WEBVTT 00:00:00.500 --> 00:00:03.066 Moist, cool conditions. 00:00:03.066 --> 00:00:06.066 Used to be anyways, getting warmer conditions. 00:00:06.266 --> 00:00:08.733 And then we've got the Aspen parkland. 00:00:08.733 --> 00:00:12.600 And compared to the 30s down here, it's perfect. 00:00:12.600 --> 00:00:16.666 Aspen parkland is is I'll talk to talk about that in a minute. 00:00:16.933 --> 00:00:18.766 First of all, let's talk about the board. 00:00:18.766 --> 00:00:19.533 The board. 00:00:19.533 --> 00:00:21.366 We've got some of the nicest 00:00:21.366 --> 00:00:24.366 and most extensive Aspen stands, probably anywhere in the world. 00:00:25.366 --> 00:00:27.933 Sometimes 25, 30m tall. 00:00:27.933 --> 00:00:31.266 And, of 100, 302 years old. 00:00:31.466 --> 00:00:35.200 Protector of wood in these extensive stands 00:00:35.200 --> 00:00:38.333 that go on for miles and miles and miles. And, 00:00:39.533 --> 00:00:42.533 you can see the call structure in this, in this particular scene. 00:00:42.966 --> 00:00:46.866 So boreal aspen is where most of the, the, the, 00:00:47.166 --> 00:00:50.166 productivity that we're where we're trying to grow it. 00:00:50.633 --> 00:00:53.800 And after logging or trying to fight it. 00:00:53.800 --> 00:00:56.200 And when people are trying to do a crisis, 00:00:58.066 --> 00:00:58.900 it's also based 00:00:58.900 --> 00:01:02.100 on the Aspen parkland zone in the southern southern 00:01:02.100 --> 00:01:05.100 fringe of the boreal forest and the springs of the grassland. 00:01:05.333 --> 00:01:08.433 And in these areas, we're seeing problems with the aspen. 00:01:08.933 --> 00:01:12.500 We're losing the aspen because of because of, the drought. 00:01:12.533 --> 00:01:15.600 So first of all, the Oscars, a lot of sort of stuff started, 00:01:16.700 --> 00:01:19.700 5 or 6m tall in many cases. And, 00:01:20.866 --> 00:01:23.300 we we have this problem, 00:01:23.300 --> 00:01:26.600 I guess, Doctor Sinclair showed this before lunch 00:01:27.066 --> 00:01:32.433 where you got, drought, cavitation of, of these aspen stands. 00:01:32.433 --> 00:01:35.433 We're losing a lot of the aspen stands in this zone. 00:01:36.266 --> 00:01:39.266 So the rest of the rest of the few minutes that I have, I'm 00:01:39.266 --> 00:01:42.900 going to talk about a bunch of research that we have promoting Aspen. 00:01:43.533 --> 00:01:46.533 And, some of this will seem a lot to you because, 00:01:46.866 --> 00:01:50.533 we're dealing with colder systems and and what you you are. 00:01:50.833 --> 00:01:52.800 And we're dealing with more competitive species 00:01:52.800 --> 00:01:57.200 probably than competitive, other competitive associated species. 00:01:58.400 --> 00:02:00.400 Okay, first of all, we talk about a study 00:02:00.400 --> 00:02:03.400 that we did on the root root structure of a hospital. 00:02:04.200 --> 00:02:07.200 And we we did a bunch of these, 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:11.300 washout studies where we wanted to examine 00:02:11.466 --> 00:02:14.533 what's going on in declining assets that are the root system. 00:02:15.133 --> 00:02:16.933 So we had a dead ass to restart. 00:02:16.933 --> 00:02:19.966 And out here, the roots in good shape, and we see them 00:02:21.033 --> 00:02:24.033 roots of these roots of these declining stems. 00:02:24.100 --> 00:02:25.700 Often we'll have a dead 00:02:25.700 --> 00:02:29.066 tree, will often have live roots connected to the rest of the column. 00:02:29.600 --> 00:02:33.566 So these, the rest of the column is still capturing and taking advantage 00:02:33.566 --> 00:02:37.033 of the life of the roots of the dead trees we're seeing. 00:02:39.600 --> 00:02:40.966 Root grafting at the base 00:02:40.966 --> 00:02:44.100 of the stumps, commonly within column. 00:02:44.300 --> 00:02:45.366 We don't see much room. 00:02:45.366 --> 00:02:49.566 Grafting across plants, but within pharmacy group that we're seeing 00:02:49.933 --> 00:02:51.233 original roots. 00:02:51.233 --> 00:02:54.100 Sections that are 80 years old, as old 00:02:54.100 --> 00:02:57.333 as the original original stands that are connecting the Aspen. 00:02:57.466 --> 00:02:59.333 And most these places. 00:02:59.333 --> 00:03:02.000 So this this is published and you can watch. 00:03:02.000 --> 00:03:04.900 I'll give you some places where these are published and you can 00:03:04.900 --> 00:03:07.433 you can get those if you like, like to see the parts. 00:03:08.633 --> 00:03:11.000 That's that's project one 00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:13.866 second project is on ceiling improvement. 00:03:13.866 --> 00:03:17.666 And this is a, this is, common thing that we're seeing 00:03:17.666 --> 00:03:20.666 in, in Western Canada. 00:03:20.666 --> 00:03:23.466 We're seeing a large amount of Aspen recruits 00:03:23.466 --> 00:03:26.466 into zones where we didn't have it before. 00:03:26.466 --> 00:03:27.900 It's coming in. 00:03:27.900 --> 00:03:29.900 It's coming in into places. 00:03:29.900 --> 00:03:32.866 This was originally a jet plane or a large coal plant. 00:03:32.866 --> 00:03:37.200 And and black spruce, stand in the upper foothills. 00:03:37.733 --> 00:03:41.766 This zone is usually too high in elevation for the for the aspen to live. 00:03:42.666 --> 00:03:45.866 And, but not anymore because probably 00:03:45.866 --> 00:03:48.866 because of climate change, warming, warming up the summers in the spring. 00:03:49.800 --> 00:03:52.800 We're seeing these aspen aspen seedlings, 00:03:53.366 --> 00:03:56.066 coming in very extensively in these zones. 00:03:56.066 --> 00:03:59.933 And we're, we're expecting to see a large amount of this in the future. 00:04:00.300 --> 00:04:04.666 So we think that if you disturb the ground significantly, you get 1,000 pounds 00:04:04.666 --> 00:04:08.066 per hectare of aspen coming in from natural seeding. 00:04:08.566 --> 00:04:10.166 So it's a common thing to see it. 00:04:10.166 --> 00:04:14.833 Here's a, here's a track from, from a site preparation from alpine. 00:04:15.266 --> 00:04:17.733 But they also promoted Aspen to the chagrin 00:04:17.733 --> 00:04:20.266 that the people were trying to go find. 00:04:20.266 --> 00:04:24.066 They don't like this because the Aspen is coming in at a at a heavy rate. 00:04:25.733 --> 00:04:26.833 And we're seeing that, 00:04:26.833 --> 00:04:30.700 the mineral soil is, is a term we use to describe 00:04:30.900 --> 00:04:35.000 where is the aspen relative to the amount of substrate available. 00:04:35.433 --> 00:04:38.100 So it's five times as likely 00:04:38.100 --> 00:04:41.433 to be found on mineral soils relative to the amount of mineral soil available. 00:04:41.833 --> 00:04:44.866 Then something like deep organic substrates, 00:04:45.466 --> 00:04:48.000 which is almost nothing 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:51.566 so shallow organics or organic mix, you'll find it. 00:04:51.900 --> 00:04:55.233 So mineral soil we can we can get we can get aspen 00:04:55.766 --> 00:05:00.266 seedlings established from quite commonly even on convex surfaces. 00:05:00.266 --> 00:05:03.266 We did did that analysis of that as well. 00:05:03.900 --> 00:05:07.100 The other thing we did is we we actually aged a bunch of these Aspen 00:05:07.366 --> 00:05:10.500 we aged 60 of them in this in this population carefully aged 00:05:10.500 --> 00:05:13.500 and cut them cereal section up the stem 00:05:13.933 --> 00:05:16.800 and found out exactly how old they were. 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:21.233 And we found out that this was a seven year old standard that pictures taken. 00:05:21.466 --> 00:05:24.466 And we have seen this all the way from 7 to 1, 00:05:24.666 --> 00:05:27.000 and they were coming in every single year. 00:05:27.000 --> 00:05:29.333 So this is not an uncommon event. 00:05:29.333 --> 00:05:31.733 It happens pretty well every single year. 00:05:34.533 --> 00:05:38.566 So the reason why we think it's so common here is 00:05:38.566 --> 00:05:43.200 we got a lot of June and July rainfall right after see faster, see dispersion. 00:05:43.200 --> 00:05:46.800 So I guess wouldn't podcast records or flat or something like that, 00:05:47.533 --> 00:05:51.800 but seems were more likely to record on depressed microbes, topography. 00:05:52.500 --> 00:05:56.066 And the main message is we think it's spreading upslope 00:05:56.066 --> 00:06:00.300 into the Canadian Rockies from where it where it wasn't before. 00:06:00.700 --> 00:06:04.966 And and we're we're just about because it's ready for publication. 00:06:05.900 --> 00:06:07.500 The third area we worked on. 00:06:07.500 --> 00:06:11.800 Recently was on the last while we're still still doing some work on this, actually, 00:06:12.133 --> 00:06:16.866 following this up, where we we identified a bunch of carbohydrate storage 00:06:16.866 --> 00:06:20.233 and mobilization in, in the aspen aspen cores 00:06:20.933 --> 00:06:23.233 and where it where the carbohydrates 00:06:23.233 --> 00:06:26.233 at different times of the year and different and different seasons. 00:06:26.533 --> 00:06:28.400 So we have cores. 00:06:28.400 --> 00:06:30.466 You can see them very nicely at this time of year. 00:06:31.766 --> 00:06:32.900 We identified them and 00:06:32.900 --> 00:06:35.900 then follow that same form, 00:06:36.133 --> 00:06:39.133 cannibals, clones for a number of years 00:06:39.700 --> 00:06:42.166 to, to, 00:06:42.166 --> 00:06:44.100 measure things like root 00:06:44.100 --> 00:06:46.966 carbohydrates and root stems and branches. 00:06:46.966 --> 00:06:50.433 And, we did this, and some of the plants actually got defoliation. 00:06:50.433 --> 00:06:51.700 I'm not going to talk about that, 00:06:51.700 --> 00:06:54.466 but we'll we will publish that work eventually. 00:06:54.466 --> 00:06:55.233 Okay. 00:06:55.233 --> 00:06:57.566 The theory is the theory is that, you know, 00:06:57.566 --> 00:07:01.100 the one of the things we wanted to look at was this whole issue of, that 00:07:01.100 --> 00:07:05.466 leaf question and the growth of the Aspen in the, in the spring times. 00:07:05.466 --> 00:07:06.866 The top of the aspen 00:07:06.866 --> 00:07:10.500 is related to this mobilization of carbohydrates up from the roots. 00:07:11.466 --> 00:07:13.966 Well, it's probably not the case. 00:07:13.966 --> 00:07:17.800 We don't think we we don't see it coming from that, that source. 00:07:17.800 --> 00:07:23.066 We don't see any depression from, roots, carbohydrates in the spring. 00:07:23.700 --> 00:07:27.966 What we do see is a depression and a mobilization 00:07:27.966 --> 00:07:31.833 from carbohydrates in the tops of the trees to drive the leaf rusher. 00:07:32.633 --> 00:07:33.033 Okay. 00:07:34.300 --> 00:07:35.966 So that's one of the things we learned from this. 00:07:35.966 --> 00:07:39.033 The second thing is in the summertime, we see a large amount 00:07:39.033 --> 00:07:42.633 of mobilization of carbohydrates down into the roots. 00:07:42.633 --> 00:07:44.333 In the summertime. 00:07:44.333 --> 00:07:47.433 And so the roots are just being filled right up with carbohydrates. 00:07:47.433 --> 00:07:48.900 If you if you measure them 00:07:48.900 --> 00:07:52.466 into late summer into early fall, they're full of carbohydrates. 00:07:53.100 --> 00:07:56.833 But if you measure them again in really late fall, 00:07:57.333 --> 00:08:00.533 at the time when things are just freezing up, the ground's freezing up. 00:08:01.100 --> 00:08:04.733 They've blasted it all the way again because they grew a whole bunch of roots. 00:08:04.733 --> 00:08:05.700 And there's nothing. 00:08:05.700 --> 00:08:08.900 Carbohydrate reserves are pretty well right where they were, 00:08:09.766 --> 00:08:11.400 at the beginning of the season. 00:08:11.400 --> 00:08:15.000 So almost all the way back into into fall root growth 00:08:15.466 --> 00:08:19.533 at that, at that, late in the late summer or the late fall. 00:08:20.233 --> 00:08:24.766 So we're not seeing when I'm seeing this big groups, 00:08:25.233 --> 00:08:27.766 mobilization from top to bottom. 00:08:27.766 --> 00:08:32.066 We're seeing the roots once, the roots once they got the carbohydrates to hang on, 00:08:33.500 --> 00:08:36.166 and they're using themselves. 00:08:36.166 --> 00:08:39.166 So I always spring the early spring. 00:08:40.066 --> 00:08:43.933 Spring prior to should flush with carbohydrates are really low. 00:08:44.300 --> 00:08:47.300 And power structures. 00:08:47.466 --> 00:08:47.700 Okay. 00:08:47.700 --> 00:08:51.133 So you harvest and machine traffic is another another study. 00:08:51.133 --> 00:08:54.800 So we wanted to follow this up a bit of business of, 00:08:55.000 --> 00:08:58.000 whether or not the season of harvest is really important for 00:08:58.133 --> 00:09:01.533 or whether whether or not Aspen can recycle very vigorously. 00:09:01.966 --> 00:09:06.833 So we, we actually looked at winter, summer and fall logging to see whether 00:09:06.833 --> 00:09:10.766 or not the aspen will suffer differently under those under those systems. 00:09:11.766 --> 00:09:12.733 Okay. 00:09:12.733 --> 00:09:18.033 And we actually wanted to compare it to the importance of soil disturbance, 00:09:18.033 --> 00:09:21.566 because we know that winter logging has way less soil disturbance. 00:09:21.633 --> 00:09:24.333 And then summer flooding. 00:09:24.333 --> 00:09:26.200 There's way more there's way more disturbance. 00:09:26.200 --> 00:09:30.433 So those two factors are confounded season and disturbance that can follow. 00:09:31.200 --> 00:09:35.066 So we actually set up a study where we looked at those things simultaneously. 00:09:35.066 --> 00:09:40.366 First of all, we we measured we set up this very large site as a 50 by 50 meter, 00:09:41.900 --> 00:09:43.433 sections of forest. 00:09:43.433 --> 00:09:45.566 And there's four of them here. 00:09:45.566 --> 00:09:48.200 And they were like to get summer harvest, fall harvest, 00:09:48.200 --> 00:09:51.200 winter harvest and harvest control. 00:09:51.466 --> 00:09:55.700 And then we went into other parts of these blocks and the corners and places 00:09:55.700 --> 00:10:00.033 where we had sort of, we thought was typical traffic and put in other plots 00:10:00.666 --> 00:10:04.666 that we assessed after conventional harvesting. 00:10:04.900 --> 00:10:09.533 And the way we harvest events is we harvest them with table skitters. 00:10:09.533 --> 00:10:13.300 So we actually in the in those blocks, we didn't drive over 00:10:13.300 --> 00:10:15.200 and traffic everything up. 00:10:15.200 --> 00:10:17.700 So we came all the the logs out, didn't 00:10:17.700 --> 00:10:20.700 drive over the cost of cutting with the chainsaw. 00:10:21.733 --> 00:10:25.800 And then we compared that, we compared them for the long 00:10:25.800 --> 00:10:31.366 and the short is that season of harvest is little different for all sectors. 00:10:31.366 --> 00:10:37.500 Well, we all had about 50 to 60,000 tons per hectare of suckers and density. 00:10:37.500 --> 00:10:40.166 Size in this area was pretty much the same. 00:10:40.166 --> 00:10:44.366 So if you don't traffic it, it doesn't make hardly any difference at all. 00:10:45.500 --> 00:10:46.666 So season of harvest. 00:10:46.666 --> 00:10:49.500 And that really fits with the carbohydrate, results 00:10:49.500 --> 00:10:52.300 that we just reported. Okay. 00:10:52.300 --> 00:10:54.700 But the machine traffic did make a difference. 00:10:54.700 --> 00:10:57.533 Density was not affected by by machine traffic. 00:10:57.533 --> 00:11:00.733 This is conventional conventional machine traffic and no traffic. 00:11:01.666 --> 00:11:05.133 And but the heights without the leaf area 00:11:05.133 --> 00:11:08.533 and dry biomass, of the suckers was down 00:11:08.966 --> 00:11:13.033 so they didn't grow as well for your machine traffic compared to, 00:11:14.100 --> 00:11:17.100 compared to where it was traffic. 00:11:18.266 --> 00:11:19.100 Season brushing. 00:11:19.100 --> 00:11:21.500 And, you know, asked. 00:11:21.500 --> 00:11:23.633 There's a large amount of discussion about trying 00:11:23.633 --> 00:11:26.633 to try to, 00:11:26.966 --> 00:11:29.100 control, but here's, here's 00:11:29.100 --> 00:11:32.100 the different realities that we live in compared to you. 00:11:32.833 --> 00:11:36.333 We're trying to control Aspen, and we want to do it with a brush size 00:11:36.500 --> 00:11:40.233 and have slow growth rates now so we can establish conifers. 00:11:41.400 --> 00:11:42.000 And the 00:11:42.000 --> 00:11:45.866 idea is that, well, if you log, if you harvested or do this in wintertime 00:11:45.866 --> 00:11:48.200 versus in the in the summer time, 00:11:48.200 --> 00:11:50.700 you should have different results at the end with carbohydrate. 00:11:50.700 --> 00:11:53.366 Here it comes up in this one again. 00:11:53.366 --> 00:11:56.366 And we measured the carbohydrates in these. 00:11:56.600 --> 00:11:58.200 And we, we. 00:11:58.200 --> 00:12:00.100 We we did it. 00:12:00.100 --> 00:12:03.600 We did this in spring summer as and winter 00:12:04.233 --> 00:12:07.900 and again the little difference in the current 00:12:08.100 --> 00:12:13.000 in winter, spring and summer in relation to, season of cutting. 00:12:13.166 --> 00:12:15.100 We couldn't we could not see the difference. 00:12:15.100 --> 00:12:18.800 We had ten, ten reps of, of a large, 00:12:19.666 --> 00:12:22.133 multi multifaceted experiment 00:12:22.133 --> 00:12:25.133 just published in Air Force volume that. 00:12:26.700 --> 00:12:28.866 But we did see this kind of thing. 00:12:28.866 --> 00:12:30.300 If you do cut 00:12:30.300 --> 00:12:33.300 and Aspen stem, you're not going to get a good or very, very good Aspen. 00:12:33.600 --> 00:12:38.000 But most of the response and after cutting and asking the same way, the press, 00:12:38.633 --> 00:12:42.133 come back as stem sprouts and we know that they're likely going to have 00:12:43.266 --> 00:12:44.400 root diseases or stem 00:12:44.400 --> 00:12:47.400 diseases, associated with that. 00:12:48.600 --> 00:12:49.900 Okay. 00:12:49.900 --> 00:12:52.566 A fifth step, mother, study this one. 00:12:52.566 --> 00:12:54.800 This one's related to fields. 00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:57.166 And we have we have large amounts of stands 00:12:57.166 --> 00:13:01.366 with large numbers of stands where we had hazel or sometimes alder 00:13:01.666 --> 00:13:04.866 or sometimes you even come across this in a very thick is grass 00:13:05.300 --> 00:13:08.233 growing in the understory of these mature aspen stands. 00:13:08.233 --> 00:13:09.800 Prior to logging, 00:13:09.800 --> 00:13:13.466 we cut these stands and we don't generally don't get, regeneration. 00:13:13.800 --> 00:13:14.433 These are many. 00:13:14.433 --> 00:13:18.066 These hazel stands probably have as much leaf area as the Aspen oversaw. 00:13:18.800 --> 00:13:21.866 So huge amounts of huge amounts of, vigorous, 00:13:22.566 --> 00:13:25.566 figures, from and in some cases. 00:13:26.366 --> 00:13:29.366 So what we did is we get we have ten pairs of these stands 00:13:29.600 --> 00:13:33.500 where we had a high density haze or 50,000 snaps per hectare, versus about 00:13:33.866 --> 00:13:35.300 3500 sets per hectare. 00:13:36.300 --> 00:13:37.566 We had ten pairs of them, 00:13:37.566 --> 00:13:40.633 adjacent pairs that were within a few few meters of each other. 00:13:41.933 --> 00:13:45.933 And we we locked these, we log these 00:13:45.933 --> 00:13:49.800 and we carefully logged them into to not traffic here. 00:13:49.966 --> 00:13:51.366 We didn't drive over these. 00:13:51.366 --> 00:13:54.133 We just reached in with this other bunch or grabbed the logs. 00:13:54.133 --> 00:13:55.800 I've never dropped scatters through them. 00:13:55.800 --> 00:13:59.700 So there wasn't traffic issue compared to the area where there wasn't a hazel. 00:14:01.066 --> 00:14:05.866 And then we were we measured a whole bunch of characteristics. 00:14:05.866 --> 00:14:08.366 We measured the suckers, the sucker, regeneration. 00:14:08.366 --> 00:14:11.333 We measured the root development. 00:14:11.333 --> 00:14:13.733 We were interested in the roots of the aspen. 00:14:13.733 --> 00:14:17.466 We because we thought our hypothesis was that the the Hazelwood 00:14:17.900 --> 00:14:23.333 would essentially drive down the root biomass of the of the aspen stands. 00:14:24.600 --> 00:14:25.233 The vigor 00:14:25.233 --> 00:14:28.233 degree would be down because of this, this aggressive, 00:14:28.233 --> 00:14:31.233 competition from the Hazel. 00:14:32.700 --> 00:14:36.433 We then we measured, we actually went in and went to that, went into the stands 00:14:36.433 --> 00:14:39.600 and we measured the roots and turns, dug some root pits. 00:14:40.333 --> 00:14:42.900 And, when you have a graduate student only weighs 00:14:42.900 --> 00:14:45.900 100 pounds, you have to get fossil fuels involved to help out. 00:14:46.033 --> 00:14:48.033 And that's what we did here. 00:14:48.033 --> 00:14:49.266 We we dug these. 00:14:49.266 --> 00:14:51.600 There's a whole bunch of these tests with. 00:14:51.600 --> 00:14:54.600 I think we had, 00:14:55.033 --> 00:14:57.466 100 of these pits that were done. 00:14:57.466 --> 00:15:02.233 What you get is, cleaned off a face, put a mylar sheet on it, 00:15:02.700 --> 00:15:06.033 and then marked all the all the aspen and the 00:15:06.333 --> 00:15:10.366 and the hazel roots on that sheet, and then brought it back to the lab 00:15:10.366 --> 00:15:14.566 and did it and did council analyzes in terms of the distance above ground, 00:15:16.300 --> 00:15:18.566 distance into the ground. 00:15:18.566 --> 00:15:20.400 And what we found is there's a lot 00:15:20.400 --> 00:15:23.933 there was a significant drop in insect density. 00:15:25.033 --> 00:15:27.966 There's still lots of suckers, but they were. 00:15:27.966 --> 00:15:31.200 Quite a bit, quite lower than where. 00:15:31.200 --> 00:15:34.233 You didn't have Hazel, locomotive. 00:15:34.233 --> 00:15:35.000 Hazel. 00:15:35.000 --> 00:15:38.233 I, tended to be down, but not was not significant. 00:15:39.133 --> 00:15:41.600 And so we were trying to we wanted to look at the roots 00:15:41.600 --> 00:15:45.666 of pruning in relation to, to this problem as to why there would be less, 00:15:46.566 --> 00:15:49.566 less, less, Hazel, less effort. 00:15:51.066 --> 00:15:54.200 What we saw is that the surface roots, we had fewer 00:15:54.200 --> 00:15:57.800 surface roots in the places where there was hazel, the aspen, 00:15:58.100 --> 00:16:03.000 the aspen was driven down to lower levels, totally todas as many aspen roots. 00:16:03.333 --> 00:16:05.666 But the surface roots were down. 00:16:05.666 --> 00:16:09.166 And, when you look at the suffering, and that's probably what happens, 00:16:10.033 --> 00:16:14.200 because you have the suffering is all from the surface roots and in our as well. 00:16:14.566 --> 00:16:18.533 And that's why we we saw this decline in numbers, 00:16:19.400 --> 00:16:22.266 another project looking at root warming and suffering. 00:16:22.266 --> 00:16:25.133 We we did two different treatments here. 00:16:25.133 --> 00:16:26.066 We cut roots, 00:16:27.666 --> 00:16:30.000 we cut roots and we scraped roots 00:16:30.000 --> 00:16:34.266 like logging equipment would do to see what impact that has on on suckering, 00:16:34.733 --> 00:16:37.733 whether or not that's a positive thing or a negative thing. 00:16:39.133 --> 00:16:42.300 And then we measured the numbers of suckers in the height of height of the. 00:16:42.300 --> 00:16:45.366 Tallest suckers, and we had the suckers after us. 00:16:45.466 --> 00:16:47.500 After growing. 00:16:47.500 --> 00:16:50.600 And we did find actually greater numbers of roots. 00:16:51.933 --> 00:16:54.433 Associated with wounds, 00:16:54.433 --> 00:16:57.433 just about double the amount of, of, of, 00:16:57.900 --> 00:17:00.966 of suckers that were associated with scrapes or severs 00:17:01.266 --> 00:17:04.266 compared to the control. 00:17:05.400 --> 00:17:06.900 So injury roots generate 00:17:06.900 --> 00:17:10.533 more suckers or taller suckers and suckers with greater leaf. 00:17:10.633 --> 00:17:14.200 And we published just recently in the nature by our 00:17:14.200 --> 00:17:18.066 we're doing some other work on this that looks at even more damage. 00:17:18.633 --> 00:17:21.900 More damage and more damage is is giving giving us 00:17:22.666 --> 00:17:26.466 lots of suckers but miserable little scarring things. 00:17:26.933 --> 00:17:29.733 They just don't grow properly. So 00:17:30.766 --> 00:17:33.100 warts doesn't always mean good. 00:17:33.100 --> 00:17:36.100 Okay, last time physical barriers 00:17:37.800 --> 00:17:41.366 where we wanted to look at this issue of physical barriers and suffering 00:17:41.733 --> 00:17:44.066 and whether or not it's things that are actually stopping 00:17:44.066 --> 00:17:47.066 and preventing the suckers from moving out of the soil 00:17:47.100 --> 00:17:50.500 or moving through their substrates above the soil, 00:17:50.500 --> 00:17:53.500 are important forces in subtle. 00:17:53.566 --> 00:17:56.266 And so we we, 00:17:56.266 --> 00:18:00.333 looked at a particular is a problem with a grasp of how an across the rifle 00:18:00.333 --> 00:18:03.800 omnibus grass notice inhibits suffering of asthma. 00:18:05.200 --> 00:18:08.166 And we've got lots of examples of this where we have 00:18:08.166 --> 00:18:11.700 where we had an Aspen stand, it had came across the in the understory. 00:18:12.000 --> 00:18:15.000 The grass, dominates the site. 00:18:15.300 --> 00:18:17.466 And the suffering comes in very poorly. 00:18:17.466 --> 00:18:18.933 It grows very slowly. 00:18:18.933 --> 00:18:21.300 It's very, very poor for performance. 00:18:22.533 --> 00:18:24.833 So we think part of the problem is called soils. 00:18:24.833 --> 00:18:25.966 And so that's a given. 00:18:25.966 --> 00:18:28.966 We're going to I'm not going to I'm going to move on from there. 00:18:30.066 --> 00:18:31.833 But we did do well. 00:18:31.833 --> 00:18:33.466 We did do an experiment. 00:18:33.466 --> 00:18:36.766 And we have an experimental system here where we grow aspen and root plot 00:18:36.866 --> 00:18:39.800 root, window boxes within its root. 00:18:39.800 --> 00:18:42.300 And these were the boxes for three years, grass. 00:18:42.300 --> 00:18:45.300 And we've come across this in the window box for three years. 00:18:45.433 --> 00:18:46.300 And you asked what works 00:18:46.300 --> 00:18:49.700 if you fertilize and water it quite well, grows quite nicely in this situation. 00:18:49.700 --> 00:18:52.800 We actually couldn't see any difference in root mass or anything like that. 00:18:54.100 --> 00:18:55.300 And we fertilize. 00:18:55.300 --> 00:18:58.300 We did have had a fertilization treatment in this experiment as well. 00:18:59.066 --> 00:19:02.533 The main point I want to get across here is that the the come across this, 00:19:03.900 --> 00:19:05.433 really slows down the 00:19:05.433 --> 00:19:10.466 suffering of the in terms of, in terms of its movement out of the, 00:19:10.833 --> 00:19:13.600 out of the, the soil as well 00:19:13.600 --> 00:19:16.600 as its growth once it got out of the soil. 00:19:16.966 --> 00:19:20.566 And this is, this is what essentially we have. 00:19:20.566 --> 00:19:25.566 Numbers are suckers in relation to come across this principle. 00:19:25.566 --> 00:19:27.800 For us, it's a no counting process. 00:19:27.800 --> 00:19:30.800 And there was fertilization or no fertilization. 00:19:31.266 --> 00:19:35.200 If you if we have immersed suckers, they actually got out of the soil 00:19:35.666 --> 00:19:39.600 versus suckers that were formed but never got out of the soil. 00:19:41.033 --> 00:19:41.400 Okay. 00:19:41.400 --> 00:19:43.900 So these suckers here are in the soil. 00:19:43.900 --> 00:19:49.166 They never they're never make it out over a 50 day period after after start. 00:19:49.766 --> 00:19:52.500 So they're still in for all these together. 00:19:52.500 --> 00:19:55.500 There's no there's no difference across any of the treatments. 00:19:55.800 --> 00:19:59.666 But there is a difference in terms of whether or not it's come across this 00:19:59.666 --> 00:20:03.433 or no come across in terms and numbers that get out of the soil. 00:20:04.366 --> 00:20:06.000 Okay. Just about about 00:20:07.200 --> 00:20:07.700 the main 00:20:07.700 --> 00:20:12.666 thing that's going on, we think, is this is that the, the, the dense sods, 00:20:13.266 --> 00:20:19.166 the dense sods and are acting as a physical barrier that are stopping 00:20:19.166 --> 00:20:22.166 this coarse, thick, fleshy aspen 00:20:22.500 --> 00:20:25.433 sprout from getting out of the soil. 00:20:25.433 --> 00:20:26.766 And we get the same thing. 00:20:26.766 --> 00:20:30.466 We did another experiment where we did it with aspen litter 00:20:31.333 --> 00:20:35.166 above the soil, and the aspen litter prevents the aspen from growing. 00:20:35.166 --> 00:20:39.466 Once it gets out of the soil and it slows it down by 2 or 3 weeks, 00:20:39.500 --> 00:20:42.666 that's a big deal in our part of the world where we have a very short crisis. 00:20:44.266 --> 00:20:47.266 Okay, no effects. 00:20:47.700 --> 00:20:50.166 No effects of numbers of suckers come across. 00:20:50.166 --> 00:20:52.500 This is a physical barrier, 00:20:52.500 --> 00:20:56.366 resulting in fewer suckers getting out and come across is delayed. 00:20:56.700 --> 00:20:59.700 Delayed emergence is the later delayed emergence. 00:21:00.466 --> 00:21:04.266 And we're seeing the same problem on logging decks in places where there's 00:21:04.266 --> 00:21:07.800 a lot of a lot amount of slash and debris on the site, 00:21:08.100 --> 00:21:10.500 the physical barrier, we think is very important. 00:21:12.300 --> 00:21:13.366 Okay. 00:21:13.366 --> 00:21:16.633 And here's some of the people who helped fund all this work. 00:21:17.800 --> 00:21:20.500 And if you've got any questions, I hope I got time for 1 00:21:20.500 --> 00:21:23.500 or 2. Yes. 00:21:28.200 --> 00:21:31.900 Maybe I'm just I didn't hear quite right, but, so you had logged. 00:21:31.900 --> 00:21:32.700 The logging equipment. 00:21:32.700 --> 00:21:34.766 Didn't seem to stimulate a lot of extra suckering, 00:21:34.766 --> 00:21:37.766 but when you went in and injured, the was a stimulated. 00:21:37.800 --> 00:21:39.666 Suckering and a separate study 00:21:39.666 --> 00:21:44.266 when I personally been on the ground in, South Dakota, where I saw 00:21:44.266 --> 00:21:48.133 some logging equipment going up there was, there was massive sector coming up 00:21:49.166 --> 00:21:51.633 and we lost the and other parts of this, 00:21:51.633 --> 00:21:54.633 region, some brute ripping and getting a lot of suckering. 00:21:54.666 --> 00:21:58.300 Maybe you could explain the difference or I've missed something between those two. 00:21:59.600 --> 00:22:01.433 Yeah, I think that, 00:22:01.433 --> 00:22:05.400 that's an interesting problem with logging, logging and other wounding. 00:22:06.033 --> 00:22:09.766 I think if you have a simple wound, simple wound, 00:22:09.766 --> 00:22:13.066 such as with a site preparation equipment where you have a nice long time 00:22:13.066 --> 00:22:16.066 cut through the soil or something like that, 00:22:17.333 --> 00:22:19.900 you probably will stimulate a net. 00:22:19.900 --> 00:22:23.233 There'll be a net stimulation of suffering if you've got a large 00:22:23.233 --> 00:22:26.833 and extensive amount of wounding on and aspens on aspen root. 00:22:27.466 --> 00:22:29.433 We're seeing that, 00:22:29.433 --> 00:22:34.100 if you come and dig that root that that root up in in a month, 00:22:34.766 --> 00:22:37.933 it's got, it's got multiple pockmarks of wounds. 00:22:38.166 --> 00:22:42.600 And you can see the, the fungi and the blackening of the stems 00:22:43.066 --> 00:22:47.200 of the roots along those areas around every one of those wounds. And, 00:22:48.266 --> 00:22:51.933 so I think there's a distance factor here that's important. 00:22:52.233 --> 00:22:54.233 And how much and how much, 00:22:55.666 --> 00:22:56.466 how much reserves. 00:22:56.466 --> 00:22:58.200 It's got to fight off that. 00:22:58.200 --> 00:23:01.200 Fight off that, that disease has disease 00:23:01.200 --> 00:23:04.200 vectors that are, that are entering every one of those wounds. 00:23:04.566 --> 00:23:06.766 Yes. It's, 00:23:06.766 --> 00:23:09.766 spring leaves up instead. 00:23:12.166 --> 00:23:15.200 The stem and mostly twig and upper 00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:18.300 and upper, foliage, upper crown. 00:23:19.200 --> 00:23:20.533 That's what we saw. 00:23:20.533 --> 00:23:24.900 After the leaf off, we see a depression in carbohydrate concentration there. 00:23:25.666 --> 00:23:26.633 We don't see it in the weeds.