[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.50,0:00:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moist, cool conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.07,0:00:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Used to be anyways,\Ngetting warmer conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.27,0:00:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we've got the Aspen parkland.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.73,0:00:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And compared to the 30s down\Nhere, it's perfect.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.60,0:00:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Aspen parkland is is I'll talk to talk\Nabout that in a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.93,0:00:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, let's talk about the board.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.77,0:00:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The board.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.53,0:00:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've got some of the nicest
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.37,0:00:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most extensive Aspen stands,\Nprobably anywhere in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.37,0:00:27.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes 25, 30m tall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.93,0:00:31.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of 100, 302 years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.47,0:00:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protector of wood\Nin these extensive stands
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.20,0:00:38.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that go on for miles and miles\Nand miles. And,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.53,0:00:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the call structure in this,\Nin this particular scene.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.97,0:00:46.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So boreal aspen is\Nwhere most of the, the, the,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.17,0:00:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,productivity\Nthat we're where we're trying to grow it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.63,0:00:53.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And after logging or trying to fight it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.80,0:00:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when people are trying to do a crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.07,0:00:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also based
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.90,0:01:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Aspen parkland zone\Nin the southern southern
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.10,0:01:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fringe of the boreal forest\Nand the springs of the grassland.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.33,0:01:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in these areas,\Nwe're seeing problems with the aspen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.93,0:01:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're losing the aspen\Nbecause of because of, the drought.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.53,0:01:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So first of all, the Oscars,\Na lot of sort of stuff started,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.70,0:01:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,5 or 6m tall in many cases. And,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.87,0:01:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we we have this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.30,0:01:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess, Doctor\NSinclair showed this before lunch
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.07,0:01:32.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you got, drought, cavitation\Nof, of these aspen stands.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.43,0:01:35.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're losing\Na lot of the aspen stands in this zone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.27,0:01:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the rest of the rest of the few minutes\Nthat I have, I'm
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.27,0:01:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going to talk about a bunch of research\Nthat we have promoting Aspen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.53,0:01:46.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, some of this will seem a lot to you\Nbecause,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.87,0:01:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're dealing with colder systems\Nand and what you you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.83,0:01:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're dealing\Nwith more competitive species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.80,0:01:57.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably than competitive,\Nother competitive associated species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.40,0:02:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, first of all, we talk about a study
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.40,0:02:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we did\Non the root root structure of a hospital.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.20,0:02:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we we did a bunch of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.20,0:02:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,washout studies where we wanted to examine
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.47,0:02:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's going on in declining assets\Nthat are the root system.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.13,0:02:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had a dead ass to restart.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.93,0:02:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And out here, the roots in good shape,\Nand we see them
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.03,0:02:24.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,roots of these roots\Nof these declining stems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.10,0:02:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often we'll have a dead
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.70,0:02:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tree, will often have live roots\Nconnected to the rest of the column.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.60,0:02:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these, the rest of the column\Nis still capturing and taking advantage
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.57,0:02:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the life of the roots of the dead trees\Nwe're seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.60,0:02:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Root grafting at the base
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.97,0:02:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the stumps, commonly within column.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.30,0:02:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't see much room.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.37,0:02:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grafting across plants, but\Nwithin pharmacy group that we're seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.93,0:02:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,original roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.23,0:02:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sections that are 80 years old, as old
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.10,0:02:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the original original stands\Nthat are connecting the Aspen.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.47,0:02:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most these places.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.33,0:03:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this this is published\Nand you can watch.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.00,0:03:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you some places\Nwhere these are published and you can
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.90,0:03:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can get those\Nif you like, like to see the parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.63,0:03:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's that's project one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.00,0:03:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,second project is on ceiling improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.87,0:03:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a, this is, common thing\Nthat we're seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.67,0:03:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in, in Western Canada.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.67,0:03:23.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing a large amount\Nof Aspen recruits
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.47,0:03:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into zones where we didn't have it before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.47,0:03:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's coming in.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.90,0:03:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's coming in into places.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.90,0:03:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was originally a jet plane\Nor a large coal plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.87,0:03:37.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And and black spruce,\Nstand in the upper foothills.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.73,0:03:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This zone is usually too high in elevation\Nfor the for the aspen to live.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.67,0:03:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, but not anymore because probably
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.87,0:03:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of climate change, warming,\Nwarming up the summers in the spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.80,0:03:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing these aspen aspen seedlings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.37,0:03:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming in very extensively in these zones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.07,0:03:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're, we're expecting to see\Na large amount of this in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.30,0:04:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we think that if you disturb the ground\Nsignificantly, you get 1,000 pounds
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.67,0:04:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,per hectare of aspen\Ncoming in from natural seeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.57,0:04:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's a common thing to see it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.17,0:04:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's a, here's a track from,\Nfrom a site preparation from alpine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.27,0:04:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they also promoted\NAspen to the chagrin
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.73,0:04:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the people were trying to go find.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.27,0:04:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't like this because the Aspen\Nis coming in at a at a heavy rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.73,0:04:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're seeing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.83,0:04:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mineral soil is, is a term\Nwe use to describe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.90,0:04:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where is the aspen relative\Nto the amount of substrate available.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.43,0:04:38.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's five times as likely
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.10,0:04:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be found on mineral soils relative\Nto the amount of mineral soil available.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.83,0:04:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then something like\Ndeep organic substrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.47,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is almost nothing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so shallow organics or organic mix,\Nyou'll find it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.90,0:04:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So mineral soil we can we can get\Nwe can get aspen
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.77,0:05:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seedlings established from quite commonly\Neven on convex surfaces.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.27,0:05:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did did that analysis of that as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.90,0:05:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing we did is\Nwe we actually aged a bunch of these Aspen
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.37,0:05:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we aged 60 of them in this\Nin this population carefully aged
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.50,0:05:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and cut them cereal section up the stem
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.93,0:05:16.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found out exactly how old they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.80,0:05:21.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found out that this was a seven\Nyear old standard that pictures taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.47,0:05:24.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have seen\Nthis all the way from 7 to 1,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.67,0:05:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were coming in every single year.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.00,0:05:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is not an uncommon event.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.33,0:05:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It happens pretty well every single year.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.53,0:05:38.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the reason why we think it's\Nso common here is
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.57,0:05:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we got a lot of June and July rainfall\Nright after see faster, see dispersion.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.20,0:05:46.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I guess wouldn't podcast records\Nor flat or something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.53,0:05:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but seems were more likely to record\Non depressed microbes, topography.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.50,0:05:56.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the main message is\Nwe think it's spreading upslope
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.07,0:06:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the Canadian Rockies\Nfrom where it where it wasn't before.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.70,0:06:04.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And and we're we're just about\Nbecause it's ready for publication.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.90,0:06:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third area we worked on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.50,0:06:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recently was on the last while we're still\Nstill doing some work on this, actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.13,0:06:16.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,following this up, where we we identified\Na bunch of carbohydrate storage
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.87,0:06:20.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and mobilization\Nin, in the aspen aspen cores
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.93,0:06:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where it where the carbohydrates
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.23,0:06:26.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at different times of the year\Nand different and different seasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.53,0:06:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have cores.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.40,0:06:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see them very\Nnicely at this time of year.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.77,0:06:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We identified them and
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.90,0:06:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then follow that same form,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.13,0:06:39.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannibals, clones for a number of years
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.70,0:06:42.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, to,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.17,0:06:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measure things like root
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.10,0:06:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbohydrates and root stems and branches.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.97,0:06:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, we did this, and some of the plants\Nactually got defoliation.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.43,0:06:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to talk about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.70,0:06:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we'll we will publish that work\Neventually.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.47,0:06:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.23,0:06:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The theory is\Nthe theory is that, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.57,0:07:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one of the things we wanted to look\Nat was this whole issue of, that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.10,0:07:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leaf question and the growth of the Aspen\Nin the, in the spring times.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.47,0:07:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The top of the aspen
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.87,0:07:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is related to this mobilization\Nof carbohydrates up from the roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.47,0:07:13.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's probably not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.97,0:07:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't think we we don't see it\Ncoming from that, that source.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.80,0:07:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't see any depression\Nfrom, roots, carbohydrates in the spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.70,0:07:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do see is a depression\Nand a mobilization
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.97,0:07:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from carbohydrates in the tops\Nof the trees to drive the leaf rusher.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.63,0:07:33.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.30,0:07:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's\None of the things we learned from this.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.97,0:07:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing is in the summertime,\Nwe see a large amount
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.03,0:07:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mobilization\Nof carbohydrates down into the roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.63,0:07:44.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the summertime.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.33,0:07:47.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the roots are just being filled\Nright up with carbohydrates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.43,0:07:48.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you if you measure them
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.90,0:07:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into late summer into early fall,\Nthey're full of carbohydrates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.10,0:07:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you measure them again\Nin really late fall,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.33,0:08:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the time when things are just freezing\Nup, the ground's freezing up.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.10,0:08:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've blasted it all the way again\Nbecause they grew a whole bunch of roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.73,0:08:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.70,0:08:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carbohydrate reserves are pretty well\Nright where they were,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.77,0:08:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the beginning of the season.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.40,0:08:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So almost all the way back into into fall\Nroot growth
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.47,0:08:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at that, at that, late in the late summer\Nor the late fall.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.23,0:08:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're not seeing\Nwhen I'm seeing this big groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.23,0:08:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mobilization from top to bottom.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.77,0:08:32.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing the roots once, the roots once they got the carbohydrates to hang on,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.50,0:08:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're using themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.17,0:08:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I always spring the early spring.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.07,0:08:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spring prior to should flush with\Ncarbohydrates are really low.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.30,0:08:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And power structures.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.47,0:08:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.70,0:08:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you harvest and machine\Ntraffic is another another study.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.13,0:08:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we wanted to follow this up\Na bit of business of,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.00,0:08:58.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether or not the season of harvest\Nis really important for
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.13,0:09:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or whether whether or not Aspen\Ncan recycle very vigorously.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.97,0:09:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we, we actually looked at winter,\Nsummer and fall logging to see whether
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.83,0:09:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or not the aspen will suffer differently\Nunder those under those systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.77,0:09:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.73,0:09:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we actually wanted to compare it\Nto the importance of soil disturbance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.03,0:09:21.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we know that winter\Nlogging has way less soil disturbance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.63,0:09:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then summer flooding.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.33,0:09:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's way more\Nthere's way more disturbance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.20,0:09:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those two factors are confounded\Nseason and disturbance that can follow.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.20,0:09:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we actually set up a study where\Nwe looked at those things simultaneously.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.07,0:09:40.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First of all, we we measured we set up\Nthis very large site as a 50 by 50 meter,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.90,0:09:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sections of forest.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.43,0:09:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's four of them here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.57,0:09:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were like to get summer\Nharvest, fall harvest,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.20,0:09:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,winter harvest and harvest control.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.47,0:09:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we went into other parts\Nof these blocks and the corners and places
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.70,0:10:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we had sort of, we thought\Nwas typical traffic and put in other plots
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.67,0:10:04.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we assessed\Nafter conventional harvesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.90,0:10:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way we harvest events\Nis we harvest them with table skitters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.53,0:10:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we actually in the in those blocks,\Nwe didn't drive over
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.30,0:10:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and traffic everything up.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.20,0:10:17.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we came all the the logs out, didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.70,0:10:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,drive over the cost\Nof cutting with the chainsaw.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.73,0:10:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we compared that,\Nwe compared them for the long
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.80,0:10:31.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the short is that season of harvest\Nis little different for all sectors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.37,0:10:37.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we all had about 50 to 60,000\Ntons per hectare of suckers and density.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.50,0:10:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Size in this area\Nwas pretty much the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.17,0:10:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you don't traffic it, it doesn't\Nmake hardly any difference at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.50,0:10:46.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So season of harvest.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.67,0:10:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that really fits\Nwith the carbohydrate, results
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.50,0:10:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we just reported. Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.30,0:10:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the machine traffic\Ndid make a difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.70,0:10:57.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Density\Nwas not affected by by machine traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.53,0:11:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is conventional conventional machine\Ntraffic and no traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.67,0:11:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And but the heights without the leaf area
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.13,0:11:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and dry biomass, of the suckers was down
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.97,0:11:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they didn't grow as well\Nfor your machine traffic compared to,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.10,0:11:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to where it was traffic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.27,0:11:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Season brushing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.10,0:11:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, you know, asked.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.50,0:11:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a large amount of discussion\Nabout trying
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.63,0:11:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.97,0:11:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control, but here's, here's
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.10,0:11:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different realities\Nthat we live in compared to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.83,0:11:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're trying to control Aspen,\Nand we want to do it with a brush size
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.50,0:11:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have slow growth rates now\Nso we can establish conifers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.40,0:11:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.00,0:11:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,idea is that, well, if you log,\Nif you harvested or do this in wintertime
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.87,0:11:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus in the in the summer time,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.20,0:11:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should have different results\Nat the end with carbohydrate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.70,0:11:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here it comes up in this one again.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.37,0:11:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we measured the carbohydrates\Nin these.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.60,0:11:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, we.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.20,0:12:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We we did it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.10,0:12:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did this in spring summer as and winter
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.23,0:12:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again\Nthe little difference in the current
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.10,0:12:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in winter, spring and summer in relation\Nto, season of cutting.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.17,0:12:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We couldn't\Nwe could not see the difference.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.10,0:12:18.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had ten, ten reps of, of a large,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.67,0:12:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,multi multifaceted experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.13,0:12:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just published in Air Force volume that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.70,0:12:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we did see this kind of thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.87,0:12:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you do cut
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.30,0:12:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Aspen stem, you're not going to get\Na good or very, very good Aspen.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.60,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of the response and after cutting\Nand asking the same way, the press,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.63,0:12:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come back as stem sprouts and we know that\Nthey're likely going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.27,0:12:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,root diseases or stem
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.40,0:12:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diseases, associated with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.60,0:12:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.90,0:12:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A fifth step, mother, study this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.57,0:12:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one's related to fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.80,0:12:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have\Nwe have large amounts of stands
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.17,0:13:01.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with large numbers of stands\Nwhere we had hazel or sometimes alder
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.67,0:13:04.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or sometimes you even come across\Nthis in a very thick is grass
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.30,0:13:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,growing in the understory of these mature\Naspen stands.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:08.23,0:13:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prior to logging,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.80,0:13:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cut these stands and we don't generally\Ndon't get, regeneration.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.80,0:13:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are many.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.43,0:13:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These hazel stands probably have\Nas much leaf area as the Aspen oversaw.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.80,0:13:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So huge amounts of huge amounts of,\Nvigorous,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.57,0:13:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figures, from and in some cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.37,0:13:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we did is we get\Nwe have ten pairs of these stands
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.60,0:13:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we had a high density haze\Nor 50,000 snaps per hectare, versus about
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.87,0:13:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,3500 sets per hectare.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.30,0:13:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had ten pairs of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.57,0:13:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adjacent pairs that were within a few\Nfew meters of each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.93,0:13:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we we locked these, we log these
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.93,0:13:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we carefully logged them into\Nto not traffic here.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.97,0:13:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't drive over these.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.37,0:13:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We just reached in with this other bunch\Nor grabbed the logs.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.13,0:13:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never dropped scatters through them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.80,0:13:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there wasn't traffic issue compared\Nto the area where there wasn't a hazel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.07,0:14:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we were we measured\Na whole bunch of characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.87,0:14:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We measured the suckers,\Nthe sucker, regeneration.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.37,0:14:11.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We measured the root development.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.33,0:14:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were interested\Nin the roots of the aspen.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.73,0:14:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We because we thought our hypothesis\Nwas that the the Hazelwood
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.90,0:14:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would essentially drive down the root\Nbiomass of the of the aspen stands.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.60,0:14:25.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vigor
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.23,0:14:28.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,degree would be down\Nbecause of this, this aggressive,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.23,0:14:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,competition from the Hazel.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.70,0:14:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We then we measured, we actually went in\Nand went to that, went into the stands
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.43,0:14:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we measured the roots and turns,\Ndug some root pits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.33,0:14:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, when you have a graduate student\Nonly weighs
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.90,0:14:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 pounds, you have to get fossil fuels\Ninvolved to help out.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.03,0:14:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what we did here.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.03,0:14:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We we dug these.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.27,0:14:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a whole bunch of these tests with.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.60,0:14:54.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we had,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.03,0:14:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 of these pits that were done.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.47,0:15:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you get is, cleaned off a face,\Nput a mylar sheet on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.70,0:15:06.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then marked all the all the aspen\Nand the
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.33,0:15:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the hazel roots on that sheet,\Nand then brought it back to the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.37,0:15:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and did it and did council analyzes\Nin terms of the distance above ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.30,0:15:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distance into the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.57,0:15:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what we found is there's a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.40,0:15:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a significant drop in insect\Ndensity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.03,0:15:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's still lots of suckers,\Nbut they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.97,0:15:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Quite a bit, quite lower than where.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.20,0:15:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You didn't have Hazel, locomotive.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.23,0:15:35.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hazel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:35.00,0:15:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, tended to be down,\Nbut not was not significant.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.13,0:15:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we were trying to\Nwe wanted to look at the roots
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.60,0:15:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pruning in relation to, to this problem\Nas to why there would be less,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.57,0:15:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less, less, Hazel, less effort.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:51.07,0:15:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we saw is that the surface roots,\Nwe had fewer
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.20,0:15:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,surface roots in the places\Nwhere there was hazel, the aspen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.10,0:16:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the aspen was driven down to lower levels,\Ntotally todas as many aspen roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.33,0:16:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the surface roots were down.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.67,0:16:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, when you look at the suffering,\Nand that's probably what happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.03,0:16:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have the suffering is all\Nfrom the surface roots and in our as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.57,0:16:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why we\Nwe saw this decline in numbers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.40,0:16:22.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,another project\Nlooking at root warming and suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.27,0:16:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We we did two different treatments here.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.13,0:16:26.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We cut roots,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.67,0:16:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we cut roots and we scraped roots
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.00,0:16:34.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like logging equipment would do to see\Nwhat impact that has on on suckering,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.73,0:16:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether or not that's a positive thing\Nor a negative thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.13,0:16:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we measured the numbers\Nof suckers in the height of height of the.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.30,0:16:45.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tallest suckers,\Nand we had the suckers after us.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.47,0:16:47.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.50,0:16:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we did find actually greater numbers\Nof roots.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.93,0:16:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Associated with wounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.43,0:16:57.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just about double the amount of, of, of,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.90,0:17:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of suckers that were associated\Nwith scrapes or severs
Dialogue: 0,0:17:01.27,0:17:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to the control.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.40,0:17:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So injury roots generate
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.90,0:17:10.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more suckers or taller suckers and suckers\Nwith greater leaf.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.63,0:17:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we published\Njust recently in the nature by our
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.20,0:17:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're doing some other work on this\Nthat looks at even more damage.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.63,0:17:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More damage\Nand more damage is is giving giving us
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.67,0:17:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lots of suckers\Nbut miserable little scarring things.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.93,0:17:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They just don't grow properly. So
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.77,0:17:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warts doesn't always mean good.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.10,0:17:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, last time physical barriers
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.80,0:17:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we wanted to look at this issue\Nof physical barriers and suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.73,0:17:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and whether or not it's things\Nthat are actually stopping
Dialogue: 0,0:17:44.07,0:17:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and preventing the suckers\Nfrom moving out of the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:17:47.10,0:17:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or moving through their substrates\Nabove the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.50,0:17:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are important forces in subtle.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.57,0:17:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so we we,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:56.27,0:18:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looked at a particular is a problem\Nwith a grasp of how an across the rifle
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.33,0:18:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,omnibus grass\Nnotice inhibits suffering of asthma.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.20,0:18:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've got lots of examples of this\Nwhere we have
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.17,0:18:11.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we had an Aspen stand,\Nit had came across the in the understory.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.00,0:18:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The grass, dominates the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:15.30,0:18:17.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the suffering comes in very poorly.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.47,0:18:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It grows very slowly.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.93,0:18:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very, very poor for performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:22.53,0:18:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we\Nthink part of the problem is called soils.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:24.83,0:18:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so that's a given.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.97,0:18:28.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to I'm not going to I'm\Ngoing to move on from there.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.07,0:18:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we did do well.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.83,0:18:33.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did do an experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.47,0:18:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we have an experimental system here\Nwhere we grow aspen and root plot
Dialogue: 0,0:18:36.87,0:18:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,root, window boxes within its root.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.80,0:18:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these were the boxes\Nfor three years, grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.30,0:18:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've come across this\Nin the window box for three years.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.43,0:18:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you asked what works
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.30,0:18:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you fertilize and water it quite well,\Ngrows quite nicely in this situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.70,0:18:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We actually couldn't see any difference\Nin root mass or anything like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:54.10,0:18:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we fertilize.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.30,0:18:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did have had a fertilization treatment\Nin this experiment as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:59.07,0:19:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The main point I want to get across here\Nis that the the come across this,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.90,0:19:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really slows down the
Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.43,0:19:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suffering of the in terms of,\Nin terms of its movement out of the,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.83,0:19:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of the, the soil as well
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.60,0:19:16.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as its growth once it got out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.97,0:19:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is,\Nthis is what essentially we have.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.57,0:19:25.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Numbers are suckers in relation\Nto come across this principle.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.57,0:19:27.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For us, it's a no counting process.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.80,0:19:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was fertilization\Nor no fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.27,0:19:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you if we have immersed suckers,\Nthey actually got out of the soil
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.67,0:19:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus suckers that were formed\Nbut never got out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.03,0:19:41.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.40,0:19:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these suckers here are in the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.90,0:19:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They never they're never make it out\Nover a 50 day period after after start.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.77,0:19:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're still in\Nfor all these together.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.50,0:19:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's no there's no difference\Nacross any of the treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.80,0:19:59.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there is a difference in terms\Nof whether or not it's come across this
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.67,0:20:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or no come across in terms and numbers\Nthat get out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.37,0:20:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay. Just about about
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.20,0:20:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the main
Dialogue: 0,0:20:07.70,0:20:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thing that's going on, we think, is this\Nis that the, the, the dense sods,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.27,0:20:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dense sods and are acting\Nas a physical barrier that are stopping
Dialogue: 0,0:20:19.17,0:20:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this coarse, thick, fleshy aspen
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.50,0:20:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sprout from getting out of the soil.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:25.43,0:20:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we get the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:26.77,0:20:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We did another experiment\Nwhere we did it with aspen litter
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.33,0:20:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,above the soil, and the aspen litter\Nprevents the aspen from growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:35.17,0:20:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once it gets out of the soil\Nand it slows it down by 2 or 3 weeks,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.50,0:20:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's a big deal in our part of the world\Nwhere we have a very short crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.27,0:20:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, no effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.70,0:20:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No effects of numbers of suckers\Ncome across.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.17,0:20:52.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a physical barrier,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.50,0:20:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,resulting in fewer suckers\Ngetting out and come across is delayed.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.70,0:20:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Delayed\Nemergence is the later delayed emergence.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.47,0:21:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're seeing the same problem\Non logging decks in places where there's
Dialogue: 0,0:21:04.27,0:21:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of a lot amount of slash and debris\Non the site,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.10,0:21:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the physical barrier,\Nwe think is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:12.30,0:21:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:13.37,0:21:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here's some of the people\Nwho helped fund all this work.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.80,0:21:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you've got any questions,\NI hope I got time for 1
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.50,0:21:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 2. Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:28.20,0:21:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe I'm just I didn't hear\Nquite right, but, so you had logged.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.90,0:21:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The logging equipment.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.70,0:21:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Didn't seem to stimulate\Na lot of extra suckering,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.77,0:21:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when you went in and injured,\Nthe was a stimulated.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.80,0:21:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suckering and a separate study
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.67,0:21:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I personally been on the ground\Nin, South Dakota, where I saw
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.27,0:21:48.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some logging equipment going up there\Nwas, there was massive sector coming up
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.17,0:21:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we lost the and other parts of this,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:51.63,0:21:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,region, some brute ripping\Nand getting a lot of suckering.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:54.67,0:21:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you could explain the difference or\NI've missed something between those two.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.60,0:22:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, I think that,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.43,0:22:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an interesting problem\Nwith logging, logging and other wounding.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.03,0:22:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think if you have a simple wound,\Nsimple wound,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.77,0:22:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as with a site preparation equipment\Nwhere you have a nice long time
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.07,0:22:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cut through the soil\Nor something like that,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.33,0:22:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you probably will stimulate a net.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:19.90,0:22:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There'll be a net stimulation of suffering\Nif you've got a large
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.23,0:22:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and extensive amount\Nof wounding on and aspens on aspen root.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:27.47,0:22:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're seeing that,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.43,0:22:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you come and dig that root\Nthat that root up in in a month,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.77,0:22:37.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's got,\Nit's got multiple pockmarks of wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:38.17,0:22:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see the,\Nthe fungi and the blackening of the stems
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.07,0:22:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the roots along those areas\Naround every one of those wounds. And,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.27,0:22:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I think there's a distance factor here\Nthat's important.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:52.23,0:22:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how much and how much,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.67,0:22:56.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much reserves.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.47,0:22:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got to fight off that.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:58.20,0:23:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fight off that, that disease has disease
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.20,0:23:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vectors that are, that are entering\Nevery one of those wounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:04.57,0:23:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. It's,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.77,0:23:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spring leaves up instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.17,0:23:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The stem and mostly twig and upper
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.20,0:23:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and upper, foliage, upper crown.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.20,0:23:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what we saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.53,0:23:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the leaf off, we see a depression\Nin carbohydrate concentration there.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:25.67,0:23:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't see it in the weeds.