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PRESENTER 1: Stammering[br]or stuttering-- causes,

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signs and symptoms,[br]diagnosis, and treatment.

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Stuttering or stammering is a[br]speech disorder that is also

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known as difficult speech.

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Stuttering specifically[br]includes the following--

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1, an uneven rate of speech;[br]2, halted or interrupted

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speech production;[br]and 3, repeated words,

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syllables and sounds.

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Stuttering is a highly[br]common phenomenon,

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affecting between 5%[br]to 10% of all children.

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It mostly occurs in[br]children between two and six

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years of age.

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While most children[br]will not carry a stutter

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beyond childhood,[br]25% of children

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who don't lose[br]their stutter will

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be affected by it as adults.

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Intervening early can help[br]a child stop stammering

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and nullify all chances of them[br]carrying it into adulthood.

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Let's take a deeper[br]look into stuttering.

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Causes.

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The most common causes of[br]stuttering or stammering

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include--

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1, family dynamics;[br]2, neurophysiology;

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3, issues in development[br]during childhood;

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4, a family history[br]of stuttering.

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Furthermore, injuries and trauma[br]can also result in stuttering.

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Sustaining an injury to[br]the brain from a stroke

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can cause stuttering.

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Similarly, severe[br]emotional trauma

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can also cause stuttering.

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Stuttering is believed[br]to run in families,

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as the part of the[br]brain that governs

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speech and language may[br]be abnormally developed

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across generations.

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Children of parents who[br]have stuttered usually

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stutter as well.

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Signs and symptoms.

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Three different types of[br]stuttering can affect a person.

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Developmental stuttering[br]occurs when a child

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is developing their speech.

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Their mouth may take[br]time to build up

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their language abilities.

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The development type goes[br]away without treatment.

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Neurogenic stuttering[br]occurs when

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there are abnormalities[br]between the brain signals

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and the nerves or[br]muscles of the body.

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Psychogenic[br]stuttering originates

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from the brain,[br]specifically the part that

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regulates speech and learning.

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The symptoms across all[br]these types are the same.

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And they include, 1, frustration[br]in trying to communicate;

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2, occasional refusal to speak;[br]3, noticeable physical changes

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in the face, such[br]as facial tics,

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extensive eye[br]blinking, lip tremors,

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and increased tension[br]in the upper face area.

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4, pausing or hesitation[br]when starting to speak;

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5, interjections or extra[br]sounds while speaking;

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6, a tense voice; 7, rearranging[br]words while speaking;

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8, stretching outwards[br]with longer sounds;

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9, repetition while speaking.

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Often, children are not aware[br]that they are stuttering

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and may get used[br]to how they speak.

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Diagnosis.

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There is no invasive test[br]to diagnose stuttering.

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The diagnosis can be[br]made by speech language

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pathologist based on the[br]symptoms exhibited by a person.

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Treatment.

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Most stuttering does[br]not require treatment,

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as children grow past[br]the developmental stage

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and stop stuttering with time.

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Speech therapy is the[br]most common treatment

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for other kinds of stuttering.

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Speech therapy can[br]help with intonation

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and also reduce[br]interruptions while speaking.

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It gives a person the push[br]they need to stop stuttering.

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It helps increase self-esteem[br]and helps with pronunciation

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and enunciation.

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Beyond speech therapy,[br]electronic devices

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such as voice recorders and[br]hearing aids can also help.

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The former helps repeat[br]what has been said

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and learn where[br]the mistakes lie.

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While hearing aids can help[br]reduce background noise

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and increase focus.

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Beyond this, no[br]specific medication

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is known to help[br]with stuttering.

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PRESENTER 2: Thank you[br]for watching our video.

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Please do not forget[br]to and share the video.

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Also, please subscribe[br]to the channel

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