PRESENTER 1: Stammering
or stuttering-- causes,

signs and symptoms,
diagnosis, and treatment.

Stuttering or stammering is a
speech disorder that is also

known as difficult speech.

Stuttering specifically
includes the following--

1, an uneven rate of speech;
2, halted or interrupted

speech production;
and 3, repeated words,

syllables and sounds.

Stuttering is a highly
common phenomenon,

affecting between 5%
to 10% of all children.

It mostly occurs in
children between two and six

years of age.

While most children
will not carry a stutter

beyond childhood,
25% of children

who don't lose
their stutter will

be affected by it as adults.

Intervening early can help
a child stop stammering

and nullify all chances of them
carrying it into adulthood.

Let's take a deeper
look into stuttering.

Causes.

The most common causes of
stuttering or stammering

include--

1, family dynamics;
2, neurophysiology;

3, issues in development
during childhood;

4, a family history
of stuttering.

Furthermore, injuries and trauma
can also result in stuttering.

Sustaining an injury to
the brain from a stroke

can cause stuttering.

Similarly, severe
emotional trauma

can also cause stuttering.

Stuttering is believed
to run in families,

as the part of the
brain that governs

speech and language may
be abnormally developed

across generations.

Children of parents who
have stuttered usually

stutter as well.

Signs and symptoms.

Three different types of
stuttering can affect a person.

Developmental stuttering
occurs when a child

is developing their speech.

Their mouth may take
time to build up

their language abilities.

The development type goes
away without treatment.

Neurogenic stuttering
occurs when

there are abnormalities
between the brain signals

and the nerves or
muscles of the body.

Psychogenic
stuttering originates

from the brain,
specifically the part that

regulates speech and learning.

The symptoms across all
these types are the same.

And they include, 1, frustration
in trying to communicate;

2, occasional refusal to speak;
3, noticeable physical changes

in the face, such
as facial tics,

extensive eye
blinking, lip tremors,

and increased tension
in the upper face area.

4, pausing or hesitation
when starting to speak;

5, interjections or extra
sounds while speaking;

6, a tense voice; 7, rearranging
words while speaking;

8, stretching outwards
with longer sounds;

9, repetition while speaking.

Often, children are not aware
that they are stuttering

and may get used
to how they speak.

Diagnosis.

There is no invasive test
to diagnose stuttering.

The diagnosis can be
made by speech language

pathologist based on the
symptoms exhibited by a person.

Treatment.

Most stuttering does
not require treatment,

as children grow past
the developmental stage

and stop stuttering with time.

Speech therapy is the
most common treatment

for other kinds of stuttering.

Speech therapy can
help with intonation

and also reduce
interruptions while speaking.

It gives a person the push
they need to stop stuttering.

It helps increase self-esteem
and helps with pronunciation

and enunciation.

Beyond speech therapy,
electronic devices

such as voice recorders and
hearing aids can also help.

The former helps repeat
what has been said

and learn where
the mistakes lie.

While hearing aids can help
reduce background noise

and increase focus.

Beyond this, no
specific medication

is known to help
with stuttering.

PRESENTER 2: Thank you
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