[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm starting us out today\Nwith a historical mystery.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1957 there were two young women,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in their 20's,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both living in the same city,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both members of the same political group.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That year both decided\Nto commit violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One girl took a gun and approached\Na soldier at checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other girl took a bomb\Nand went to a crowded café.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the those girls followed\Nthrough with the attack,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the other turned back.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what made the difference?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a behavioral historian
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I study aggression,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral cognition
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decision-making in social movements.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a mouthful.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the translation of that
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I study the moment an individual\Ndecided to pull the trigger,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the day-to-day decisions\Nthat led up to that moment
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the stories that they tell themselves\Nabout why that behavior is justified.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this topic --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just scholarly for me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a bit personal.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up in Kootenai County, Idaho,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is very important.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the part of Idaho\Nwith potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you ask my about potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will find you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This part of Idaho is known\Nfor mountain lakes,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horseback riding,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skiing.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting in the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also became known\Nas the worldwide headquarters
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Aryan nations.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, members of the local\Nneo-Nazi compound
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would turn out and march through our town,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every year,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members from our town\Nwould turn out and protest them.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 2001, I graduated from high school
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I went to college in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I arrived in August 2001.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As many of you probably are aware,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Twin Towers went down.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was shocked.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was incredibly angry.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to do something
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the only thing that I could think\Nof doing at that time
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to study Arabic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will admit I was that girl in class
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wanted to know why they hate us.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started studying Arabic\Nfor very wrong reasons.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something unexpected happened.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a scholarship to go study in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Idaho girl went to the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I was there I met\NPalestinian Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Palestinian Christians,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli settlers,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli peace activists,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I learned is that\Nevery act has an ecology.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a context.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now since then I have gone\Naround the world,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have studied violent movements,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have worked with NGOs
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ex-combatants in Iraq,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Syria,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vietnam,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Balkans,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cuba.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I earned my PhD in History
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now what I do is I go\Nto difference archives
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I dig through documents
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for police confessions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,court cases,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diaries,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manifestos of individuals\Ninvolved in violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you gather all these documents --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do they tell you?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains love causal\Nmysteries, it turns out.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Any time we see an attack on the news,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to ask one question:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I can tell you I've read\Nthousands of manifestos
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you find out is that they\Nare actually imitative;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they imitate the political movement\Nthat they're drawing from.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they actually don't tell us a lot\Nabout decision-making
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that particular case.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to teach ourselves to ask\Na totally different question.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of "Why?" we have to ask "How?"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did individuals produce these attacks
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how did their decision-making ecology\Ncontribute to violent behavior?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a couple things I've learned\Nfrom asking this kind of question.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing is that political\Nis not culturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether we realize it or not,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our day-today habits contribute\Nto the creation of violence
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our environment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a couple of habits\Nthat I've learned contribute to violence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first things that attackers did
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when preparing themselves\Nfor a violent event
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they enclosed themselves\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've heard of fake news, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this shocked me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every group that I studied\Nhad some kind of a fake news slogan.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French communists \Ncalled it the "Putrid Press."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Nationalists called it\Nthe "Sellout Press"
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the "Treasonous Press."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Islamists in Egypt called it\Nthe "Depraved News."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egyptian Communists\Ncalled it "Fake News."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do groups spend all this time\Ntrying to make these information bubbles?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is actually really simple.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make decisions based on\Nthe information we trust, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we trust bad information,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to make bad decisions.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another interesting habit\Nthat individuals used
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they wanted\Nto produce a violent attack
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that they looked at their victim\Nnot as an individual
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just as a number of an opposing team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this gets really weird.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some fun brain science behind why\Nthat kind of brain science is effective.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I divide all of you guys\Ninto two teams:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blue team,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,red team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I ask you to compete\Nin a game against each other.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the funny thing is\Nwithin milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will actually start\Nexperiencing pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pleasure when something bad happens\Nto members of the other team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The funny thing about that is\Nif I ask one of you blue team members
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go an join the red team,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain recalibates,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will now start experiencing pleasure
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when bad things happen\Nto members of your old team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a really good example\Nof why us/them thinking is so dangerous
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our political environment.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another habit that attackers use\Nto kind of rev themselves up for an attack
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they focused on differences.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they looked at their victimes
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought "I share\Nnothing in common with that person;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're totally different than me."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, this might sound like\Na really simple concept,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's just some fascinating\Nscience behind why this works.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I show you guys videos\Nof different colored hands
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharp pins being driven\Ninto these colored hands,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're white,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chances are you will experience\Nthe most sympathetic activation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the most pain
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you see a pin\Ngoing into the white hand.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are Latin American, Arab, Black,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will probably experience the most\Nsympathetic activation
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching a pin going into the hand\Nthat looks most like yours.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that's not\Nbiologically fixed.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is learned behavior.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means the more we spend time\Nwith other ethnic communities,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more we see them as similar to us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and part of our team,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we feel their pain.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last habit\Nthat I'm going to talk about
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when attackers prepare themselves\Nto go out and do one of these events,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on certain emotional cues.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For months they geared themselves up\Nby focusing on anger cues, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bring this up because\Nit's really popular right now.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read blogs or the news,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see talk of two concepts\Nfrom laboratory science:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amygdala hijacking\Nand emotional hijacking.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, amygdala hijacking.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the concept that I show you a cue --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, a gun --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain reacts with an automatic\Nthreat response to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emotional hijacking --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a very similar concept.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the idea that I show\Nyou an anger cue,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain will react\Nwith an automatic anger response
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think women usually\Nget this more than men.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughs)
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That kind of a hijacking narrative\Ngrabs our attention --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the word 'hijacking"\Ngrabs our attention.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the time that's not\Nreally how cues work in real life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you study history,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you find is that we are bombarded\Nwith hundreds of thousands of cues
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every day.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we do is we learn to filter.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ignore some cues;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we pay attention to other cues.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For political violence\Nthis becomes really important,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what it meant is that attackers\Nusually didn't just see an anger cue
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly snap.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, politicians, social activists\Nspent weeks, months, years
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,flooding the environment\Nwith anger cues, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And attackers --
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they paid attention to those cues,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they trusted those cues,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on them,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they even memorized those cues.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this just really goes to show\Nhow important it is to study history.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one thing to see how cues operate\Nin a laboratory setting.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those laboratory experiments\Nare incredibly important.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give us a lot of new data\Nabout how our bodies work.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also very important to see\Nhow those cues operate in real life.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does all this tell us\Nabout political violence?
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Political violence is not\Nculturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not an automatic, predetermined\Nresponse to environmental stimuli.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We produce it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our everyday habits produce it.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back actually to those two\Nwomen that I mentioned at the start.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first woman had been paying\Nattention to those outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she took a gun and approached\Na soldier at a checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in that moment,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something really interesting happened.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She looked at that soldier
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she thought to herself,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's the same age as me.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He looks like me."
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she put down the gun
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she walked away
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from that little bit of similarity.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second girl had a totally\Ndifferent outcome.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also listened\Nto the outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she surrounded herself\Nwith individuals
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were supportive of violence,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with peers who supported her violence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She enclosed herself\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She focused on certain\Nemotional cues for months.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She taught herself to bypass certain\Ncultural inhibitions against violence.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She practiced her plan,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she taught herself new habits
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the time came,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she took her bomb to the café
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she followed through with that attack.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was not impulse.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was learning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polarization in our society\Nis not impulse,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's learning.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day we are teaching ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the news we click on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emotions that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thoughts that we entertain\Nabout the red team or the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this contributes to learning
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we realize it or not.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while the individuals\NI study already made their decisions,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can still change our trajectory.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might never make\Nthe decisions that they made,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get out of whatever\Nnews bubble we're in;
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can be more mindful\Nabout the emotional cues
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outrage bait that we click on.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can stop seeing each other
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just members of the red team\Nor the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because whether we are Christian,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muslim,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jewish,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aestheist,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democrat or Republican,
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're human.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're human beings.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we often share really similar habits.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have differences.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those differences are beautiful
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those differences are very important.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our future depends on us
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to find common ground\Nwith the other side.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why it is so, so important\Nfor us to retrain our brains
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,9:59:59.99,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)