1 00:00:00,500 --> 00:00:03,066 UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Moist, cool conditions. 2 00:00:03,066 --> 00:00:06,066 Used to be anyways, getting warmer conditions. 3 00:00:06,266 --> 00:00:08,733 And then we've got the Aspen parkland. 4 00:00:08,733 --> 00:00:12,600 uh, compared to the prairies down here, this prairie 5 00:00:12,600 --> 00:00:16,666 this Aspen parkland is- is I'll talk to- talk about that in a minute. 6 00:00:16,933 --> 00:00:18,766 First of all, let's talk about the Boreal 7 00:00:18,766 --> 00:00:19,533 The Boreal 8 00:00:19,533 --> 00:00:21,366 We've got some of the, some of the nicest 9 00:00:21,366 --> 00:00:24,366 and most extensive Aspen stands, probably anywhere in the world. 10 00:00:25,366 --> 00:00:27,933 Sometimes 25, 30m tall. 11 00:00:27,933 --> 00:00:31,266 And, a couple hundred, 300 meters 12 00:00:31,466 --> 00:00:35,200 or hectare of wood in these extensive stands 13 00:00:35,200 --> 00:00:38,333 that go on for miles and miles and miles. And, 14 00:00:38,533 --> 00:00:39,533 you- you- 15 00:00:39,533 --> 00:00:42,533 you can see the clonal structure in this, in this particular scene. 16 00:00:42,966 --> 00:00:46,866 So boreal aspen is where most of the, the, the, 17 00:00:47,166 --> 00:00:50,166 productivity that we're where we're trying to grow it. 18 00:00:50,633 --> 00:00:53,800 And after logging, or trying to fight it. 19 00:00:53,800 --> 00:00:56,200 And when people are trying grow conifers 20 00:00:58,066 --> 00:00:58,900 it's also distal 21 00:00:58,900 --> 00:01:02,100 on the Aspen parkland zone in the southern, southern 22 00:01:02,100 --> 00:01:05,100 fringe of the boreal forest and the springs of the grassland. 23 00:01:05,333 --> 00:01:08,433 And in these areas, we're seeing problems with the aspen. 24 00:01:08,933 --> 00:01:12,500 We're losing the aspen because of, because of, the drubs 25 00:01:12,533 --> 00:01:15,600 So first of all, the aspens are a lot shorter, or stun- stunted 26 00:01:16,700 --> 00:01:19,700 5 or 6m tall in many cases. And, 27 00:01:20,866 --> 00:01:23,300 we- we have this problem, 28 00:01:23,300 --> 00:01:26,600 I guess, Doctor Sinclair showed this before lunch 29 00:01:27,066 --> 00:01:32,433 where you got, drought, cavitation of, of these aspen stands. 30 00:01:32,433 --> 00:01:35,433 We're losing a lot of the aspen stands in this zone. 31 00:01:36,266 --> 00:01:39,266 So the rest of, the rest of the few minutes that I have, 32 00:01:39,266 --> 00:01:42,900 I'm going to talk about a bunch of research that we have promoting Aspen. 33 00:01:43,533 --> 00:01:46,533 And, some of this will seem a little odd to you because, 34 00:01:46,866 --> 00:01:50,533 we're dealing with colder systems than- than what you- you are. 35 00:01:50,833 --> 00:01:52,800 And we're dealing with more competitive species 36 00:01:52,800 --> 00:01:57,200 probably than competitive, other competitive associated species. 37 00:01:58,400 --> 00:02:00,400 Okay, first of all, we talk about a study 38 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:03,400 that we did on the root, root structure of aspen. 39 00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,200 And we- we did a bunch of these, 40 00:02:07,200 --> 00:02:11,300 wash studies where we wanted to examine 41 00:02:11,466 --> 00:02:13,808 what's going on in declining aspen stands 42 00:02:13,808 --> 00:02:15,133 are the root systems in good shape 43 00:02:15,133 --> 00:02:17,163 So we had a dead aspen tree she's got her hand on here 44 00:02:17,163 --> 00:02:19,966 the roots in good shape, and we see that 45 00:02:21,033 --> 00:02:24,033 roots of these- roots of these declining stands 46 00:02:24,100 --> 00:02:25,700 Often we'll have a dead 47 00:02:25,700 --> 00:02:29,066 tree, will often have live roots connected to the rest of the clone 48 00:02:29,600 --> 00:02:33,566 So these, the rest of the clone is still capturing and taking advantage 49 00:02:33,566 --> 00:02:36,273 of the life of the roots of the dead trees 50 00:02:36,273 --> 00:02:38,816 We're seeing uh, uh 51 00:02:39,600 --> 00:02:40,966 Root grafting at the base 52 00:02:40,966 --> 00:02:44,100 of the stumps, commonly within clone 53 00:02:44,300 --> 00:02:46,756 We don't see much root grafting across clones 54 00:02:46,756 --> 00:02:48,836 but within clones we see root grafting 55 00:02:49,033 --> 00:02:51,233 we're seeing original roots. 56 00:02:51,233 --> 00:02:53,640 root connections that are 80 years old, 57 00:02:53,640 --> 00:02:57,333 as old as the original- original stands that are connecting the Aspen. 58 00:02:57,466 --> 00:02:59,333 In these, in these places. 59 00:02:59,333 --> 00:03:02,000 So this, this is published and you can, 60 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,900 I'll give you some places where these are published and you can 61 00:03:04,900 --> 00:03:07,433 you can get those if you like, like to see those reports 62 00:03:08,633 --> 00:03:11,000 That's, that's project one 63 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:13,866 second project is on seedling recruitment 64 00:03:13,866 --> 00:03:17,666 And this is a, this is, a common thing that we're seeing 65 00:03:17,666 --> 00:03:20,666 in, in Western Canada. 66 00:03:20,666 --> 00:03:23,466 We're seeing a large amount of Aspen recruits 67 00:03:23,466 --> 00:03:26,466 into zones where we didn't have it before. 68 00:03:26,466 --> 00:03:27,900 It's coming in. 69 00:03:27,900 --> 00:03:29,900 It's coming in into places. 70 00:03:29,900 --> 00:03:32,866 This was originally a jack pine or a lodgepole pine 71 00:03:32,866 --> 00:03:37,200 And, and black spruce, stand in the upper foothills. 72 00:03:37,733 --> 00:03:41,766 This zone is usually too high in elevation for the, for the aspen to live. 73 00:03:42,666 --> 00:03:45,866 And, but not anymore because probably 74 00:03:45,866 --> 00:03:48,866 because of climate change, warming, warming up the summers in the spring. 75 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,800 We're seeing these aspen, aspen seedlings, 76 00:03:53,366 --> 00:03:56,066 coming in very extensively in these zones. 77 00:03:56,066 --> 00:03:59,933 And we're, we're expecting to see a large amount of this in the future. 78 00:04:00,300 --> 00:04:04,666 So we think that if you disturb the ground significantly, you get 1,000 pounds 79 00:04:04,666 --> 00:04:08,066 per hectare of aspen coming in from natural seeding. 80 00:04:08,566 --> 00:04:10,166 So it's a common thing to see it. 81 00:04:10,166 --> 00:04:14,833 Here's a, here's a track from, from a site preparation from alpine. 82 00:04:15,266 --> 00:04:17,733 But they also promoted Aspen to the chagrin 83 00:04:17,733 --> 00:04:20,266 that the people were trying to go find. 84 00:04:20,266 --> 00:04:24,066 They don't like this because the Aspen is coming in at a at a heavy rate. 85 00:04:25,733 --> 00:04:26,833 And we're seeing that, 86 00:04:26,833 --> 00:04:30,700 the mineral soil is, is a term we use to describe 87 00:04:30,900 --> 00:04:35,000 where is the aspen relative to the amount of substrate available. 88 00:04:35,433 --> 00:04:38,100 So it's five times as likely 89 00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:41,433 to be found on mineral soils relative to the amount of mineral soil available. 90 00:04:41,833 --> 00:04:44,866 Then something like deep organic substrates, 91 00:04:45,466 --> 00:04:48,000 which is almost nothing 92 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,566 so shallow organics or organic mix, you'll find it. 93 00:04:51,900 --> 00:04:55,233 So mineral soil we can we can get we can get aspen 94 00:04:55,766 --> 00:05:00,266 seedlings established from quite commonly even on convex surfaces. 95 00:05:00,266 --> 00:05:03,266 We did did that analysis of that as well. 96 00:05:03,900 --> 00:05:07,100 The other thing we did is we we actually aged a bunch of these Aspen 97 00:05:07,366 --> 00:05:10,500 we aged 60 of them in this in this population carefully aged 98 00:05:10,500 --> 00:05:13,500 and cut them cereal section up the stem 99 00:05:13,933 --> 00:05:16,800 and found out exactly how old they were. 100 00:05:16,800 --> 00:05:21,233 And we found out that this was a seven year old standard that pictures taken. 101 00:05:21,466 --> 00:05:24,466 And we have seen this all the way from 7 to 1, 102 00:05:24,666 --> 00:05:27,000 and they were coming in every single year. 103 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:29,333 So this is not an uncommon event. 104 00:05:29,333 --> 00:05:31,733 It happens pretty well every single year. 105 00:05:34,533 --> 00:05:38,566 So the reason why we think it's so common here is 106 00:05:38,566 --> 00:05:43,200 we got a lot of June and July rainfall right after see faster, see dispersion. 107 00:05:43,200 --> 00:05:46,800 So I guess wouldn't podcast records or flat or something like that, 108 00:05:47,533 --> 00:05:51,800 but seems were more likely to record on depressed microbes, topography. 109 00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:56,066 And the main message is we think it's spreading upslope 110 00:05:56,066 --> 00:06:00,300 into the Canadian Rockies from where it where it wasn't before. 111 00:06:00,700 --> 00:06:04,966 And and we're we're just about because it's ready for publication. 112 00:06:05,900 --> 00:06:07,500 The third area we worked on. 113 00:06:07,500 --> 00:06:11,800 Recently was on the last while we're still still doing some work on this, actually, 114 00:06:12,133 --> 00:06:16,866 following this up, where we we identified a bunch of carbohydrate storage 115 00:06:16,866 --> 00:06:20,233 and mobilization in, in the aspen aspen cores 116 00:06:20,933 --> 00:06:23,233 and where it where the carbohydrates 117 00:06:23,233 --> 00:06:26,233 at different times of the year and different and different seasons. 118 00:06:26,533 --> 00:06:28,400 So we have cores. 119 00:06:28,400 --> 00:06:30,466 You can see them very nicely at this time of year. 120 00:06:31,766 --> 00:06:32,900 We identified them and 121 00:06:32,900 --> 00:06:35,900 then follow that same form, 122 00:06:36,133 --> 00:06:39,133 cannibals, clones for a number of years 123 00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:42,166 to, to, 124 00:06:42,166 --> 00:06:44,100 measure things like root 125 00:06:44,100 --> 00:06:46,966 carbohydrates and root stems and branches. 126 00:06:46,966 --> 00:06:50,433 And, we did this, and some of the plants actually got defoliation. 127 00:06:50,433 --> 00:06:51,700 I'm not going to talk about that, 128 00:06:51,700 --> 00:06:54,466 but we'll we will publish that work eventually. 129 00:06:54,466 --> 00:06:55,233 Okay. 130 00:06:55,233 --> 00:06:57,566 The theory is the theory is that, you know, 131 00:06:57,566 --> 00:07:01,100 the one of the things we wanted to look at was this whole issue of, that 132 00:07:01,100 --> 00:07:05,466 leaf question and the growth of the Aspen in the, in the spring times. 133 00:07:05,466 --> 00:07:06,866 The top of the aspen 134 00:07:06,866 --> 00:07:10,500 is related to this mobilization of carbohydrates up from the roots. 135 00:07:11,466 --> 00:07:13,966 Well, it's probably not the case. 136 00:07:13,966 --> 00:07:17,800 We don't think we we don't see it coming from that, that source. 137 00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:23,066 We don't see any depression from, roots, carbohydrates in the spring. 138 00:07:23,700 --> 00:07:27,966 What we do see is a depression and a mobilization 139 00:07:27,966 --> 00:07:31,833 from carbohydrates in the tops of the trees to drive the leaf rusher. 140 00:07:32,633 --> 00:07:33,033 Okay. 141 00:07:34,300 --> 00:07:35,966 So that's one of the things we learned from this. 142 00:07:35,966 --> 00:07:39,033 The second thing is in the summertime, we see a large amount 143 00:07:39,033 --> 00:07:42,633 of mobilization of carbohydrates down into the roots. 144 00:07:42,633 --> 00:07:44,333 In the summertime. 145 00:07:44,333 --> 00:07:47,433 And so the roots are just being filled right up with carbohydrates. 146 00:07:47,433 --> 00:07:48,900 If you if you measure them 147 00:07:48,900 --> 00:07:52,466 into late summer into early fall, they're full of carbohydrates. 148 00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:56,833 But if you measure them again in really late fall, 149 00:07:57,333 --> 00:08:00,533 at the time when things are just freezing up, the ground's freezing up. 150 00:08:01,100 --> 00:08:04,733 They've blasted it all the way again because they grew a whole bunch of roots. 151 00:08:04,733 --> 00:08:05,700 And there's nothing. 152 00:08:05,700 --> 00:08:08,900 Carbohydrate reserves are pretty well right where they were, 153 00:08:09,766 --> 00:08:11,400 at the beginning of the season. 154 00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:15,000 So almost all the way back into into fall root growth 155 00:08:15,466 --> 00:08:19,533 at that, at that, late in the late summer or the late fall. 156 00:08:20,233 --> 00:08:24,766 So we're not seeing when I'm seeing this big groups, 157 00:08:25,233 --> 00:08:27,766 mobilization from top to bottom. 158 00:08:27,766 --> 00:08:32,066 We're seeing the roots once, the roots once they got the carbohydrates to hang on, 159 00:08:33,500 --> 00:08:36,166 and they're using themselves. 160 00:08:36,166 --> 00:08:39,166 So I always spring the early spring. 161 00:08:40,066 --> 00:08:43,933 Spring prior to should flush with carbohydrates are really low. 162 00:08:44,300 --> 00:08:47,300 And power structures. 163 00:08:47,466 --> 00:08:47,700 Okay. 164 00:08:47,700 --> 00:08:51,133 So you harvest and machine traffic is another another study. 165 00:08:51,133 --> 00:08:54,800 So we wanted to follow this up a bit of business of, 166 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:58,000 whether or not the season of harvest is really important for 167 00:08:58,133 --> 00:09:01,533 or whether whether or not Aspen can recycle very vigorously. 168 00:09:01,966 --> 00:09:06,833 So we, we actually looked at winter, summer and fall logging to see whether 169 00:09:06,833 --> 00:09:10,766 or not the aspen will suffer differently under those under those systems. 170 00:09:11,766 --> 00:09:12,733 Okay. 171 00:09:12,733 --> 00:09:18,033 And we actually wanted to compare it to the importance of soil disturbance, 172 00:09:18,033 --> 00:09:21,566 because we know that winter logging has way less soil disturbance. 173 00:09:21,633 --> 00:09:24,333 And then summer flooding. 174 00:09:24,333 --> 00:09:26,200 There's way more there's way more disturbance. 175 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:30,433 So those two factors are confounded season and disturbance that can follow. 176 00:09:31,200 --> 00:09:35,066 So we actually set up a study where we looked at those things simultaneously. 177 00:09:35,066 --> 00:09:40,366 First of all, we we measured we set up this very large site as a 50 by 50 meter, 178 00:09:41,900 --> 00:09:43,433 sections of forest. 179 00:09:43,433 --> 00:09:45,566 And there's four of them here. 180 00:09:45,566 --> 00:09:48,200 And they were like to get summer harvest, fall harvest, 181 00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,200 winter harvest and harvest control. 182 00:09:51,466 --> 00:09:55,700 And then we went into other parts of these blocks and the corners and places 183 00:09:55,700 --> 00:10:00,033 where we had sort of, we thought was typical traffic and put in other plots 184 00:10:00,666 --> 00:10:04,666 that we assessed after conventional harvesting. 185 00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:09,533 And the way we harvest events is we harvest them with table skitters. 186 00:10:09,533 --> 00:10:13,300 So we actually in the in those blocks, we didn't drive over 187 00:10:13,300 --> 00:10:15,200 and traffic everything up. 188 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:17,700 So we came all the the logs out, didn't 189 00:10:17,700 --> 00:10:20,700 drive over the cost of cutting with the chainsaw. 190 00:10:21,733 --> 00:10:25,800 And then we compared that, we compared them for the long 191 00:10:25,800 --> 00:10:31,366 and the short is that season of harvest is little different for all sectors. 192 00:10:31,366 --> 00:10:37,500 Well, we all had about 50 to 60,000 tons per hectare of suckers and density. 193 00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:40,166 Size in this area was pretty much the same. 194 00:10:40,166 --> 00:10:44,366 So if you don't traffic it, it doesn't make hardly any difference at all. 195 00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:46,666 So season of harvest. 196 00:10:46,666 --> 00:10:49,500 And that really fits with the carbohydrate, results 197 00:10:49,500 --> 00:10:52,300 that we just reported. Okay. 198 00:10:52,300 --> 00:10:54,700 But the machine traffic did make a difference. 199 00:10:54,700 --> 00:10:57,533 Density was not affected by by machine traffic. 200 00:10:57,533 --> 00:11:00,733 This is conventional conventional machine traffic and no traffic. 201 00:11:01,666 --> 00:11:05,133 And but the heights without the leaf area 202 00:11:05,133 --> 00:11:08,533 and dry biomass, of the suckers was down 203 00:11:08,966 --> 00:11:13,033 so they didn't grow as well for your machine traffic compared to, 204 00:11:14,100 --> 00:11:17,100 compared to where it was traffic. 205 00:11:18,266 --> 00:11:19,100 Season brushing. 206 00:11:19,100 --> 00:11:21,500 And, you know, asked. 207 00:11:21,500 --> 00:11:23,633 There's a large amount of discussion about trying 208 00:11:23,633 --> 00:11:26,633 to try to, 209 00:11:26,966 --> 00:11:29,100 control, but here's, here's 210 00:11:29,100 --> 00:11:32,100 the different realities that we live in compared to you. 211 00:11:32,833 --> 00:11:36,333 We're trying to control Aspen, and we want to do it with a brush size 212 00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:40,233 and have slow growth rates now so we can establish conifers. 213 00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:42,000 And the 214 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,866 idea is that, well, if you log, if you harvested or do this in wintertime 215 00:11:45,866 --> 00:11:48,200 versus in the in the summer time, 216 00:11:48,200 --> 00:11:50,700 you should have different results at the end with carbohydrate. 217 00:11:50,700 --> 00:11:53,366 Here it comes up in this one again. 218 00:11:53,366 --> 00:11:56,366 And we measured the carbohydrates in these. 219 00:11:56,600 --> 00:11:58,200 And we, we. 220 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:00,100 We we did it. 221 00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:03,600 We did this in spring summer as and winter 222 00:12:04,233 --> 00:12:07,900 and again the little difference in the current 223 00:12:08,100 --> 00:12:13,000 in winter, spring and summer in relation to, season of cutting. 224 00:12:13,166 --> 00:12:15,100 We couldn't we could not see the difference. 225 00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:18,800 We had ten, ten reps of, of a large, 226 00:12:19,666 --> 00:12:22,133 multi multifaceted experiment 227 00:12:22,133 --> 00:12:25,133 just published in Air Force volume that. 228 00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:28,866 But we did see this kind of thing. 229 00:12:28,866 --> 00:12:30,300 If you do cut 230 00:12:30,300 --> 00:12:33,300 and Aspen stem, you're not going to get a good or very, very good Aspen. 231 00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:38,000 But most of the response and after cutting and asking the same way, the press, 232 00:12:38,633 --> 00:12:42,133 come back as stem sprouts and we know that they're likely going to have 233 00:12:43,266 --> 00:12:44,400 root diseases or stem 234 00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:47,400 diseases, associated with that. 235 00:12:48,600 --> 00:12:49,900 Okay. 236 00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:52,566 A fifth step, mother, study this one. 237 00:12:52,566 --> 00:12:54,800 This one's related to fields. 238 00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:57,166 And we have we have large amounts of stands 239 00:12:57,166 --> 00:13:01,366 with large numbers of stands where we had hazel or sometimes alder 240 00:13:01,666 --> 00:13:04,866 or sometimes you even come across this in a very thick is grass 241 00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,233 growing in the understory of these mature aspen stands. 242 00:13:08,233 --> 00:13:09,800 Prior to logging, 243 00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,466 we cut these stands and we don't generally don't get, regeneration. 244 00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:14,433 These are many. 245 00:13:14,433 --> 00:13:18,066 These hazel stands probably have as much leaf area as the Aspen oversaw. 246 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,866 So huge amounts of huge amounts of, vigorous, 247 00:13:22,566 --> 00:13:25,566 figures, from and in some cases. 248 00:13:26,366 --> 00:13:29,366 So what we did is we get we have ten pairs of these stands 249 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:33,500 where we had a high density haze or 50,000 snaps per hectare, versus about 250 00:13:33,866 --> 00:13:35,300 3500 sets per hectare. 251 00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:37,566 We had ten pairs of them, 252 00:13:37,566 --> 00:13:40,633 adjacent pairs that were within a few few meters of each other. 253 00:13:41,933 --> 00:13:45,933 And we we locked these, we log these 254 00:13:45,933 --> 00:13:49,800 and we carefully logged them into to not traffic here. 255 00:13:49,966 --> 00:13:51,366 We didn't drive over these. 256 00:13:51,366 --> 00:13:54,133 We just reached in with this other bunch or grabbed the logs. 257 00:13:54,133 --> 00:13:55,800 I've never dropped scatters through them. 258 00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:59,700 So there wasn't traffic issue compared to the area where there wasn't a hazel. 259 00:14:01,066 --> 00:14:05,866 And then we were we measured a whole bunch of characteristics. 260 00:14:05,866 --> 00:14:08,366 We measured the suckers, the sucker, regeneration. 261 00:14:08,366 --> 00:14:11,333 We measured the root development. 262 00:14:11,333 --> 00:14:13,733 We were interested in the roots of the aspen. 263 00:14:13,733 --> 00:14:17,466 We because we thought our hypothesis was that the the Hazelwood 264 00:14:17,900 --> 00:14:23,333 would essentially drive down the root biomass of the of the aspen stands. 265 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:25,233 The vigor 266 00:14:25,233 --> 00:14:28,233 degree would be down because of this, this aggressive, 267 00:14:28,233 --> 00:14:31,233 competition from the Hazel. 268 00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,433 We then we measured, we actually went in and went to that, went into the stands 269 00:14:36,433 --> 00:14:39,600 and we measured the roots and turns, dug some root pits. 270 00:14:40,333 --> 00:14:42,900 And, when you have a graduate student only weighs 271 00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:45,900 100 pounds, you have to get fossil fuels involved to help out. 272 00:14:46,033 --> 00:14:48,033 And that's what we did here. 273 00:14:48,033 --> 00:14:49,266 We we dug these. 274 00:14:49,266 --> 00:14:51,600 There's a whole bunch of these tests with. 275 00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,600 I think we had, 276 00:14:55,033 --> 00:14:57,466 100 of these pits that were done. 277 00:14:57,466 --> 00:15:02,233 What you get is, cleaned off a face, put a mylar sheet on it, 278 00:15:02,700 --> 00:15:06,033 and then marked all the all the aspen and the 279 00:15:06,333 --> 00:15:10,366 and the hazel roots on that sheet, and then brought it back to the lab 280 00:15:10,366 --> 00:15:14,566 and did it and did council analyzes in terms of the distance above ground, 281 00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:18,566 distance into the ground. 282 00:15:18,566 --> 00:15:20,400 And what we found is there's a lot 283 00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:23,933 there was a significant drop in insect density. 284 00:15:25,033 --> 00:15:27,966 There's still lots of suckers, but they were. 285 00:15:27,966 --> 00:15:31,200 Quite a bit, quite lower than where. 286 00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:34,233 You didn't have Hazel, locomotive. 287 00:15:34,233 --> 00:15:35,000 Hazel. 288 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,233 I, tended to be down, but not was not significant. 289 00:15:39,133 --> 00:15:41,600 And so we were trying to we wanted to look at the roots 290 00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:45,666 of pruning in relation to, to this problem as to why there would be less, 291 00:15:46,566 --> 00:15:49,566 less, less, Hazel, less effort. 292 00:15:51,066 --> 00:15:54,200 What we saw is that the surface roots, we had fewer 293 00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,800 surface roots in the places where there was hazel, the aspen, 294 00:15:58,100 --> 00:16:03,000 the aspen was driven down to lower levels, totally todas as many aspen roots. 295 00:16:03,333 --> 00:16:05,666 But the surface roots were down. 296 00:16:05,666 --> 00:16:09,166 And, when you look at the suffering, and that's probably what happens, 297 00:16:10,033 --> 00:16:14,200 because you have the suffering is all from the surface roots and in our as well. 298 00:16:14,566 --> 00:16:18,533 And that's why we we saw this decline in numbers, 299 00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,266 another project looking at root warming and suffering. 300 00:16:22,266 --> 00:16:25,133 We we did two different treatments here. 301 00:16:25,133 --> 00:16:26,066 We cut roots, 302 00:16:27,666 --> 00:16:30,000 we cut roots and we scraped roots 303 00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,266 like logging equipment would do to see what impact that has on on suckering, 304 00:16:34,733 --> 00:16:37,733 whether or not that's a positive thing or a negative thing. 305 00:16:39,133 --> 00:16:42,300 And then we measured the numbers of suckers in the height of height of the. 306 00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,366 Tallest suckers, and we had the suckers after us. 307 00:16:45,466 --> 00:16:47,500 After growing. 308 00:16:47,500 --> 00:16:50,600 And we did find actually greater numbers of roots. 309 00:16:51,933 --> 00:16:54,433 Associated with wounds, 310 00:16:54,433 --> 00:16:57,433 just about double the amount of, of, of, 311 00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:00,966 of suckers that were associated with scrapes or severs 312 00:17:01,266 --> 00:17:04,266 compared to the control. 313 00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:06,900 So injury roots generate 314 00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,533 more suckers or taller suckers and suckers with greater leaf. 315 00:17:10,633 --> 00:17:14,200 And we published just recently in the nature by our 316 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:18,066 we're doing some other work on this that looks at even more damage. 317 00:17:18,633 --> 00:17:21,900 More damage and more damage is is giving giving us 318 00:17:22,666 --> 00:17:26,466 lots of suckers but miserable little scarring things. 319 00:17:26,933 --> 00:17:29,733 They just don't grow properly. So 320 00:17:30,766 --> 00:17:33,100 warts doesn't always mean good. 321 00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,100 Okay, last time physical barriers 322 00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:41,366 where we wanted to look at this issue of physical barriers and suffering 323 00:17:41,733 --> 00:17:44,066 and whether or not it's things that are actually stopping 324 00:17:44,066 --> 00:17:47,066 and preventing the suckers from moving out of the soil 325 00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,500 or moving through their substrates above the soil, 326 00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:53,500 are important forces in subtle. 327 00:17:53,566 --> 00:17:56,266 And so we we, 328 00:17:56,266 --> 00:18:00,333 looked at a particular is a problem with a grasp of how an across the rifle 329 00:18:00,333 --> 00:18:03,800 omnibus grass notice inhibits suffering of asthma. 330 00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:08,166 And we've got lots of examples of this where we have 331 00:18:08,166 --> 00:18:11,700 where we had an Aspen stand, it had came across the in the understory. 332 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000 The grass, dominates the site. 333 00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:17,466 And the suffering comes in very poorly. 334 00:18:17,466 --> 00:18:18,933 It grows very slowly. 335 00:18:18,933 --> 00:18:21,300 It's very, very poor for performance. 336 00:18:22,533 --> 00:18:24,833 So we think part of the problem is called soils. 337 00:18:24,833 --> 00:18:25,966 And so that's a given. 338 00:18:25,966 --> 00:18:28,966 We're going to I'm not going to I'm going to move on from there. 339 00:18:30,066 --> 00:18:31,833 But we did do well. 340 00:18:31,833 --> 00:18:33,466 We did do an experiment. 341 00:18:33,466 --> 00:18:36,766 And we have an experimental system here where we grow aspen and root plot 342 00:18:36,866 --> 00:18:39,800 root, window boxes within its root. 343 00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:42,300 And these were the boxes for three years, grass. 344 00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,300 And we've come across this in the window box for three years. 345 00:18:45,433 --> 00:18:46,300 And you asked what works 346 00:18:46,300 --> 00:18:49,700 if you fertilize and water it quite well, grows quite nicely in this situation. 347 00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,800 We actually couldn't see any difference in root mass or anything like that. 348 00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:55,300 And we fertilize. 349 00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,300 We did have had a fertilization treatment in this experiment as well. 350 00:18:59,066 --> 00:19:02,533 The main point I want to get across here is that the the come across this, 351 00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:05,433 really slows down the 352 00:19:05,433 --> 00:19:10,466 suffering of the in terms of, in terms of its movement out of the, 353 00:19:10,833 --> 00:19:13,600 out of the, the soil as well 354 00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,600 as its growth once it got out of the soil. 355 00:19:16,966 --> 00:19:20,566 And this is, this is what essentially we have. 356 00:19:20,566 --> 00:19:25,566 Numbers are suckers in relation to come across this principle. 357 00:19:25,566 --> 00:19:27,800 For us, it's a no counting process. 358 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,800 And there was fertilization or no fertilization. 359 00:19:31,266 --> 00:19:35,200 If you if we have immersed suckers, they actually got out of the soil 360 00:19:35,666 --> 00:19:39,600 versus suckers that were formed but never got out of the soil. 361 00:19:41,033 --> 00:19:41,400 Okay. 362 00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:43,900 So these suckers here are in the soil. 363 00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:49,166 They never they're never make it out over a 50 day period after after start. 364 00:19:49,766 --> 00:19:52,500 So they're still in for all these together. 365 00:19:52,500 --> 00:19:55,500 There's no there's no difference across any of the treatments. 366 00:19:55,800 --> 00:19:59,666 But there is a difference in terms of whether or not it's come across this 367 00:19:59,666 --> 00:20:03,433 or no come across in terms and numbers that get out of the soil. 368 00:20:04,366 --> 00:20:06,000 Okay. Just about about 369 00:20:07,200 --> 00:20:07,700 the main 370 00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:12,666 thing that's going on, we think, is this is that the, the, the dense sods, 371 00:20:13,266 --> 00:20:19,166 the dense sods and are acting as a physical barrier that are stopping 372 00:20:19,166 --> 00:20:22,166 this coarse, thick, fleshy aspen 373 00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,433 sprout from getting out of the soil. 374 00:20:25,433 --> 00:20:26,766 And we get the same thing. 375 00:20:26,766 --> 00:20:30,466 We did another experiment where we did it with aspen litter 376 00:20:31,333 --> 00:20:35,166 above the soil, and the aspen litter prevents the aspen from growing. 377 00:20:35,166 --> 00:20:39,466 Once it gets out of the soil and it slows it down by 2 or 3 weeks, 378 00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:42,666 that's a big deal in our part of the world where we have a very short crisis. 379 00:20:44,266 --> 00:20:47,266 Okay, no effects. 380 00:20:47,700 --> 00:20:50,166 No effects of numbers of suckers come across. 381 00:20:50,166 --> 00:20:52,500 This is a physical barrier, 382 00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:56,366 resulting in fewer suckers getting out and come across is delayed. 383 00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,700 Delayed emergence is the later delayed emergence. 384 00:21:00,466 --> 00:21:04,266 And we're seeing the same problem on logging decks in places where there's 385 00:21:04,266 --> 00:21:07,800 a lot of a lot amount of slash and debris on the site, 386 00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:10,500 the physical barrier, we think is very important. 387 00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:13,366 Okay. 388 00:21:13,366 --> 00:21:16,633 And here's some of the people who helped fund all this work. 389 00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:20,500 And if you've got any questions, I hope I got time for 1 390 00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:23,500 or 2. Yes. 391 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:31,900 Maybe I'm just I didn't hear quite right, but, so you had logged. 392 00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:32,700 The logging equipment. 393 00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:34,766 Didn't seem to stimulate a lot of extra suckering, 394 00:21:34,766 --> 00:21:37,766 but when you went in and injured, the was a stimulated. 395 00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:39,666 Suckering and a separate study 396 00:21:39,666 --> 00:21:44,266 when I personally been on the ground in, South Dakota, where I saw 397 00:21:44,266 --> 00:21:48,133 some logging equipment going up there was, there was massive sector coming up 398 00:21:49,166 --> 00:21:51,633 and we lost the and other parts of this, 399 00:21:51,633 --> 00:21:54,633 region, some brute ripping and getting a lot of suckering. 400 00:21:54,666 --> 00:21:58,300 Maybe you could explain the difference or I've missed something between those two. 401 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:01,433 Yeah, I think that, 402 00:22:01,433 --> 00:22:05,400 that's an interesting problem with logging, logging and other wounding. 403 00:22:06,033 --> 00:22:09,766 I think if you have a simple wound, simple wound, 404 00:22:09,766 --> 00:22:13,066 such as with a site preparation equipment where you have a nice long time 405 00:22:13,066 --> 00:22:16,066 cut through the soil or something like that, 406 00:22:17,333 --> 00:22:19,900 you probably will stimulate a net. 407 00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:23,233 There'll be a net stimulation of suffering if you've got a large 408 00:22:23,233 --> 00:22:26,833 and extensive amount of wounding on and aspens on aspen root. 409 00:22:27,466 --> 00:22:29,433 We're seeing that, 410 00:22:29,433 --> 00:22:34,100 if you come and dig that root that that root up in in a month, 411 00:22:34,766 --> 00:22:37,933 it's got, it's got multiple pockmarks of wounds. 412 00:22:38,166 --> 00:22:42,600 And you can see the, the fungi and the blackening of the stems 413 00:22:43,066 --> 00:22:47,200 of the roots along those areas around every one of those wounds. And, 414 00:22:48,266 --> 00:22:51,933 so I think there's a distance factor here that's important. 415 00:22:52,233 --> 00:22:54,233 And how much and how much, 416 00:22:55,666 --> 00:22:56,466 how much reserves. 417 00:22:56,466 --> 00:22:58,200 It's got to fight off that. 418 00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,200 Fight off that, that disease has disease 419 00:23:01,200 --> 00:23:04,200 vectors that are, that are entering every one of those wounds. 420 00:23:04,566 --> 00:23:06,766 Yes. It's, 421 00:23:06,766 --> 00:23:09,766 spring leaves up instead. 422 00:23:12,166 --> 00:23:15,200 The stem and mostly twig and upper 423 00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,300 and upper, foliage, upper crown. 424 00:23:19,200 --> 00:23:20,533 That's what we saw. 425 00:23:20,533 --> 00:23:24,900 After the leaf off, we see a depression in carbohydrate concentration there. 426 00:23:25,666 --> 00:23:26,633 We don't see it in the weeds.