[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.06,0:00:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[school bell rings]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.96,0:00:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-If I eat 100 marshmallows,\NI would be filled up!
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.73,0:00:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Richard Aslin)\NEverybody knows that young children,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.59,0:00:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,particularly toddlers--\Ntwo to four-year-olds--
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.16,0:00:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are subject to impulsivity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.07,0:00:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has been thought that\Nthat is a characteristic
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.21,0:00:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that children are born with.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.63,0:00:24.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Do you know what?\NIt is snack time now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.51,0:00:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-And so, what we wanted to know\Nis whether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.51,0:00:30.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these differences\Nbetween children
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.63,0:00:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be influenced by their own\Nrational thought processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.86,0:00:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-We wanted to manipulate\Nchildren's beliefs
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.98,0:00:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how reliable the environment\Nthat they were in was.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.34,0:00:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We assign kids to one of two conditions:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.84,0:00:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either the reliable condition\Nor the unreliable condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.76,0:00:47.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-So, for the art supplies\Nthat you get to use,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.79,0:00:49.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you actually have a choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.26,0:00:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can either use these crayons\Nright now,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.11,0:00:55.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you can wait for me to go get some\Nfrom the other room,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.32,0:00:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can use our big set of art supplies\Ninstead.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.72,0:00:59.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Celeste Kidd)\NThe kids in the reliable condition,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.40,0:01:01.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the team member came back\Ninto the room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.20,0:01:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had the better thing,\Nand for the kids
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.73,0:01:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the unreliable condition,\Nthe experimenter apologized,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.35,0:01:08.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said she made a mistake,\Nwe didn't have that available,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.61,0:01:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then helped them use\Nthe first option.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.41,0:01:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I'm so sorry, but I actually don't have\Nthat big set of art supplies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.80,0:01:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told you about.\NSorry about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.50,0:01:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can still use these ones\Nto make your project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.84,0:01:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Aslin)\NA classic example of a task
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.99,0:01:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which children show impulsivity
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.45,0:01:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what's called\Nthe "marshmallow task".
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.31,0:01:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-For your snack, you have a choice.\NLook what I've got.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.89,0:01:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-[gasp] A marshmallow!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.54,0:01:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-Yeah! So, wait, just a second;\Nlet me explain.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.93,0:01:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you can either eat\Nthis one marshmallow right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.47,0:01:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or if you can wait for me to go get it\Nfrom the other room,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.71,0:01:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can have two marshmallows instead.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.34,0:01:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-I want two marshmallows!
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.90,0:01:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Aslin)\NAnd what we found,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.58,0:01:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was an incredibly large effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.56,0:01:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the children who were in\Nthe unreliable group
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.92,0:01:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were more likely to fairly quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.95,0:01:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pick up the marshmallow\Nand eat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.99,0:02:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, on average,\Nthey waited about three minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.54,0:02:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-And did you know,\NI did not eat this marshmallow yet?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.51,0:02:05.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Aslin) The children\Nwho were in the reliable group
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.49,0:02:08.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waited four times longer,\Nso they waited about 12 minutes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.67,0:02:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is an incredibly long time
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.80,0:02:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for young children to wait\Nbefore they get a reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.67,0:02:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Kidd) The difference\Nis maybe due to differing expectations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.98,0:02:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what's likely to happen\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.54,0:02:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what this experiment\Nwas designed to address.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.28,0:02:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-For any three year old,\Nself-control is not necessarily
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.20,0:02:24.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the top of their skill base.\N[laughs]
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.05,0:02:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, in general,\Nwhen she sets her mind
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.20,0:02:28.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she's going to do something,\Nshe's going to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.31,0:02:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Kidd) In the marshmallow task,\Nwhat you want to do
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.45,0:02:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is you want to get\Nthe most amount of marshmallow possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.12,0:02:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there may be other considerations.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.25,0:02:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Given that I have this one marshmallow\Nnow that's guaranteed,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.61,0:02:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what are the chances that if I wait,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.26,0:02:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's going to be a second marshmallow\Nlater?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.88,0:02:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-If it was a teacher he had\Nall the time, that if--
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.62,0:02:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would have that trust bond\Na little bit longer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.62,0:02:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then he'd probably wait longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.02,0:02:51.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Aslin)\NOne of the lines of work
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.36,0:02:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolved as a result\Nof the marshmallow task
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.87,0:02:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to look at the outcomes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.52,0:03:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of children's behavior\Nlater in life,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.70,0:03:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but something that's been missing\Nfrom the equation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.46,0:03:08.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this rational process\Nby which children
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.64,0:03:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are accessing information\Nin their environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.97,0:03:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and making decisions about\Nwhether they should behave
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.04,0:03:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the short term\Nor behave in the long term.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.35,0:03:18.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if they're in an environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.69,0:03:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which long term gain\Nis very rare,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.38,0:03:25.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well then, it makes perfect sense\Nfor them to behave impulsively
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.26,0:03:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's going to maximize\Ntheir reward.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.30,0:03:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,-How's it taste?\N-Mmmm!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.66,0:03:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(narrator) A production\Nof the University of Rochester.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.18,0:03:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please visit us online\Nand subscribe to our channel
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.87,0:03:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more videos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.58,0:03:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[school bell rings]