0:00:00.500,0:00:03.066 UNKNOWN SPEAKER: Moist, cool conditions. 0:00:03.066,0:00:06.066 Used to be anyways,[br]getting warmer conditions. 0:00:06.266,0:00:08.733 And then we've got the Aspen parkland. 0:00:08.733,0:00:12.600 uh, compared to the prairies down[br]here, this prairie 0:00:12.600,0:00:16.666 this Aspen parkland is- is I'll talk to- [br]talk about that in a minute. 0:00:16.933,0:00:18.766 First of all, let's talk about the Boreal 0:00:18.766,0:00:19.533 The Boreal 0:00:19.533,0:00:21.366 We've got some of the, [br]some of the nicest 0:00:21.366,0:00:24.366 and most extensive Aspen stands,[br]probably anywhere in the world. 0:00:25.366,0:00:27.933 Sometimes 25, 30m tall. 0:00:27.933,0:00:31.266 And, a couple hundred, 300 meters 0:00:31.466,0:00:35.200 or hectare of wood[br]in these extensive stands 0:00:35.200,0:00:38.333 that go on for miles and miles[br]and miles. And, 0:00:38.533,0:00:39.533 you- you- 0:00:39.533,0:00:42.533 you can see the clonal structure in this,[br]in this particular scene. 0:00:42.966,0:00:46.866 So boreal aspen is[br]where most of the, the, the, 0:00:47.166,0:00:50.166 productivity that we're [br]where we're trying to grow it. 0:00:50.633,0:00:53.800 And after logging, or trying to fight it. 0:00:53.800,0:00:56.200 And when people are trying grow conifers 0:00:58.066,0:00:58.900 it's also distal 0:00:58.900,0:01:02.100 on the Aspen parkland zone[br]in the southern, southern 0:01:02.100,0:01:05.100 fringe of the boreal forest[br]and the springs of the grassland. 0:01:05.333,0:01:08.433 And in these areas,[br]we're seeing problems with the aspen. 0:01:08.933,0:01:12.500 We're losing the aspen[br]because of, because of, the drubs 0:01:12.533,0:01:15.600 So first of all, the aspens are[br]a lot shorter, or stun- stunted 0:01:16.700,0:01:19.700 5 or 6m tall in many cases. And, 0:01:20.866,0:01:23.300 we- we have this problem, 0:01:23.300,0:01:26.600 I guess, Doctor Sinclair showed [br]this before lunch 0:01:27.066,0:01:32.433 where you got, drought, cavitation[br]of, of these aspen stands. 0:01:32.433,0:01:35.433 We're losing[br]a lot of the aspen stands in this zone. 0:01:36.266,0:01:39.266 So the rest of, the rest of [br]the few minutes that I have, 0:01:39.266,0:01:42.900 I'm going to talk about a bunch of [br]research that we have promoting Aspen. 0:01:43.533,0:01:46.533 And, some of this will seem [br]a little odd to you because, 0:01:46.866,0:01:50.533 we're dealing with colder systems[br]than- than what you- you are. 0:01:50.833,0:01:52.800 And we're dealing[br]with more competitive species 0:01:52.800,0:01:57.200 probably than competitive,[br]other competitive associated species. 0:01:58.400,0:02:00.400 Okay, first of all, we talk about a study 0:02:00.400,0:02:03.400 that we did on the root, [br]root structure of aspen. 0:02:04.200,0:02:07.200 And we- we did a bunch of these, 0:02:07.200,0:02:11.300 wash studies where we wanted to examine 0:02:11.466,0:02:13.808 what's going on in declining aspen stands 0:02:13.808,0:02:15.133 are the root systems in good shape 0:02:15.133,0:02:17.163 So we had a dead aspen tree[br]she's got her hand on here 0:02:17.163,0:02:19.966 the roots in good shape,[br]and we see that 0:02:21.033,0:02:24.033 roots of these- roots[br]of these declining stands 0:02:24.100,0:02:25.700 Often we'll have a dead 0:02:25.700,0:02:29.066 tree, will often have live roots[br]connected to the rest of the clone 0:02:29.600,0:02:33.566 So these, the rest of the clone[br]is still capturing and taking advantage 0:02:33.566,0:02:36.273 of the life of the roots of the dead trees 0:02:36.273,0:02:38.816 We're seeing uh, uh 0:02:39.600,0:02:40.966 Root grafting at the base 0:02:40.966,0:02:44.100 of the stumps, commonly within clone 0:02:44.300,0:02:46.756 We don't see much root [br]grafting across clones 0:02:46.756,0:02:48.836 but within clones we see root grafting 0:02:49.033,0:02:51.233 we're seeing original roots. 0:02:51.233,0:02:53.640 root connections that are [br]80 years old, 0:02:53.640,0:02:57.333 as old as the original- original stands[br]that are connecting the Aspen. 0:02:57.466,0:02:59.333 In these, in these places. 0:02:59.333,0:03:02.000 So this, this is published[br]and you can, 0:03:02.000,0:03:04.900 I'll give you some places[br]where these are published and you can 0:03:04.900,0:03:07.433 you can get those[br]if you like, like to see those reports 0:03:08.633,0:03:11.000 That's, that's project one 0:03:11.000,0:03:13.866 second project is on seedling recruitment 0:03:13.866,0:03:17.666 And this is a, this is, a common thing[br]that we're seeing 0:03:17.666,0:03:20.666 in, in Western Canada. 0:03:20.666,0:03:23.466 We're seeing a large amount[br]of Aspen recruits 0:03:23.466,0:03:26.466 into zones where we didn't have it before. 0:03:26.466,0:03:27.900 It's coming in. 0:03:27.900,0:03:29.900 It's coming in into places. 0:03:29.900,0:03:32.866 This was originally a jack pine[br]or a lodgepole pine 0:03:32.866,0:03:37.200 And, and black spruce,[br]stand in the upper foothills. 0:03:37.733,0:03:41.766 This zone is usually too high in elevation[br]for the, for the aspen to live. 0:03:42.666,0:03:45.866 And, but not anymore because probably 0:03:45.866,0:03:48.866 because of climate change, warming,[br]warming up the summers in the spring. 0:03:49.800,0:03:52.800 We're seeing these aspen, aspen seedlings, 0:03:53.366,0:03:56.066 coming in very extensively in these zones. 0:03:56.066,0:03:59.933 And we're, we're expecting to see[br]a large amount of this in the future. 0:04:00.300,0:04:04.666 So we think that if you disturb the ground[br]significantly, you get 1,000 stems 0:04:04.666,0:04:08.066 per hectare of aspen[br]coming in from natural seeding. 0:04:08.566,0:04:10.166 So it's a common thing to see it. 0:04:10.166,0:04:14.833 Here's a, here's a track from a,[br]from a site preparation from alpine. 0:04:15.266,0:04:17.733 But they also promoted[br]Aspen to the chagrin 0:04:17.733,0:04:20.266 of the people were trying to grow pine 0:04:20.266,0:04:24.066 They don't like this because the Aspen[br]is coming in at a, at a heavy rate. 0:04:25.733,0:04:26.833 And we're seeing that, 0:04:26.833,0:04:30.700 the mineral soil the preference is, [br]is a term we use to describe 0:04:30.900,0:04:35.000 where is the aspen relative[br]to the amount of substrate available. 0:04:35.433,0:04:38.100 So it's five times as likely 0:04:38.100,0:04:41.433 to be found on mineral soils relative[br]to the amount of mineral soil available. 0:04:41.833,0:04:44.866 Than something like[br]deep organic substrates, 0:04:45.466,0:04:47.530 which is almost nothing 0:04:48.000,0:04:51.566 so shallow organics or organic mix,[br]you'll find it. 0:04:51.900,0:04:55.233 So mineral soil we can, we can get[br]we can get aspen 0:04:55.766,0:05:00.266 seedlings establishing quite commonly[br]even on convex surfaces. 0:05:00.266,0:05:03.266 We did, did an analysis of that as well. 0:05:03.900,0:05:07.100 The other thing we did is we,[br]we actually aged a bunch of these Aspen 0:05:07.366,0:05:10.500 we aged 60 of them in this[br]in this population carefully aged 0:05:10.500,0:05:13.500 and cut them cereal section up the stem 0:05:13.933,0:05:16.800 and found out exactly how old they were. 0:05:16.800,0:05:21.233 And we found out that this was a seven[br]year old standard that pictures taken. 0:05:21.466,0:05:24.466 And we have seen[br]this all the way from 7 to 1, 0:05:24.666,0:05:27.000 and they were coming in every single year. 0:05:27.000,0:05:29.333 So this is not an uncommon event. 0:05:29.333,0:05:31.733 It happens pretty well every single year. 0:05:34.533,0:05:38.566 So the reason why we think it's[br]so common here is 0:05:38.566,0:05:43.200 we got a lot of June and July rainfall[br]right after see faster, see dispersion. 0:05:43.200,0:05:46.800 So I guess wouldn't podcast records[br]or flat or something like that, 0:05:47.533,0:05:51.800 but seems were more likely to record[br]on depressed microbes, topography. 0:05:52.500,0:05:56.066 And the main message is[br]we think it's spreading upslope 0:05:56.066,0:06:00.300 into the Canadian Rockies[br]from where it where it wasn't before. 0:06:00.700,0:06:04.966 And and we're we're just about[br]because it's ready for publication. 0:06:05.900,0:06:07.500 The third area we worked on. 0:06:07.500,0:06:11.800 Recently was on the last while we're still[br]still doing some work on this, actually, 0:06:12.133,0:06:16.866 following this up, where we we identified[br]a bunch of carbohydrate storage 0:06:16.866,0:06:20.233 and mobilization[br]in, in the aspen aspen cores 0:06:20.933,0:06:23.233 and where it where the carbohydrates 0:06:23.233,0:06:26.233 at different times of the year[br]and different and different seasons. 0:06:26.533,0:06:28.400 So we have cores. 0:06:28.400,0:06:30.466 You can see them very[br]nicely at this time of year. 0:06:31.766,0:06:32.900 We identified them and 0:06:32.900,0:06:35.900 then follow that same form, 0:06:36.133,0:06:39.133 cannibals, clones for a number of years 0:06:39.700,0:06:42.166 to, to, 0:06:42.166,0:06:44.100 measure things like root 0:06:44.100,0:06:46.966 carbohydrates and root stems and branches. 0:06:46.966,0:06:50.433 And, we did this, and some of the plants[br]actually got defoliation. 0:06:50.433,0:06:51.700 I'm not going to talk about that, 0:06:51.700,0:06:54.466 but we'll we will publish that work[br]eventually. 0:06:54.466,0:06:55.233 Okay. 0:06:55.233,0:06:57.566 The theory is[br]the theory is that, you know, 0:06:57.566,0:07:01.100 the one of the things we wanted to look[br]at was this whole issue of, that 0:07:01.100,0:07:05.466 leaf question and the growth of the Aspen[br]in the, in the spring times. 0:07:05.466,0:07:06.866 The top of the aspen 0:07:06.866,0:07:10.500 is related to this mobilization[br]of carbohydrates up from the roots. 0:07:11.466,0:07:13.966 Well, it's probably not the case. 0:07:13.966,0:07:17.800 We don't think we we don't see it[br]coming from that, that source. 0:07:17.800,0:07:23.066 We don't see any depression[br]from, roots, carbohydrates in the spring. 0:07:23.700,0:07:27.966 What we do see is a depression[br]and a mobilization 0:07:27.966,0:07:31.833 from carbohydrates in the tops[br]of the trees to drive the leaf rusher. 0:07:32.633,0:07:33.033 Okay. 0:07:34.300,0:07:35.966 So that's[br]one of the things we learned from this. 0:07:35.966,0:07:39.033 The second thing is in the summertime,[br]we see a large amount 0:07:39.033,0:07:42.633 of mobilization[br]of carbohydrates down into the roots. 0:07:42.633,0:07:44.333 In the summertime. 0:07:44.333,0:07:47.433 And so the roots are just being filled[br]right up with carbohydrates. 0:07:47.433,0:07:48.900 If you if you measure them 0:07:48.900,0:07:52.466 into late summer into early fall,[br]they're full of carbohydrates. 0:07:53.100,0:07:56.833 But if you measure them again[br]in really late fall, 0:07:57.333,0:08:00.533 at the time when things are just freezing[br]up, the ground's freezing up. 0:08:01.100,0:08:04.733 They've blasted it all the way again[br]because they grew a whole bunch of roots. 0:08:04.733,0:08:05.700 And there's nothing. 0:08:05.700,0:08:08.900 Carbohydrate reserves are pretty well[br]right where they were, 0:08:09.766,0:08:11.400 at the beginning of the season. 0:08:11.400,0:08:15.000 So almost all the way back into into fall[br]root growth 0:08:15.466,0:08:19.533 at that, at that, late in the late summer[br]or the late fall. 0:08:20.233,0:08:24.766 So we're not seeing[br]when I'm seeing this big groups, 0:08:25.233,0:08:27.766 mobilization from top to bottom. 0:08:27.766,0:08:32.066 We're seeing the roots once, the roots once they got the carbohydrates to hang on, 0:08:33.500,0:08:36.166 and they're using themselves. 0:08:36.166,0:08:39.166 So I always spring the early spring. 0:08:40.066,0:08:43.933 Spring prior to should flush with[br]carbohydrates are really low. 0:08:44.300,0:08:47.300 And power structures. 0:08:47.466,0:08:47.700 Okay. 0:08:47.700,0:08:51.133 So you harvest and machine[br]traffic is another another study. 0:08:51.133,0:08:54.800 So we wanted to follow this up[br]a bit of business of, 0:08:55.000,0:08:58.000 whether or not the season of harvest[br]is really important for 0:08:58.133,0:09:01.533 or whether whether or not Aspen[br]can recycle very vigorously. 0:09:01.966,0:09:06.833 So we, we actually looked at winter,[br]summer and fall logging to see whether 0:09:06.833,0:09:10.766 or not the aspen will suffer differently[br]under those under those systems. 0:09:11.766,0:09:12.733 Okay. 0:09:12.733,0:09:18.033 And we actually wanted to compare it[br]to the importance of soil disturbance, 0:09:18.033,0:09:21.566 because we know that winter[br]logging has way less soil disturbance. 0:09:21.633,0:09:24.333 And then summer flooding. 0:09:24.333,0:09:26.200 There's way more[br]there's way more disturbance. 0:09:26.200,0:09:30.433 So those two factors are confounded[br]season and disturbance that can follow. 0:09:31.200,0:09:35.066 So we actually set up a study where[br]we looked at those things simultaneously. 0:09:35.066,0:09:40.366 First of all, we we measured we set up[br]this very large site as a 50 by 50 meter, 0:09:41.900,0:09:43.433 sections of forest. 0:09:43.433,0:09:45.566 And there's four of them here. 0:09:45.566,0:09:48.200 And they were like to get summer[br]harvest, fall harvest, 0:09:48.200,0:09:51.200 winter harvest and harvest control. 0:09:51.466,0:09:55.700 And then we went into other parts[br]of these blocks and the corners and places 0:09:55.700,0:10:00.033 where we had sort of, we thought[br]was typical traffic and put in other plots 0:10:00.666,0:10:04.666 that we assessed[br]after conventional harvesting. 0:10:04.900,0:10:09.533 And the way we harvest events[br]is we harvest them with table skitters. 0:10:09.533,0:10:13.300 So we actually in the in those blocks,[br]we didn't drive over 0:10:13.300,0:10:15.200 and traffic everything up. 0:10:15.200,0:10:17.700 So we came all the the logs out, didn't 0:10:17.700,0:10:20.700 drive over the cost[br]of cutting with the chainsaw. 0:10:21.733,0:10:25.800 And then we compared that,[br]we compared them for the long 0:10:25.800,0:10:31.366 and the short is that season of harvest[br]is little different for all sectors. 0:10:31.366,0:10:37.500 Well, we all had about 50 to 60,000[br]tons per hectare of suckers and density. 0:10:37.500,0:10:40.166 Size in this area[br]was pretty much the same. 0:10:40.166,0:10:44.366 So if you don't traffic it, it doesn't[br]make hardly any difference at all. 0:10:45.500,0:10:46.666 So season of harvest. 0:10:46.666,0:10:49.500 And that really fits[br]with the carbohydrate, results 0:10:49.500,0:10:52.300 that we just reported. Okay. 0:10:52.300,0:10:54.700 But the machine traffic[br]did make a difference. 0:10:54.700,0:10:57.533 Density[br]was not affected by by machine traffic. 0:10:57.533,0:11:00.733 This is conventional conventional machine[br]traffic and no traffic. 0:11:01.666,0:11:05.133 And but the heights without the leaf area 0:11:05.133,0:11:08.533 and dry biomass, of the suckers was down 0:11:08.966,0:11:13.033 so they didn't grow as well[br]for your machine traffic compared to, 0:11:14.100,0:11:17.100 compared to where it was traffic. 0:11:18.266,0:11:19.100 Season brushing. 0:11:19.100,0:11:21.500 And, you know, asked. 0:11:21.500,0:11:23.633 There's a large amount of discussion[br]about trying 0:11:23.633,0:11:26.633 to try to, 0:11:26.966,0:11:29.100 control, but here's, here's 0:11:29.100,0:11:32.100 the different realities[br]that we live in compared to you. 0:11:32.833,0:11:36.333 We're trying to control Aspen,[br]and we want to do it with a brush size 0:11:36.500,0:11:40.233 and have slow growth rates now[br]so we can establish conifers. 0:11:41.400,0:11:42.000 And the 0:11:42.000,0:11:45.866 idea is that, well, if you log,[br]if you harvested or do this in wintertime 0:11:45.866,0:11:48.200 versus in the in the summer time, 0:11:48.200,0:11:50.700 you should have different results[br]at the end with carbohydrate. 0:11:50.700,0:11:53.366 Here it comes up in this one again. 0:11:53.366,0:11:56.366 And we measured the carbohydrates[br]in these. 0:11:56.600,0:11:58.200 And we, we. 0:11:58.200,0:12:00.100 We we did it. 0:12:00.100,0:12:03.600 We did this in spring summer as and winter 0:12:04.233,0:12:07.900 and again[br]the little difference in the current 0:12:08.100,0:12:13.000 in winter, spring and summer in relation[br]to, season of cutting. 0:12:13.166,0:12:15.100 We couldn't[br]we could not see the difference. 0:12:15.100,0:12:18.800 We had ten, ten reps of, of a large, 0:12:19.666,0:12:22.133 multi multifaceted experiment 0:12:22.133,0:12:25.133 just published in Air Force volume that. 0:12:26.700,0:12:28.866 But we did see this kind of thing. 0:12:28.866,0:12:30.300 If you do cut 0:12:30.300,0:12:33.300 and Aspen stem, you're not going to get[br]a good or very, very good Aspen. 0:12:33.600,0:12:38.000 But most of the response and after cutting[br]and asking the same way, the press, 0:12:38.633,0:12:42.133 come back as stem sprouts and we know that[br]they're likely going to have 0:12:43.266,0:12:44.400 root diseases or stem 0:12:44.400,0:12:47.400 diseases, associated with that. 0:12:48.600,0:12:49.900 Okay. 0:12:49.900,0:12:52.566 A fifth step, mother, study this one. 0:12:52.566,0:12:54.800 This one's related to fields. 0:12:54.800,0:12:57.166 And we have[br]we have large amounts of stands 0:12:57.166,0:13:01.366 with large numbers of stands[br]where we had hazel or sometimes alder 0:13:01.666,0:13:04.866 or sometimes you even come across[br]this in a very thick is grass 0:13:05.300,0:13:08.233 growing in the understory of these mature[br]aspen stands. 0:13:08.233,0:13:09.800 Prior to logging, 0:13:09.800,0:13:13.466 we cut these stands and we don't generally[br]don't get, regeneration. 0:13:13.800,0:13:14.433 These are many. 0:13:14.433,0:13:18.066 These hazel stands probably have[br]as much leaf area as the Aspen oversaw. 0:13:18.800,0:13:21.866 So huge amounts of huge amounts of,[br]vigorous, 0:13:22.566,0:13:25.566 figures, from and in some cases. 0:13:26.366,0:13:29.366 So what we did is we get[br]we have ten pairs of these stands 0:13:29.600,0:13:33.500 where we had a high density haze[br]or 50,000 snaps per hectare, versus about 0:13:33.866,0:13:35.300 3500 sets per hectare. 0:13:36.300,0:13:37.566 We had ten pairs of them, 0:13:37.566,0:13:40.633 adjacent pairs that were within a few[br]few meters of each other. 0:13:41.933,0:13:45.933 And we we locked these, we log these 0:13:45.933,0:13:49.800 and we carefully logged them into[br]to not traffic here. 0:13:49.966,0:13:51.366 We didn't drive over these. 0:13:51.366,0:13:54.133 We just reached in with this other bunch[br]or grabbed the logs. 0:13:54.133,0:13:55.800 I've never dropped scatters through them. 0:13:55.800,0:13:59.700 So there wasn't traffic issue compared[br]to the area where there wasn't a hazel. 0:14:01.066,0:14:05.866 And then we were we measured[br]a whole bunch of characteristics. 0:14:05.866,0:14:08.366 We measured the suckers,[br]the sucker, regeneration. 0:14:08.366,0:14:11.333 We measured the root development. 0:14:11.333,0:14:13.733 We were interested[br]in the roots of the aspen. 0:14:13.733,0:14:17.466 We because we thought our hypothesis[br]was that the the Hazelwood 0:14:17.900,0:14:23.333 would essentially drive down the root[br]biomass of the of the aspen stands. 0:14:24.600,0:14:25.233 The vigor 0:14:25.233,0:14:28.233 degree would be down[br]because of this, this aggressive, 0:14:28.233,0:14:31.233 competition from the Hazel. 0:14:32.700,0:14:36.433 We then we measured, we actually went in[br]and went to that, went into the stands 0:14:36.433,0:14:39.600 and we measured the roots and turns,[br]dug some root pits. 0:14:40.333,0:14:42.900 And, when you have a graduate student[br]only weighs 0:14:42.900,0:14:45.900 100 pounds, you have to get fossil fuels[br]involved to help out. 0:14:46.033,0:14:48.033 And that's what we did here. 0:14:48.033,0:14:49.266 We we dug these. 0:14:49.266,0:14:51.600 There's a whole bunch of these tests with. 0:14:51.600,0:14:54.600 I think we had, 0:14:55.033,0:14:57.466 100 of these pits that were done. 0:14:57.466,0:15:02.233 What you get is, cleaned off a face,[br]put a mylar sheet on it, 0:15:02.700,0:15:06.033 and then marked all the all the aspen[br]and the 0:15:06.333,0:15:10.366 and the hazel roots on that sheet,[br]and then brought it back to the lab 0:15:10.366,0:15:14.566 and did it and did council analyzes[br]in terms of the distance above ground, 0:15:16.300,0:15:18.566 distance into the ground. 0:15:18.566,0:15:20.400 And what we found is there's a lot 0:15:20.400,0:15:23.933 there was a significant drop in insect[br]density. 0:15:25.033,0:15:27.966 There's still lots of suckers,[br]but they were. 0:15:27.966,0:15:31.200 Quite a bit, quite lower than where. 0:15:31.200,0:15:34.233 You didn't have Hazel, locomotive. 0:15:34.233,0:15:35.000 Hazel. 0:15:35.000,0:15:38.233 I, tended to be down,[br]but not was not significant. 0:15:39.133,0:15:41.600 And so we were trying to[br]we wanted to look at the roots 0:15:41.600,0:15:45.666 of pruning in relation to, to this problem[br]as to why there would be less, 0:15:46.566,0:15:49.566 less, less, Hazel, less effort. 0:15:51.066,0:15:54.200 What we saw is that the surface roots,[br]we had fewer 0:15:54.200,0:15:57.800 surface roots in the places[br]where there was hazel, the aspen, 0:15:58.100,0:16:03.000 the aspen was driven down to lower levels,[br]totally todas as many aspen roots. 0:16:03.333,0:16:05.666 But the surface roots were down. 0:16:05.666,0:16:09.166 And, when you look at the suffering,[br]and that's probably what happens, 0:16:10.033,0:16:14.200 because you have the suffering is all[br]from the surface roots and in our as well. 0:16:14.566,0:16:18.533 And that's why we[br]we saw this decline in numbers, 0:16:19.400,0:16:22.266 another project[br]looking at root warming and suffering. 0:16:22.266,0:16:25.133 We we did two different treatments here. 0:16:25.133,0:16:26.066 We cut roots, 0:16:27.666,0:16:30.000 we cut roots and we scraped roots 0:16:30.000,0:16:34.266 like logging equipment would do to see[br]what impact that has on on suckering, 0:16:34.733,0:16:37.733 whether or not that's a positive thing[br]or a negative thing. 0:16:39.133,0:16:42.300 And then we measured the numbers[br]of suckers in the height of height of the. 0:16:42.300,0:16:45.366 Tallest suckers,[br]and we had the suckers after us. 0:16:45.466,0:16:47.500 After growing. 0:16:47.500,0:16:50.600 And we did find actually greater numbers[br]of roots. 0:16:51.933,0:16:54.433 Associated with wounds, 0:16:54.433,0:16:57.433 just about double the amount of, of, of, 0:16:57.900,0:17:00.966 of suckers that were associated[br]with scrapes or severs 0:17:01.266,0:17:04.266 compared to the control. 0:17:05.400,0:17:06.900 So injury roots generate 0:17:06.900,0:17:10.533 more suckers or taller suckers and suckers[br]with greater leaf. 0:17:10.633,0:17:14.200 And we published[br]just recently in the nature by our 0:17:14.200,0:17:18.066 we're doing some other work on this[br]that looks at even more damage. 0:17:18.633,0:17:21.900 More damage[br]and more damage is is giving giving us 0:17:22.666,0:17:26.466 lots of suckers[br]but miserable little scarring things. 0:17:26.933,0:17:29.733 They just don't grow properly. So 0:17:30.766,0:17:33.100 warts doesn't always mean good. 0:17:33.100,0:17:36.100 Okay, last time physical barriers 0:17:37.800,0:17:41.366 where we wanted to look at this issue[br]of physical barriers and suffering 0:17:41.733,0:17:44.066 and whether or not it's things[br]that are actually stopping 0:17:44.066,0:17:47.066 and preventing the suckers[br]from moving out of the soil 0:17:47.100,0:17:50.500 or moving through their substrates[br]above the soil, 0:17:50.500,0:17:53.500 are important forces in subtle. 0:17:53.566,0:17:56.266 And so we we, 0:17:56.266,0:18:00.333 looked at a particular is a problem[br]with a grasp of how an across the rifle 0:18:00.333,0:18:03.800 omnibus grass[br]notice inhibits suffering of asthma. 0:18:05.200,0:18:08.166 And we've got lots of examples of this[br]where we have 0:18:08.166,0:18:11.700 where we had an Aspen stand,[br]it had came across the in the understory. 0:18:12.000,0:18:15.000 The grass, dominates the site. 0:18:15.300,0:18:17.466 And the suffering comes in very poorly. 0:18:17.466,0:18:18.933 It grows very slowly. 0:18:18.933,0:18:21.300 It's very, very poor for performance. 0:18:22.533,0:18:24.833 So we[br]think part of the problem is called soils. 0:18:24.833,0:18:25.966 And so that's a given. 0:18:25.966,0:18:28.966 We're going to I'm not going to I'm[br]going to move on from there. 0:18:30.066,0:18:31.833 But we did do well. 0:18:31.833,0:18:33.466 We did do an experiment. 0:18:33.466,0:18:36.766 And we have an experimental system here[br]where we grow aspen and root plot 0:18:36.866,0:18:39.800 root, window boxes within its root. 0:18:39.800,0:18:42.300 And these were the boxes[br]for three years, grass. 0:18:42.300,0:18:45.300 And we've come across this[br]in the window box for three years. 0:18:45.433,0:18:46.300 And you asked what works 0:18:46.300,0:18:49.700 if you fertilize and water it quite well,[br]grows quite nicely in this situation. 0:18:49.700,0:18:52.800 We actually couldn't see any difference[br]in root mass or anything like that. 0:18:54.100,0:18:55.300 And we fertilize. 0:18:55.300,0:18:58.300 We did have had a fertilization treatment[br]in this experiment as well. 0:18:59.066,0:19:02.533 The main point I want to get across here[br]is that the the come across this, 0:19:03.900,0:19:05.433 really slows down the 0:19:05.433,0:19:10.466 suffering of the in terms of,[br]in terms of its movement out of the, 0:19:10.833,0:19:13.600 out of the, the soil as well 0:19:13.600,0:19:16.600 as its growth once it got out of the soil. 0:19:16.966,0:19:20.566 And this is,[br]this is what essentially we have. 0:19:20.566,0:19:25.566 Numbers are suckers in relation[br]to come across this principle. 0:19:25.566,0:19:27.800 For us, it's a no counting process. 0:19:27.800,0:19:30.800 And there was fertilization[br]or no fertilization. 0:19:31.266,0:19:35.200 If you if we have immersed suckers,[br]they actually got out of the soil 0:19:35.666,0:19:39.600 versus suckers that were formed[br]but never got out of the soil. 0:19:41.033,0:19:41.400 Okay. 0:19:41.400,0:19:43.900 So these suckers here are in the soil. 0:19:43.900,0:19:49.166 They never they're never make it out[br]over a 50 day period after after start. 0:19:49.766,0:19:52.500 So they're still in[br]for all these together. 0:19:52.500,0:19:55.500 There's no there's no difference[br]across any of the treatments. 0:19:55.800,0:19:59.666 But there is a difference in terms[br]of whether or not it's come across this 0:19:59.666,0:20:03.433 or no come across in terms and numbers[br]that get out of the soil. 0:20:04.366,0:20:06.000 Okay. Just about about 0:20:07.200,0:20:07.700 the main 0:20:07.700,0:20:12.666 thing that's going on, we think, is this[br]is that the, the, the dense sods, 0:20:13.266,0:20:19.166 the dense sods and are acting[br]as a physical barrier that are stopping 0:20:19.166,0:20:22.166 this coarse, thick, fleshy aspen 0:20:22.500,0:20:25.433 sprout from getting out of the soil. 0:20:25.433,0:20:26.766 And we get the same thing. 0:20:26.766,0:20:30.466 We did another experiment[br]where we did it with aspen litter 0:20:31.333,0:20:35.166 above the soil, and the aspen litter[br]prevents the aspen from growing. 0:20:35.166,0:20:39.466 Once it gets out of the soil[br]and it slows it down by 2 or 3 weeks, 0:20:39.500,0:20:42.666 that's a big deal in our part of the world[br]where we have a very short crisis. 0:20:44.266,0:20:47.266 Okay, no effects. 0:20:47.700,0:20:50.166 No effects of numbers of suckers[br]come across. 0:20:50.166,0:20:52.500 This is a physical barrier, 0:20:52.500,0:20:56.366 resulting in fewer suckers[br]getting out and come across is delayed. 0:20:56.700,0:20:59.700 Delayed[br]emergence is the later delayed emergence. 0:21:00.466,0:21:04.266 And we're seeing the same problem[br]on logging decks in places where there's 0:21:04.266,0:21:07.800 a lot of a lot amount of slash and debris[br]on the site, 0:21:08.100,0:21:10.500 the physical barrier,[br]we think is very important. 0:21:12.300,0:21:13.366 Okay. 0:21:13.366,0:21:16.633 And here's some of the people[br]who helped fund all this work. 0:21:17.800,0:21:20.500 And if you've got any questions,[br]I hope I got time for 1 0:21:20.500,0:21:23.500 or 2. Yes. 0:21:28.200,0:21:31.900 Maybe I'm just I didn't hear[br]quite right, but, so you had logged. 0:21:31.900,0:21:32.700 The logging equipment. 0:21:32.700,0:21:34.766 Didn't seem to stimulate[br]a lot of extra suckering, 0:21:34.766,0:21:37.766 but when you went in and injured,[br]the was a stimulated. 0:21:37.800,0:21:39.666 Suckering and a separate study 0:21:39.666,0:21:44.266 when I personally been on the ground[br]in, South Dakota, where I saw 0:21:44.266,0:21:48.133 some logging equipment going up there[br]was, there was massive sector coming up 0:21:49.166,0:21:51.633 and we lost the and other parts of this, 0:21:51.633,0:21:54.633 region, some brute ripping[br]and getting a lot of suckering. 0:21:54.666,0:21:58.300 Maybe you could explain the difference or[br]I've missed something between those two. 0:21:59.600,0:22:01.433 Yeah, I think that, 0:22:01.433,0:22:05.400 that's an interesting problem[br]with logging, logging and other wounding. 0:22:06.033,0:22:09.766 I think if you have a simple wound,[br]simple wound, 0:22:09.766,0:22:13.066 such as with a site preparation equipment[br]where you have a nice long time 0:22:13.066,0:22:16.066 cut through the soil[br]or something like that, 0:22:17.333,0:22:19.900 you probably will stimulate a net. 0:22:19.900,0:22:23.233 There'll be a net stimulation of suffering[br]if you've got a large 0:22:23.233,0:22:26.833 and extensive amount[br]of wounding on and aspens on aspen root. 0:22:27.466,0:22:29.433 We're seeing that, 0:22:29.433,0:22:34.100 if you come and dig that root[br]that that root up in in a month, 0:22:34.766,0:22:37.933 it's got,[br]it's got multiple pockmarks of wounds. 0:22:38.166,0:22:42.600 And you can see the,[br]the fungi and the blackening of the stems 0:22:43.066,0:22:47.200 of the roots along those areas[br]around every one of those wounds. And, 0:22:48.266,0:22:51.933 so I think there's a distance factor here[br]that's important. 0:22:52.233,0:22:54.233 And how much and how much, 0:22:55.666,0:22:56.466 how much reserves. 0:22:56.466,0:22:58.200 It's got to fight off that. 0:22:58.200,0:23:01.200 Fight off that, that disease has disease 0:23:01.200,0:23:04.200 vectors that are, that are entering[br]every one of those wounds. 0:23:04.566,0:23:06.766 Yes. It's, 0:23:06.766,0:23:09.766 spring leaves up instead. 0:23:12.166,0:23:15.200 The stem and mostly twig and upper 0:23:15.200,0:23:18.300 and upper, foliage, upper crown. 0:23:19.200,0:23:20.533 That's what we saw. 0:23:20.533,0:23:24.900 After the leaf off, we see a depression[br]in carbohydrate concentration there. 0:23:25.666,0:23:26.633 We don't see it in the weeds.