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Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.30,0:00:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- [Girish] Hi, this is Girish Kishnani
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.55,0:00:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you are watching "5 Minute Learnings."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.92,0:00:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to the eighth video\Nin the series on personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.19,0:00:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we will explore the\Ntrait theories of personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.76,0:00:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trait theory of personality\Nsuggests that people have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.79,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain basic traits or dispositions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.40,0:00:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it is the strength and\Nintensity of those traits
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.98,0:00:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that account for personality differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.07,0:00:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trait approach to personality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.99,0:00:27.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the major theoretical areas
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.09,0:00:28.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the study of personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.83,0:00:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A trait is a consistent,\Nstable characteristic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.89,0:00:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that causes individuals\Nto behave in certain ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.07,0:00:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It varies from person to person.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.29,0:00:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The outlook towards personality\Nand how traits are defined
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.01,0:00:42.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has evolved over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.72,0:00:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unlike many other theories of personality,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.36,0:00:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as psychoanalytic\Nor humanistic theories,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.42,0:00:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trait approach to personality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.37,0:00:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is focused on differences\Nbetween individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.55,0:00:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The combination and\Ninteraction of various traits
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.31,0:00:58.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is unique to each person.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.26,0:01:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trait theory is focused on identifying
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.66,0:01:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and measuring these individual\Npersonality characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.11,0:01:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If someone asked you to describe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.58,0:01:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a close friend's personality,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.41,0:01:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what kind of things would you say?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.42,0:01:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few things that might come to mind
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.34,0:01:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are descriptive terms\Nsuch as outgoing, kind,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.55,0:01:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even-tempered.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.05,0:01:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these represent personality traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.11,0:01:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first trait theory
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.19,0:01:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was proposed by psychologist\NGordon Allport in 1936.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.75,0:01:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Allport found that one\NEnglish language dictionary
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.48,0:01:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,contained more than 4,000 words
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.73,0:01:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,describing different personality traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.34,0:01:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He categorized these\Ntraits into three levels:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.40,0:01:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardinal, central, and secondary.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.16,0:01:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cardinal traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.33,0:01:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Allport suggested that cardinal traits
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.46,0:01:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are rare and dominating,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.93,0:01:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually developing later in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.15,0:01:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to define a\Nperson to such an extent
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.67,0:01:50.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that their names become\Nsynonymous with their personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.94,0:01:53.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Examples include descriptive terms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.22,0:01:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as narcissistic and Christ-like.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.37,0:01:57.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Central traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.54,0:01:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These general characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.16,0:02:01.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,form basic personality foundations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.95,0:02:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While central traits are not as dominating
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.29,0:02:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as cardinal traits,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.67,0:02:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they describe the major characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.68,0:02:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might use to describe another person,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.90,0:02:13.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as intelligent, honest, shy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.08,0:02:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and anxious refer to central traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.93,0:02:17.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondary traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.25,0:02:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondary traits are sometimes related
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.50,0:02:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to attitudes or preferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.57,0:02:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often appear only\Nin certain situations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.36,0:02:26.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or under specific circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.79,0:02:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some examples include\Npublic speaking anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.82,0:02:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or impatience while waiting in line.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.73,0:02:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cattell's 16-factor personality model.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.55,0:02:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Trait theorist Raymond Cattell
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.14,0:02:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reduced the number of\Nmain personality traits
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.66,0:02:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from Allport's initial list\Nof over 4,000 down to 171.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.46,0:02:47.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did so primarily by\Neliminating uncommon traits
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.73,0:02:50.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and combining common characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.07,0:02:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, Cattell rated a\Nlarge sample of individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.31,0:02:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for these 171 different traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.19,0:02:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using a statistical technique\Nknown as factor analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.73,0:03:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he identified closely related terms
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.10,0:03:03.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually reduced his list
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.72,0:03:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to 16 key personality traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.30,0:03:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among them are dominance, perfectionism,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.03,0:03:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reasoning, and self-reliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.28,0:03:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to Cattell, these 16 traits
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.86,0:03:16.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the source of all human personalities.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.65,0:03:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He also developed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.70,0:03:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most widely used\Npersonality assessments,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.70,0:03:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.91,0:03:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eysenck's three dimensions of personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.40,0:03:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,British psychologist Hans Eysenck
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.47,0:03:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believed that personality\Nhas a biological basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.77,0:03:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developing a model of personality
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.78,0:03:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on just three universal traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.27,0:03:38.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Introversion/extroversion.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.25,0:03:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Introversion involves directing attention
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.41,0:03:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to inner experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.97,0:03:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while extroversion relates\Nto focusing attention outward
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.18,0:03:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,onto other people and the environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.40,0:03:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A person high in introversion\Nmight be quiet and reserved,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.18,0:03:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while an individual high in extroversion
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.88,0:03:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be sociable and outgoing.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.46,0:03:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neuroticism/emotional stability.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.25,0:04:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This dimension of Eysenck's trait theory
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.41,0:04:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is related to moodiness\Nversus being even-tempered.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.71,0:04:08.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trait of neuroticism refers\Nto an individual's tendency
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.25,0:04:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to become upset or emotional,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.32,0:04:12.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while stability refers to the tendency
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.45,0:04:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remain emotionally constant.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.88,0:04:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychoticism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.96,0:04:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Later, after studying\Nindividuals with mental illness,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.35,0:04:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eysenck added a personality\Ndimension he called psychoticism
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.92,0:04:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his trait theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.33,0:04:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Individuals who are high in this trait
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.37,0:04:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend to have difficulty\Ndealing with reality
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.92,0:04:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and may be antisocial, hostile,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.17,0:04:34.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,non-empathetic, and manipulative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.11,0:04:36.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Five factor model of personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.30,0:04:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both Cattell's and Eysenck's theories
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.40,0:04:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been the subject of\Nconsiderable research.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.28,0:04:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This has led some theorists to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.38,0:04:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Cattell focused on too many traits
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.75,0:04:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Eysenck focused on too few.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.24,0:04:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, a new trait theory,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.37,0:04:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often referred to as the\NBig Five theory, emerged.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.97,0:04:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This five-factor model of personality
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.22,0:04:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents five core traits that interact
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.62,0:05:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form human personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.45,0:05:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While researchers often disagree
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.40,0:05:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the exact labels for each dimension,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.10,0:05:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are commonly\Ndescribed as agreeableness:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.13,0:05:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level of cooperation\Nand caring for others,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.95,0:05:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conscientiousness:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.30,0:05:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level of thoughtfulness and structure,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.34,0:05:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extroversion:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.39,0:05:18.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level of socialness and\Nemotional expressiveness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.36,0:05:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neuroticism: level of mood stability
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.97,0:05:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and emotional resilience,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.59,0:05:25.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,openness: level of\Nadventure and creativity.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.58,0:05:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the most common\Ncriticisms of trait theory
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.31,0:05:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,center on the fact that traits
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.93,0:05:33.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often poor predictors of behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.33,0:05:35.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While an individual may score high
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.31,0:05:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on assessments of a specific trait,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.50,0:05:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may not always behave\Nthat way in every situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.43,0:05:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another problem is that trait theories
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.50,0:05:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do not address how or why
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.24,0:05:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,individual differences in\Npersonality develop or emerge.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.92,0:05:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We all have certain traits\Nthat dominate our personality
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.34,0:05:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with various\Npermutations and combinations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.19,0:05:58.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can arise in different situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.80,0:06:01.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, our traits can change over time
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.35,0:06:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and be shaped by our experiences.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.54,0:06:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.95,0:06:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next video, we\Nshall continue to explore
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.32,0:06:09.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more related topics on trait theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.72,0:06:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hope you found this video helpful.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.52,0:06:14.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you liked it, please\Ngive me a thumbs up
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.01,0:06:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and subscribe to my channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.42,0:06:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 Minute Learnings,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.80,0:06:18.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do remember to hit the bell icon
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Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.15,0:06:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for watching.