[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.89,0:00:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'm starting us out today\Nwith a historical mystery.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.04,0:00:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1957, there were two young women,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.07,0:00:09.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both in their 20s,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.51,0:00:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both living in the same city,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.94,0:00:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both members of the same political group.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.82,0:00:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That year both decided\Nto commit violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.58,0:00:23.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One girl took a gun and approached\Na soldier at a checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.40,0:00:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other girl took a bomb\Nand went to a crowded café.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.38,0:00:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.53,0:00:37.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the those girls followed\Nthrough with the attack,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.03,0:00:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the other turned back.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.34,0:00:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what made the difference?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.24,0:00:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a behavioral historian
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.79,0:00:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I study aggression,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.57,0:00:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moral cognition
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.55,0:00:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decision-making in social movements.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.72,0:00:53.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a mouthful.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.97,0:00:54.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.97,0:00:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the translation of that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.16,0:01:02.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is I study the moment an individual\Ndecides to pull the trigger,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.25,0:01:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the day-to-day decisions\Nthat led up to that moment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.92,0:01:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the stories that they tell themselves\Nabout why that behavior is justified.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.65,0:01:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this topic --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.85,0:01:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just scholarly for me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.44,0:01:19.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's actually a bit personal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.53,0:01:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up in Kootenai County, Idaho,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.78,0:01:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this is very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.49,0:01:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not the part\Nof Idaho with potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.73,0:01:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have no potatoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.25,0:01:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you ask my about potatoes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.13,0:01:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will find you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.34,0:01:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.90,0:01:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This part of Idaho is known\Nfor mountain lakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.22,0:01:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,horseback riding --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.16,0:01:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skiing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.80,0:01:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.16,0:01:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting in the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.02,0:01:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also became known\Nas the worldwide headquarters
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.97,0:01:53.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the Aryan Nations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.47,0:01:57.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, members of the local\Nneo-Nazi compound
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.05,0:01:59.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would turn out and march through our town,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.92,0:02:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every year,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.31,0:02:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,members of our town\Nwould turn out and protest them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.67,0:02:08.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in 2001, I graduated from high school
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.91,0:02:12.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I went to college in New York City.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.77,0:02:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I arrived in August 2001.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.48,0:02:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As many of you probably are aware,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.79,0:02:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.74,0:02:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Twin Towers went down.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.24,0:02:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I was shocked.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.57,0:02:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was incredibly angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.72,0:02:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wanted to do something
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.40,0:02:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the only thing that I could think\Nof doing at that time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.42,0:02:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to study Arabic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.96,0:02:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will admit I was that girl in class
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.93,0:02:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that wanted to know why "they hate us."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.65,0:02:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started studying Arabic\Nfor very wrong reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.38,0:02:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But something unexpected happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.24,0:02:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a scholarship to go study in Israel.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.88,0:03:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Idaho girl went to the Middle East.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.74,0:03:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while I was there I met\NPalestinian Muslims,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.20,0:03:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Palestinian Christians,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.19,0:03:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli settlers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.27,0:03:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli peace activists,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.50,0:03:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I learned is that\Nevery act has an ecology.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.74,0:03:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has a context.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.23,0:03:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now since then I have gone\Naround the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.81,0:03:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have studied violent movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.65,0:03:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have worked with NGOs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.08,0:03:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ex-combatants in Iraq,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.69,0:03:34.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Syria,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.04,0:03:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vietnam,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.24,0:03:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Balkans --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.36,0:03:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cuba.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.51,0:03:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I earned my PhD in History,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.96,0:03:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now what I do is I go\Nto different archives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.50,0:03:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I dig through documents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.68,0:03:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for police confessions,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.30,0:03:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,court cases ...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.82,0:03:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.86,0:03:56.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,manifestos of individuals\Ninvolved in violent attacks.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.33,0:04:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you gather all these documents --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.38,0:04:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do they tell you?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.01,0:04:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our brains love causal\Nmysteries, it turns out.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.24,0:04:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So any time we see an attack on the news,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.20,0:04:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we tend to ask one question:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.84,0:04:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.96,0:04:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why did that happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.52,0:04:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I can tell you I've read\Nthousands of manifestos
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.56,0:04:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you find out is\Nthat they are actually imitative.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.93,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They imitate the political movement\Nthat they're drawing from.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.60,0:04:29.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they actually don't tell us\Na lot about decision-making
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.57,0:04:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in that particular case.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.09,0:04:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have to teach ourselves\Nto ask a totally different question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.65,0:04:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of "Why?" we have to ask "How?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.32,0:04:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did individuals produce these attacks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.37,0:04:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how did their decision-making ecology\Ncontribute to violent behavior?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.86,0:04:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a couple things I've learned\Nfrom asking this kind of question.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.87,0:04:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most important thing is that political\Nviolence is not culturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.12,0:05:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We create it.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.61,0:05:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whether we realize it or not,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.10,0:05:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our day-to-day habits contribute\Nto the creation of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.30,0:05:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.95,0:05:14.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here's a couple of habits\Nthat I've learned contribute to violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.32,0:05:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the first things that attackers did
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.64,0:05:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when preparing themselves\Nfor a violent event
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.54,0:05:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they enclosed themselves\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.24,0:05:29.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've heard of fake news, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.82,0:05:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this shocked me:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.23,0:05:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every group that I studied\Nhad some kind of a fake news slogan.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.81,0:05:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French communists \Ncalled it the "putrid press."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.18,0:05:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,French Nationalists called it\Nthe "sellout press"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.30,0:05:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the "treasonous press."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.44,0:05:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Islamists in Egypt called it\Nthe "depraved news."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.97,0:05:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Egyptian communists called it ...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.06,0:05:53.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"fake news."
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.43,0:05:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why do groups spend all this time\Ntrying to make these information bubbles?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.91,0:06:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer is actually really simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.72,0:06:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We make decisions based on\Nthe information we trust, yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.38,0:06:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we trust bad information,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.25,0:06:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to make bad decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.11,0:06:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another interesting habit\Nthat individuals used
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.20,0:06:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they wanted\Nto produce a violent attack
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.27,0:06:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that they looked at their victim\Nnot as an individual
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.64,0:06:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just as a number of an opposing team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.17,0:06:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this gets really weird.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.55,0:06:29.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's some fun brain science
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.29,0:06:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind why that kind\Nof thinking is effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.02,0:06:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I divide all of you guys\Ninto two teams:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.51,0:06:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blue team,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.57,0:06:37.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,red team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.14,0:06:41.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I ask you to compete\Nin a game against each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.64,0:06:45.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the funny thing is\Nwithin milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.59,0:06:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will actually start\Nexperiencing pleasure ...
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.58,0:06:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasure when something bad happens\Nto members of the other team.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.81,0:06:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The funny thing about that is\Nif I ask one of you blue team members
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.97,0:07:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go and join the red team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.84,0:07:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain recalibates,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.92,0:07:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and within milliseconds,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.28,0:07:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will now start experiencing pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.84,0:07:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when bad things happen\Nto members of your old team.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.14,0:07:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a really good example
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.93,0:07:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of why us/them thinking is so dangerous
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.74,0:07:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our political environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.69,0:07:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another habit that attackers used\Nto kind of rev themselves up for an attack
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.06,0:07:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was they focused on differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.24,0:07:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.24,0:07:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they looked at their victims
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.57,0:07:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they thought "I share\Nnothing in common with that person.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.30,0:07:37.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are totally different than me."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.95,0:07:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, this might sound\Nlike a really simple concept,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.10,0:07:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there's some fascinating science\Nbehind why this works.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.38,0:07:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Say I show you guys videos\Nof different-colored hands
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.46,0:07:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sharp pins being driven\Ninto these different-colored hands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.26,0:07:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.46,0:08:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're white,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.41,0:08:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chances are you will experience\Nthe most sympathetic activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.15,0:08:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the most pain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.56,0:08:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you see a pin\Ngoing into the white hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.21,0:08:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are Latin American, Arab, Black,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.47,0:08:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will probably experience\Nthe most sympathetic activation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.11,0:08:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching a pin going into the hand\Nthat looks most like yours.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.92,0:08:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is that's not\Nbiologically fixed.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.88,0:08:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is learned behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.40,0:08:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which means the more we spend time\Nwith other ethnic communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.05,0:08:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more we see them as similar to us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.22,0:08:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and part of our team,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.65,0:08:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more we feel their pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.02,0:08:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last habit\Nthat I'm going to talk about
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.57,0:08:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is when attackers prepared themselves\Nto go out and do one of these events,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.70,0:08:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on certain emotional cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.37,0:09:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For months they geared themselves up\Nby focusing on anger cues, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.28,0:09:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I bring this up because\Nit's really popular right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.86,0:09:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you read blogs or the news,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.57,0:09:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see talk of two concepts\Nfrom laboratory science:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.57,0:09:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amygdala hijacking\Nand emotional hijacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.93,0:09:19.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, amygdala hijacking:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.49,0:09:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the concept that I show you a cue --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.09,0:09:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,say, a gun --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.62,0:09:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain reacts with an automatic\Nthreat response to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.69,0:09:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emotional hijacking --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.84,0:09:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a very similar concept.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.28,0:09:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the idea that I show\Nyou an anger cue,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.84,0:09:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for instance,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.39,0:09:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your brain will react\Nwith an automatic anger response
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.42,0:09:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to that cue.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.80,0:09:45.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think women usually\Nget this more than men.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.50,0:09:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.83,0:09:47.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.83,0:09:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That kind of a hijacking narrative\Ngrabs our attention --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.38,0:09:54.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just the word 'hijacking"\Ngrabs our attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.71,0:09:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The thing is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.76,0:10:00.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of the time that's not\Nreally how cues work in real life.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.08,0:10:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you study history,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.14,0:10:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you find is that we are bombarded\Nwith hundreds of thousands of cues
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.43,0:10:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.99,0:10:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what we do is we learn to filter.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.24,0:10:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We ignore some cues;
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.91,0:10:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we pay attention to other cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.07,0:10:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For political violence\Nthis becomes really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.66,0:10:24.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what it meant is that attackers\Nusually didn't just see an anger cue
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.59,0:10:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and suddenly snap.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.00,0:10:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, politicians,\Nsocial activists spent weeks
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.20,0:10:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,months,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.20,0:10:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years flooding the environment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.99,0:10:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with anger cues, for instance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.06,0:10:41.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And attackers --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.93,0:10:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they paid attention to those cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.39,0:10:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they trusted those cues,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.12,0:10:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they focused on them,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.59,0:10:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they even memorized those cues.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.34,0:10:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this just really goes to show\Nhow important it is to study history.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.68,0:11:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one thing to see how cues\Noperate in a laboratory setting.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.77,0:11:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those laboratory experiments\Nare incredibly important.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.40,0:11:09.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They give us a lot of new data\Nabout how our bodies work.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.27,0:11:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's also very important to see\Nhow those cues operate in real life.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.65,0:11:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what does all this tell us\Nabout political violence?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.08,0:11:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Political violence is not\Nculturally endemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.08,0:11:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is not an automatic, predetermined\Nresponse to environmental stimuli.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.68,0:11:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We produce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.44,0:11:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our everyday habits produce it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.91,0:11:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's go back actually to those two\Nwomen that I mentioned at the start.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.08,0:11:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first woman had been paying\Nattention to those outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.62,0:11:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so she took a gun and approached\Na soldier at a checkpoint.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.48,0:11:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in that moment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.66,0:11:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something really interesting happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.13,0:12:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She looked at that soldier
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.93,0:12:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she thought to herself,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.25,0:12:08.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He's the same age as me.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.51,0:12:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He looks like me."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.88,0:12:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she put down the gun
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.06,0:12:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she walked away
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.35,0:12:19.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from that little bit of similarity.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.20,0:12:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second girl had a totally\Ndifferent outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.68,0:12:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She also listened\Nto the outrage campaigns,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.58,0:12:31.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she surrounded herself\Nwith individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.46,0:12:33.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were supportive of violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.27,0:12:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with peers who supported her violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.82,0:12:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She enclosed herself\Nin an information bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.88,0:12:44.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She focused on certain\Nemotional cues for months.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.48,0:12:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She taught herself to bypass certain\Ncultural inhibitions against violence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.15,0:12:51.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She practiced her plan,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.92,0:12:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she taught herself new habits
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.08,0:12:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when the time came,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.33,0:12:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she took her bomb to the café
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.37,0:13:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she followed through with that attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.66,0:13:06.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was not impulse.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.10,0:13:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.46,0:13:14.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Polarization in our society\Nis not impulse,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.37,0:13:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's learning.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.39,0:13:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day we are teaching ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.50,0:13:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the news we click on,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.46,0:13:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the emotions that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.52,0:13:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thoughts that we entertain\Nabout the red team or the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.28,0:13:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of this contributes to learning,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.66,0:13:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we realize it or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.85,0:13:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.57,0:13:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that while the individuals\NI study already made their decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.55,0:13:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can still change our trajectory.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.32,0:13:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We might never make\Nthe decisions that they made,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.01,0:13:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we can stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.66,0:13:58.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get out of whatever\Nnews bubble we're in,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.25,0:14:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can be more mindful\Nabout the emotional cues
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.13,0:14:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we focus on,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.38,0:14:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the outrage bait that we click on.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:06.42,0:14:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.63,0:14:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can stop seeing each other
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.80,0:14:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as just members of the red team\Nor the blue team.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.08,0:14:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because whether we are Christian,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.02,0:14:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muslim,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.02,0:14:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jewish,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.02,0:14:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Atheist,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.08,0:14:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democrat or Republican,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.39,0:14:23.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're human.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.57,0:14:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're human beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.13,0:14:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we often share really similar habits.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.33,0:14:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have differences.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.23,0:14:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those differences are beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.40,0:14:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those differences are very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.86,0:14:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our future depends on us
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.42,0:14:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to find common ground\Nwith the other side.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.78,0:14:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why it is so, so important
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.26,0:14:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to retrain our brains
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.75,0:14:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop contributing\Nto violent ecologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.27,0:14:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.52,0:14:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)