[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.95,0:00:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schizophrenia was first identified \Nmore than a century ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.88,0:00:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we still don’t know its exact causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.85,0:00:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It remains one of the most misunderstood \Nand stigmatized illnesses today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.77,0:00:23.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let’s walk through what we do know— \Nfrom symptoms to causes and treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.94,0:00:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schizophrenia is considered a syndrome,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.82,0:00:30.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means it may encompass \Na number of related disorders
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.26,0:00:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have similar symptoms \Nbut varying causes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.96,0:00:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every person with schizophrenia \Nhas slightly different symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.02,0:00:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the first signs can be easy to miss— \Nsubtle personality changes, irritability,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.10,0:00:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a gradual encroachment \Nof unusual thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.70,0:00:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Patients are usually diagnosed \Nafter the onset of psychosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.76,0:00:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which typically occurs in the late teens \Nor early twenties for men
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.90,0:00:59.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the late twenties \Nor early thirties for women.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.04,0:01:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A first psychotic episode can feature \Ndelusions, hallucinations,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.61,0:01:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and disordered speech and behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.16,0:01:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are called positive symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.32,0:01:10.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning they occur \Nin people with schizophrenia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.85,0:01:13.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not in the general population.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.55,0:01:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s a common misperception \Nthat people with schizophrenia
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.07,0:01:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have multiple personalities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.02,0:01:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these symptoms indicate a disruption \Nof thought processes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.18,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather than the manifestation \Nof another personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.86,0:01:29.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schizophrenia also has negative symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.79,0:01:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are qualities that are reduced \Nin people with schizophrenia,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.68,0:01:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as motivation, \Nexpression of emotion, or speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.57,0:01:41.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are cognitive symptoms as well, \Nlike difficulty concentrating,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.65,0:01:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remembering information, \Nand making decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.01,0:01:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what causes the onset of psychosis?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.25,0:01:51.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There likely isn’t one single cause,\Nbut a combination
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.28,0:01:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of genetic and environmental \Nrisk factors that contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.87,0:02:00.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Schizophrenia has some of the strongest \Ngenetic links of any psychiatric illness.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.00,0:02:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though about 1% of people \Nhave schizophrenia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.56,0:02:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,children or siblings of people \Nwith schizophrenia are ten times likelier
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.18,0:02:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to develop the disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.99,0:02:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and an identical twin \Nof someone with schizophrenia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.04,0:02:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a 40% chance of being affected.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.23,0:02:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Often, immediate relatives \Nof people with schizophrenia
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.40,0:02:23.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exhibit milder versions of traits \Nassociated with the disorder—
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.25,0:02:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not to an extent \Nthat requires treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.50,0:02:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Multiple genes almost certainly \Nplay a role,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.22,0:02:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we don’t know how many, or which ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.74,0:02:37.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Environmental factors like exposure \Nto certain viruses in early infancy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.70,0:02:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might increase the chance \Nthat someone will develop schizophrenia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.78,0:02:45.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use of some drugs, \Nincluding marijuana,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.21,0:02:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may trigger the onset of psychosis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.34,0:02:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in highly susceptible individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.16,0:02:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These factors don’t affect \Neveryone the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.16,0:02:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those with very low genetic risk,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.66,0:02:58.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no amount of exposure \Nto environmental risk factors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.100,0:03:01.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will lead them to develop schizophrenia;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.57,0:03:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those with very high risk, moderate \Nadditional risk might tip the balance.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.77,0:03:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antipsychotic drugs used to treat \Nschizophrenia have helped researchers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.44,0:03:16.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work backwards to trace signatures \Nof the disorder in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.95,0:03:20.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Traditional antipsychotics \Nblock dopamine receptors.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.89,0:03:24.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can be very effective \Nin reducing positive symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.40,0:03:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are linked to an excess of dopamine \Nin particular brain pathways.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.78,0:03:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the same drugs \Ncan make negative symptoms worse,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.06,0:03:35.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we’ve found that negative symptoms \Nof schizophrenia may be tied
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.64,0:03:39.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to too little dopamine \Nin other brain areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.39,0:03:42.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people with schizophrenia \Nshow a loss of neural tissue,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.79,0:03:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it’s unclear whether this atrophy \Nis a result of the disease itself
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.28,0:03:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or drug-induced suppression of signaling.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.58,0:03:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, newer generations \Nof antipsychotics aim to address
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.09,0:03:59.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these issues by targeting \Nmultiple neurotransmitters,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.09,0:04:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like serotonin in addition to dopamine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.11,0:04:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It’s clear that no one transmitter system \Nis responsible for all symptoms,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.11,0:04:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because these drugs affect signaling \Nthroughout the brain and body,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.65,0:04:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can have other \Nside effects like weight gain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.18,0:04:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In spite of these complications, \Nantipsychotics can be very effective,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.66,0:04:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when combined \Nwith other interventions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.68,0:04:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cognitive-behavioral therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.26,0:04:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Electroconvulsive therapy, though \Nit provides relatively short-lived relief,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.53,0:04:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also re-emerging \Nas an effective treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.38,0:04:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially when other options \Nhave failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.13,0:04:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Early intervention \Nis also extremely important.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.63,0:04:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After months or years \Nof untreated psychosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.69,0:04:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain psychoses can become embedded \Nin someone’s personality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.18,0:04:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, the dehumanizing stigma \Nattached to this diagnosis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.13,0:04:51.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can prevent people from seeking help.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.87,0:04:55.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People with schizophrenia \Nare often perceived as dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.50,0:04:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but are actually much more likely \Nto be the victims of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.21,0:05:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the perpetrators.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.02,0:05:04.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And proper treatment may help reduce \Nthe likelihood of violence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.39,0:05:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,associated with schizophrenia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.72,0:05:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That’s why education— for patients, \Ntheir families, and their communities—
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.27,0:05:15.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helps erode the stigma \Nand improves access to treatment.