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with chairs and apples and dogs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.01,0:01:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and based on this, you could see
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.65,0:01:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfamiliar examples and you could guess,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.100,0:01:27.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could sit on the chair,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.31,0:01:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could eat the apple, the dog will bark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.88,0:01:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we might be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.64,0:01:33.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chair could collapse if you sit on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.44,0:01:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the apple might be poison, the dog might not bark,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.66,0:01:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in fact, this is my dog Tessie, who doesn't bark.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.54,0:01:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the most part, we're good at this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.29,0:01:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the most part, we make good guesses
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.21,0:01:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in the social domain and the non-social domain,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.02,0:01:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if we weren't able to do so,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.97,0:01:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we weren't able to make guesses about\Nnew instances that we encounter,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.19,0:01:51.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we wouldn't survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.64,0:01:54.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, Hazlitt later on in his wonderful essay
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.51,0:01:55.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concedes this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.99,0:01:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He writes, "Without the aid of prejudice and custom,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.54,0:02:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I should not be able to find\Nmy way my across the room;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.88,0:02:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor know how to conduct\Nmyself in any circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.33,0:02:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nor what to feel in any relation of life."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.53,0:02:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or take bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:10.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now sometimes, we break the world up into
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.75,0:02:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,us versus them, into in-group versus out-group,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.75,0:02:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes when we do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.91,0:02:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we know we're doing something wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.47,0:02:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're kind of ashamed of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.14,0:02:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But other times we're proud of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.62,0:02:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We openly acknowledge it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.44,0:02:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my favorite example of this
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.72,0:02:25.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a question that came from the audience
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.12,0:02:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a Republican debate prior to the last election.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.84,0:02:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Anderson Cooper: Gets to your question,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.13,0:02:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the question in the hall, on foreign aid? Yes, ma'am.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.31,0:02:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Woman: The American people are suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.55,0:02:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our country right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.18,0:02:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we continue to send foreign aid
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.53,0:02:43.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to other countries
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.85,0:02:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we need all the help we can get for ourselves?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.95,0:02:49.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,AC: Governor Perry, what about that?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.64,0:02:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.01,0:02:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rick Perry: Absolutely, I think it's—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.35,0:02:55.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paul Bloom: Each of the people onstage
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.01,0:02:56.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agreed with the premise of her question,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.98,0:02:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is as Americans, we should care more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.10,0:03:01.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about Americans than about other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.23,0:03:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, in general, people are often swayed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.09,0:03:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by feelings of solidarity, loyalty, pride, patriotism,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.60,0:03:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards their country or towards their ethnic group.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.32,0:03:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless of your politics, many\Npeople feel proud to be American,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.40,0:03:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they favor Americans over other countries.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.46,0:03:18.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Residents of other countries\Nfeel the same about their nation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.31,0:03:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we feel the same about our ethnicities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now some of you may reject this.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.48,0:03:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of you may be so cosmopolitan
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.21,0:03:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you think that ethnicity and nationality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.55,0:03:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should hold no moral sway.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.70,0:03:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even you sophisticates accept
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.46,0:03:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there should be some pull
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.30,0:03:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards the in-group in the\Ndomain of friends and family,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.100,0:03:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people you're close to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.42,0:03:38.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so even you make a distinction
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.98,0:03:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between us versus them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.95,0:03:43.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this distinction is natural enough
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.56,0:03:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and often moral enough, but it can go awry,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.48,0:03:48.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was part of the research
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.21,0:03:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the great social psychologist Henri Tajfel.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.97,0:03:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tajfel was born in Poland in 1919.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.57,0:03:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He left to go to university in France,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.71,0:03:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because as a Jew, he couldn't\Ngo to university in Poland,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.27,0:04:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he enlisted in the French military
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.78,0:04:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in World War II.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.06,0:04:03.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was captured and ended up
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.83,0:04:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a prisoner of war camp,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.36,0:04:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was a terrifying time for him,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.63,0:04:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if it was discovered that he was a Jew,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.32,0:04:11.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he could have been moved to a concentration camp,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.41,0:04:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he most likely would not have survived.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.40,0:04:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in fact, when the war\Nended and he was released,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.99,0:04:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of his friends and family were dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.49,0:04:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He got involved in different pursuits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.33,0:04:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He helped out the war orphans.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.86,0:04:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he had a long-lasting interest
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.59,0:04:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the science of prejudice,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.14,0:04:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so when a prestigious British scholarship
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.80,0:04:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on stereotypes opened up, he applied for it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.64,0:04:30.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he won it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.100,0:04:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then he began this amazing career.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.19,0:04:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what started his career is an insight
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.94,0:04:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the way most people were thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.78,0:04:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the Holocaust was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.89,0:04:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people, most people at the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.30,0:04:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,viewed the Holocaust as sort of representing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.20,0:04:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some tragic flaw on the part of the Germans,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.20,0:04:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some genetic taint, some authoritarian personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.04,0:04:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Tajfel rejected this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.10,0:04:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tajfel said what we see in the Holocaust
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.64,0:04:57.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just an exaggeration
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.95,0:04:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of normal psychological processes
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.73,0:05:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that exist in every one of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.49,0:05:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to explore this, he did a series of classic studies
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.17,0:05:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with British adolescents.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.92,0:05:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in one of his studies, what he did was he asked
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.47,0:05:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British adolescents all sorts of questions,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.02,0:05:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then based on their answers, he said,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.90,0:05:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I've looked at your answers,\Nand based on the answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.26,0:05:16.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have determined that you are either" —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.36,0:05:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he told half of them —
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.36,0:05:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"a Kandinsky lover, you love the work of Kandinsky,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.32,0:05:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Klee lover, you love the work of Klee."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.30,0:05:25.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was entirely bogus.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.11,0:05:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their answers had nothing\Nto do with Kandinsky or Klee.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.40,0:05:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They probably hadn't heard of the artists.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.13,0:05:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He just arbitrarily divided them up.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.87,0:05:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what he found was, these categories mattered,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.14,0:05:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so when he later gave the subjects money,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.65,0:05:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would prefer to give the money
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.33,0:05:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to members of their own group
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.13,0:05:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than members of the other group.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.96,0:05:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse, they were actually most interested
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.29,0:05:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in establishing a difference
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.30,0:05:50.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between their group and other groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.86,0:05:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they would give up money for their own group
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.77,0:05:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if by doing so they could give\Nthe other group even less.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.02,0:06:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This bias seems to show up very early.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.24,0:06:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So my colleague and wife, Karen Wynn, at Yale
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.54,0:06:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has done a series of studies with babies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.15,0:06:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where she exposes babies to puppets,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.98,0:06:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the puppets have certain food preferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.24,0:06:11.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one of the puppets might like green beans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.43,0:06:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other puppet might like graham crackers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.00,0:06:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They test the babies own food preferences,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.37,0:06:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and babies typically prefer the graham crackers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.06,0:06:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the question is, does this matter to babies
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.67,0:06:24.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in how they treat the puppets? And it matters a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.79,0:06:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to prefer the puppet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.31,0:06:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has the same food tastes that they have,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.79,0:06:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and worse, they actually prefer puppets
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.34,0:06:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who punish the puppet with the different food taste.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.33,0:06:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.60,0:06:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see this sort of in-group,\Nout-group psychology all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.24,0:06:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see it in political clashes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.90,0:06:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within groups with different ideologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.31,0:06:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We see it in its extreme in cases of war,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.94,0:06:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the out-group isn't merely given less,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.16,0:06:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but dehumanized,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.74,0:06:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in the Nazi perspective of Jews
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.98,0:06:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as vermin or lice,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.07,0:07:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the American perspective of Japanese as rats.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.31,0:07:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stereotypes can also go awry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.52,0:07:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So often they're rational and useful,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.78,0:07:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sometimes they're irrational,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.36,0:07:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they give the wrong answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.58,0:07:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other times
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.80,0:07:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they lead to plainly immoral consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.97,0:07:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the case that's been most studied
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.78,0:07:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the case of race.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.45,0:07:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a fascinating study
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.86,0:07:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prior to the 2008 election
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.93,0:07:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where social psychologists looked at the extent
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.96,0:07:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to which the candidates were\Nassociated with America,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.40,0:07:31.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as in an unconscious association\Nwith the American flag.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.00,0:07:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in one of their studies they compared
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.36,0:07:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obama and McCain, and they found McCain
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.37,0:07:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is thought of as more American than Obama,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.77,0:07:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to some extent, people aren't \Nthat surprised by hearing that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.34,0:07:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,McCain is a celebrated war hero,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.26,0:07:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many people would explicitly say
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.92,0:07:46.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he has more of an American story than Obama.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.62,0:07:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they also compared Obama
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.55,0:07:51.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to British Prime Minister Tony Blair,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.07,0:07:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they found that Blair was also thought of
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.33,0:07:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as more American than Obama,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.84,0:07:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though subjects explicitly understood
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.91,0:08:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he's not American at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.90,0:08:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they were responding, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.32,0:08:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the color of his skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.38,0:08:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These stereotypes and biases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.43,0:08:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have real-world consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.88,0:08:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both subtle and very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.75,0:08:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one recent study, researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.41,0:08:17.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put ads on eBay for the sale of baseball cards.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.68,0:08:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of them were held by white hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.41,0:08:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others by black hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.63,0:08:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were the same baseball cards.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.21,0:08:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ones held by black hands
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.45,0:08:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got substantially smaller bids
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.52,0:08:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the ones held by white hands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.00,0:08:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In research done at Stanford,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.37,0:08:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychologists explored the case of people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.60,0:08:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentenced for the murder of a white person.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.17,0:08:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out, holding everything else constant,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.97,0:08:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you are considerably more likely to be executed
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.34,0:08:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you look like the man on the right
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.12,0:08:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the man on the left,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.09,0:08:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is in large part because
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.12,0:08:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the man on the right looks more prototypically black,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.65,0:08:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more prototypically African-American,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.28,0:08:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this apparently influences people's decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.33,0:08:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over what to do about him.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.10,0:09:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now that we know about this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.65,0:09:02.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we combat it?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.31,0:09:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are different avenues.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.93,0:09:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One avenue is to appeal
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.36,0:09:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to people's emotional responses,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.41,0:09:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to appeal to people's empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.54,0:09:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we often do that through stories.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.42,0:09:13.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you are a liberal parent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.98,0:09:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you want to encourage your children
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.85,0:09:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to believe in the merits of nontraditional families,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.23,0:09:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might give them a book like this.\N["Heather Has Two Mommies"]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.50,0:09:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are conservative and have a different attitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.22,0:09:24.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might give them a book like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.16,0:09:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)\N["Help! Mom! There Are Liberals under My Bed!"]
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.90,0:09:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in general, stories can turn
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.24,0:09:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anonymous strangers into people who matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.47,0:09:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the idea that we care about people
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.16,0:09:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we focus on them as individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.86,0:09:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an idea which has shown up across history.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.14,0:09:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Stalin apocryphally said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.72,0:09:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"A single death is a tragedy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.34,0:09:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a million deaths is a statistic,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.38,0:09:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Mother Teresa said,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.83,0:09:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If I look at the mass, I will never act.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.37,0:09:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I look at the one, I will."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.70,0:09:51.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychologists have explored this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.77,0:09:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For instance, in one study,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.07,0:09:55.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people were given a list of facts about a crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.85,0:10:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was seen how much they would donate
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.11,0:10:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve this crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.69,0:10:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another group was given no facts at all
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.53,0:10:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they were told of an individual
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.62,0:10:08.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and given a name and given a face,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.06,0:10:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it turns out that they gave far more.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.28,0:10:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,None of this I think is a secret
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.14,0:10:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the people who are engaged in charity work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.26,0:10:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People don't tend to deluge people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.90,0:10:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with facts and statistics.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.23,0:10:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, you show them faces,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.25,0:10:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you show them people.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.98,0:10:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's possible that by extending our sympathies
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.21,0:10:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an individual, they can spread
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.18,0:10:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the group that the individual belongs to.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.06,0:10:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Harriet Beecher Stowe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.53,0:10:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The story, perhaps apocryphal,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.97,0:10:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that President Lincoln invited her
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.04,0:10:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the White House in the middle of the Civil War
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.04,0:10:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said to her,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.63,0:10:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"So you're the little lady who started this great war."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.29,0:10:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was talking about "Uncle Tom's Cabin."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.18,0:10:47.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Uncle Tom's Cabin" is not\Na great book of philosophy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.71,0:10:50.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or of theology or perhaps not even literature,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.85,0:10:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it does a great job
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.36,0:10:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of getting people to put themselves in the shoes
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.86,0:10:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of people they wouldn't otherwise be in the shoes of,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.20,0:11:00.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put themselves in the shoes of slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.60,0:11:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that could well have been a catalyst
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.38,0:11:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for great social change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.98,0:11:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More recently, looking at America
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.34,0:11:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the last several decades,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.41,0:11:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's some reason to believe\Nthat shows like "The Cosby Show"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.56,0:11:15.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,radically changed American attitudes\Ntowards African-Americans,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.25,0:11:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while shows like "Will and Grace" and "Modern Family"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.23,0:11:19.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,changed American attitudes
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.60,0:11:20.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards gay men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.90,0:11:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think it's an exaggeration to say
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.35,0:11:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the major catalyst in America for moral change
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.01,0:11:28.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been a situation comedy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.91,0:11:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not all emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.32,0:11:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to end by appealing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.60,0:11:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the power of reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.83,0:11:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At some point in his wonderful book
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.99,0:11:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The Better Angels of Our Nature,"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.21,0:11:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steven Pinker says,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.23,0:11:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Old Testament says love thy neighbor,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.81,0:11:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the New Testament says love thy enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.53,0:11:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't love either one of them, not really,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.22,0:11:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't want to kill them.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.88,0:11:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know I have obligations to them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.75,0:11:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but my moral feelings to them, my moral beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.22,0:11:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how I should behave towards them,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.93,0:11:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aren't grounded in love.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.98,0:11:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they're grounded in is the\Nunderstanding of human rights,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.92,0:12:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a belief that their life is as valuable to them
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.14,0:12:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as my life is to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.50,0:12:06.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to support this, he tells a story
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.43,0:12:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the great philosopher Adam Smith,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.28,0:12:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I want to tell this story too,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.96,0:12:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though I'm going to modify it a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.26,0:12:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for modern times.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.94,0:12:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Adam Smith starts by asking you to imagine
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.84,0:12:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the death of thousands of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.74,0:12:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imagine that the thousands of people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.78,0:12:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in a country you are not familiar with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.02,0:12:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be China or India or a country in Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.57,0:12:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Smith says, how would you respond?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.06,0:12:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you would say, well that's too bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.36,0:12:31.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you'd go on to the rest of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.24,0:12:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to open up The New\NYork Times online or something,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.46,0:12:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and discover this, and in fact\Nthis happens to us all the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.42,0:12:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we go about our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.94,0:12:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But imagine instead, Smith says,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.14,0:12:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were to learn that tomorrow
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.39,0:12:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were to have your little finger chopped off.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.93,0:12:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Smith says, that would matter a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.10,0:12:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You would not sleep that night
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.51,0:12:48.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wondering about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.86,0:12:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this raises the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.88,0:12:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Would you sacrifice thousands of lives
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.35,0:12:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save your little finger?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.32,0:12:57.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now answer this in the privacy of your own head,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.63,0:13:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Smith says, absolutely not,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.55,0:13:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what a horrid thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.24,0:13:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so this raises the question,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.28,0:13:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so, as Smith puts it,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.65,0:13:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"When our passive feelings are almost always
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.87,0:13:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so sordid and so selfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.32,0:13:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how comes it that our active principles
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.78,0:13:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should often be so generous and so noble?"
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.31,0:13:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Smith's answer is, "It is reason,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.36,0:13:17.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,principle, conscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.14,0:13:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[This] calls to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.68,0:13:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a voice capable of astonishing\Nthe most presumptuous of our passions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.10,0:13:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are but one of the multitude,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.78,0:13:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in no respect better than any other in it."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.22,0:13:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this last part is what is often described
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.35,0:13:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the principle of impartiality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.56,0:13:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this principle of impartiality manifests itself
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.18,0:13:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of the world's religions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.95,0:13:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all of the different versions of the golden rule,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.21,0:13:40.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in all of the world's moral philosophies,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.66,0:13:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which differ in many ways
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.97,0:13:44.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but share the presupposition\Nthat we should judge morality
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.96,0:13:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from sort of an impartial point of view.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.95,0:13:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best articulation of this view
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.77,0:13:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually, for me, it's not from\Na theologian or from a philosopher,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.86,0:13:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but from Humphrey Bogart
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.21,0:13:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of "Casablanca."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.76,0:13:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, spoiler alert, he's telling his lover
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.54,0:14:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have to separate
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.68,0:14:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the more general good,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.27,0:14:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he says to her, and I won't do the accent,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.13,0:14:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he says to her, "It doesn't take much to see
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.92,0:14:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the problems of three little people
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.27,0:14:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.38,0:14:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our reason could cause us to override our passions.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.66,0:14:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our reason could motivate us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.38,0:14:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to extend our empathy,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.60,0:14:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could motivate us to write a\Nbook like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.93,0:14:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or read a book like "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.65,0:14:23.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our reason can motivate us to create
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.35,0:14:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,customs and taboos and laws
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.31,0:14:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will constrain us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.12,0:14:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from acting upon our impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.79,0:14:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, as rational beings, we feel
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.38,0:14:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we should be constrained.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.78,0:14:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what a constitution is.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.79,0:14:36.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A constitution is something\Nwhich was set up in the past
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.71,0:14:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that applies now in the present,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.02,0:14:39.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it says is,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.00,0:14:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how much we might to reelect
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.23,0:14:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a popular president for a third term,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.83,0:14:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how much white Americans might choose
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.93,0:14:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to feel that they want to reinstate\Nthe institution of slavery, we can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.100,0:14:51.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have bound ourselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.67,0:14:54.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we bind ourselves in other ways as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.09,0:14:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that when it comes to choosing somebody
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.85,0:14:59.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a job, for an award,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.80,0:15:02.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are strongly biased by their race,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.76,0:15:05.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are biased by their gender,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.05,0:15:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are biased by how attractive they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.27,0:15:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes we might say,\N"Well fine, that's the way it should be."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.92,0:15:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But other times we say, "This is wrong."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.23,0:15:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so to combat this,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.12,0:15:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't just try harder,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.37,0:15:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but rather what we do is we set up situations
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.37,0:15:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these other sources\Nof information can't bias us,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.41,0:15:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is why many orchestras
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.72,0:15:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,audition musicians behind screens,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.37,0:15:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the only information they have
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.61,0:15:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the information they believe should matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.30,0:15:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think prejudice and bias
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.63,0:15:35.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.72,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have gut feelings, instincts, emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.50,0:15:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they affect our judgments and our actions
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.66,0:15:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for good and for evil,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.99,0:15:47.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are also capable of rational deliberation
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.61,0:15:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and intelligent planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.04,0:15:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can use these to, in some cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.86,0:15:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accelerate and nourish our emotions,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.80,0:15:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in other cases staunch them.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.57,0:15:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's in this way
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.81,0:16:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reason helps us create a better world.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.57,0:16:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.92,0:16:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)