PRESENTER 1: Stammering
or stuttering-- causes,
signs and symptoms,
diagnosis, and treatment.
Stuttering or stammering is a
speech disorder that is also
known as difficult speech.
Stuttering specifically
includes the following--
1, an uneven rate of speech;
2, halted or interrupted
speech production;
and 3, repeated words,
syllables and sounds.
Stuttering is a highly
common phenomenon,
affecting between 5%
to 10% of all children.
It mostly occurs in
children between two and six
years of age.
While most children
will not carry a stutter
beyond childhood,
25% of children
who don't lose
their stutter will
be affected by it as adults.
Intervening early can help
a child stop stammering
and nullify all chances of them
carrying it into adulthood.
Let's take a deeper
look into stuttering.
Causes.
The most common causes of
stuttering or stammering
include--
1, family dynamics;
2, neurophysiology;
3, issues in development
during childhood;
4, a family history
of stuttering.
Furthermore, injuries and trauma
can also result in stuttering.
Sustaining an injury to
the brain from a stroke
can cause stuttering.
Similarly, severe
emotional trauma
can also cause stuttering.
Stuttering is believed
to run in families,
as the part of the
brain that governs
speech and language may
be abnormally developed
across generations.
Children of parents who
have stuttered usually
stutter as well.
Signs and symptoms.
Three different types of
stuttering can affect a person.
Developmental stuttering
occurs when a child
is developing their speech.
Their mouth may take
time to build up
their language abilities.
The development type goes
away without treatment.
Neurogenic stuttering
occurs when
there are abnormalities
between the brain signals
and the nerves or
muscles of the body.
Psychogenic
stuttering originates
from the brain,
specifically the part that
regulates speech and learning.
The symptoms across all
these types are the same.
And they include, 1, frustration
in trying to communicate;
2, occasional refusal to speak;
3, noticeable physical changes
in the face, such
as facial tics,
extensive eye
blinking, lip tremors,
and increased tension
in the upper face area.
4, pausing or hesitation
when starting to speak;
5, interjections or extra
sounds while speaking;
6, a tense voice; 7, rearranging
words while speaking;
8, stretching outwards
with longer sounds;
9, repetition while speaking.
Often, children are not aware
that they are stuttering
and may get used
to how they speak.
Diagnosis.
There is no invasive test
to diagnose stuttering.
The diagnosis can be
made by speech language
pathologist based on the
symptoms exhibited by a person.
Treatment.
Most stuttering does
not require treatment,
as children grow past
the developmental stage
and stop stuttering with time.
Speech therapy is the
most common treatment
for other kinds of stuttering.
Speech therapy can
help with intonation
and also reduce
interruptions while speaking.
It gives a person the push
they need to stop stuttering.
It helps increase self-esteem
and helps with pronunciation
and enunciation.
Beyond speech therapy,
electronic devices
such as voice recorders and
hearing aids can also help.
The former helps repeat
what has been said
and learn where
the mistakes lie.
While hearing aids can help
reduce background noise
and increase focus.
Beyond this, no
specific medication
is known to help
with stuttering.
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