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(upbeat music)

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[DR. BRETT JONES] Hey.

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Today I'm gonna answer 
the question,

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"What's the difference
between self-efficacy,

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self-concept, and self-esteem?"

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I'm here at the Citi Open 
tennis tournament,

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because I want you to think 
about how your self-efficacy,

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for serving in tennis,

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can be different 
from your tennis self-concept,

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which can be different 
from your athletic self-concept,

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your academic self-concept,

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and your overall self-esteem.

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Let's go back to Virginia Tech 
to find out how these

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self-beliefs contribute
to your sense of self.

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This video is part 
of the Ed Psych Insight series,

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in which I explain educational 
psychology concepts.

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(buzzer buzzing)

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[INTERVIEWER] How good are you 
at tennis?

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[DR. BRETT JONES] At tennis, 
on a zero to ten scale,

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I would say about a seven.

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I'm pretty good, but not great.

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[INTERVIEWER] How good are you 
at baseball?

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[DR. BRETT JONES] Baseball 
is not my best sport.

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I'm not too bad.

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I would say, probably a three.

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(bell chiming)

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[INTERVIEWER] How good are you 
at football?

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[DR. BRETT JONES] Well
I'm a pretty good wide receiver.

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I mean, compared to guys on 
the Virginia Tech Football team,

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I'm probably a two or three
but, compared to guys my age,

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I'm probably like a eight,
or nine.

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I'm fast, and I catch the ball.

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(upbeat instrumental music)

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How you rate your ability
in different domains,

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is called your self-concept.

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Self-concept is
about your ability,

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which is also referred to 
as your competence,

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or your level of knowledge
and skills in a domain.

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In the videos you just saw,

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I rated my self-concept
as a seven in tennis,

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a three in baseball,
and a two or eight in football,

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depending on who I 
was comparing myself to.

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So the first key point,

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is that our self-concepts are
multi-dimensional,

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because we can have different 
ratings,

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for different self-concepts.

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A second key point,

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is that our self-concept
in a particular domain,

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such as tennis or football,

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can vary depending on who
we're comparing ourselves to.

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My rating is much lower
when I compare myself

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to a Division One football 
player,

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than when I compare myself 
to an average guy my age.

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A third key point,

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is that our self-concepts are 
hierarchical,

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because they are comprised 
of broader,

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and narrower self-concepts.

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Here, you can see 
that my tennis, baseball,

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and football self-concepts,

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are part 
of my athletic self-concept,

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which is part 
of my physical self-concept.

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I also have other physical 
self-concepts,

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such as an attractiveness
self-concept, and others.

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In fact, if we were 
to expand this,

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we would see 
that we have many self-concepts,

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such as 
an academic self-concept,

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that's comprised 
of self-concepts in science,

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math, writing,and other domains.

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So to summarize,

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self-concept is your perception 
of your competence,

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in a particular domain, such as
academics, athletics, or tennis.

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Now, let's define self-efficacy.

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[INTERVIEWER] How confident are
you that you can make a serve?

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[DR. BRETT JONES] 
On a ten-point scale,

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I would say seven.

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The question,
"How confident are you,

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that you can do
a specific activity?"

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is asking about self-efficacy.

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Self-efficacy is your confidence
that you can complete

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a specific activity 
within a domain.

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In the video,

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I rated my confidence 
that I could hit a serve,

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as a seven on a ten-point scale.

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But I also have self-efficacies,

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related to solving double-digit
addition problems,

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and making friends 
in biology class.

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So while self-efficacy 
focuses on a specific activity,

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self-concepts, are your broader 
perceptions of your abilities,

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within the domain,

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and are likely informed 
by your self-efficacies.

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For example,
your math self-concept,

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would likely be higher
if your self-efficacy

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for solving double-digit
addition problems was high,

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and vice versa.

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But if you were in high school,
your math self-concept

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would also be informed 
by your self-efficacy,

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in solving algebra,
and geometry problems.

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So as you can see,

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we have a lot of perceptions 
about ourselves.

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One reason that self-efficacy is
important,

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is that it tends 
to correlate with performance.

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For example, someone with 
a higher self-efficacy,

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for hitting a successful serve,

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would be more likely 
to perform higher when serving.

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Let's test this out.

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I rated my self-efficacy as
a seven,

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so I will estimate,

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that I should make seven
out of ten serves.

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It probably doesn't work exactly
like that,

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but it makes sense that a fairly
high self-efficacy rating,

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should lead to a fairly-high
percentage of successful serves.

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Okay, so now we're gonna test 
this out by hitting in,

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ten balls, into the 
service court on the other side,

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and we'll find out how many
I can actually make

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out of ten balls on one take, 
no re-dos.

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(Dr. Brett chuckling)

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(buzzer buzzing)

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(bell chiming)

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(buzzer buzzing)

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(bell chiming)

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(bell chiming)

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(bell chiming)

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(bell chiming)

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(buzzer buzzing)

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(bell chiming)

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(bell chiming)

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(triumphant instrumental music)

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Okay, so my performance was 
exactly as I predicted.

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Although by adolescence, 
and into adulthood,

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people become pretty good 
at estimating their ability

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to complete activities.

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Young children are not very good
at it,

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and they tend 
to overestimate their abilities.

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Now that you know about 
self-efficacy, and self-concept,

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let's talk about self-esteem.

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Self-esteem is 
an emotional reaction,

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to your overall evaluation of
yourself as a person of worth.

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Basically, it's how you feel 
about yourself overall.

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These feelings are affected
by how good you are,

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at what you value.

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So, for example, if you value 
academics more than physical,

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and social abilities,

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and you have 
a low academic self-concept,

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then you'll have 
a lower self-esteem,

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even if you have high physical
and social self-concepts.

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Similarly, you may feel great 
about yourself,

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if you have 
a high academic self-concept,

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even if you have low physical
and social self-concepts,

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if you don't value those.

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As you can see,

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our self-esteem depends on being
good at the things we value.

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So what's the difference
between self-efficacy,

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self-concept, and self-esteem?

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Well, to summarize,

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self-efficacy is your confidence
in your ability to complete

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a specific activity,
such as a math problem.

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Your self-concepts are your
perceptions,

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about how good you are 
in various domains,

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such as math, tennis 
or romantic relationships.

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And self-esteem,

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includes your feelings 
about your overall evaluation

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of yourself,
as a person of worth.

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And your self-esteem is affected
by what you value.

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As a final point,

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self-efficacy can be changed 
relatively quickly

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if the activity doesn't take 
too long to learn.

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For example,
someone's self-efficacy

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for solving double-digit 
addition problems,

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could be increased a lot 
in a few hours,

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if they knew how to add,

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but didn't know how 
to add double digits

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in the problem shown here.

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Of course, it would take longer,

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maybe even several months,
or a year

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to increase someone's
math self-concept

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if they didn't believe 
that they were good at math,

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to begin with.

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And because self-esteem is
dependent on self-concept,

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it would likely take more time 
to change someone's self-esteem

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as well.

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The main differences identified
in this video,

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are summarized in this table,

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and you can pause the video 
to review them.

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If you found this video helpful,
make sure to leave a like,

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and subscribe to my channel 
for more videos.

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More information 
about this topic is available

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at my website,

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and in the 'Essentials 
of Educational Psychology' book,

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which are linked 
in the description below.

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Thanks for watching!

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(upbeat instrumental music)

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[INTERVIEWER] How good are you 
at quarterback?

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[DR. BRETT JONES] Well,
compared to the Virginia Tech

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quarterback, 
I'm probably like a nine or ten.

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[COMMENTATOR] Here we go!

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Sorry drumline!