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>> So here we are in SPSS.

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I have created a junk data

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set just to help
illustrate how we can

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compute variables
or compute

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new variables using

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the values from
existing ones.

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This is a pretty
straightforward process.

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It looks a little bit

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different than things
that we've done

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before or other
ways that we're

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going to be using
SPSS in this course.

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So it might look a
little bit different,

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but it is pretty
straightforward and

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pretty easy once you
know how to do this.

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So the first
thing that we'll

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do is go to Transform,

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and then the
first option we

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have there is
compute variable.

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So click on that. We get

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this new window
that pops up.

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The first thing
that we really want

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to look at is in
the top left,

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and that's this target
variable window.

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Basically what
the computer

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is asking you is to create

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a name for the
new variable

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that you're going
to be computing.

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This name needs
to be unique,

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it's one that can't
have spaces in it,

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and it should avoid
special characters.

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But, in this case,

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what I like to
do is include

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some piece of
information in there

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in the naming
convention I use that

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helps me know what this is

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just by looking at it.

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So what we're going
to be doing is

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we're going to be
summing items 1,

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2, 3, 4, 5,

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and 6 together, adding
those together.

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So an easy way
to do that is

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just to put sumofitems.

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That way, when I look at

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this new variable
once it's generated,

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I know that that's
the variable

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that I really want
to be working

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with or running
my tests on

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because that contains

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the information from
the other ones.

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You can click on
Type & Label.

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The label is the more
drawn-out explanation.

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That's one that
you can include

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additional characters or

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spaces and special
characters.

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In our case, I'm
going to put this is

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the sum of items
1 through 6.

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And that way I know that

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that is going to give me

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a more drawn-out
explanation

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of what this
variable includes.

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We know this is
going to be numeric.

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So click Continue.

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The next thing we're
going to look at

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is this numeric
expression box.

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And will actually
come back

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to this in just a minute,

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but this is where you're

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going to be doing most

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of the work when you're
computing a variable.

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What you'll want
to go to next

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is this function
group area.

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So I'm going to
click on All.

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And you notice right
below it we've

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got these functions
and special variables,

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and this popped up
when I clicked on All.

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This has a whole bunch of

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different pre-existing
functions,

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so you don't need to
reinvent the wheel,

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you can basically use

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these pre-existing
functions to

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help you compute
this new variable.

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I'm going to go
down to sum,

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and these are in
alphabetical order,

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so it's pretty
easy to find.

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Here we have sum, and
when I click on sum,

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you'll notice
that this box on

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the left populated
with some text.

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This box is actually
pretty useful.

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So the first thing
it shows you is

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an example of what

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this expression
is going to be.

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And our expression
sounds like

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a really fancy term.

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If you've ever
used a formula

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in Excel, it's
basically that.

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It's telling the computer

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what it needs to do.

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In this case,
just like Excel,

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we've got the word sum,

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which tells the computer
it's going to be

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summing different
values together,

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and then in parentheses,

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immediately after that,

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we have different
variables

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that are separated
by a comma,

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and that's what tells the

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computer to add x, y,

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and z things
together to create

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a new variable or
compute a new variable.

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This also provides

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additional extra
content here,

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but we don't need to
worry about that.

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I found this is
helpful if you

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are stuck or something
isn't working right.

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So we've got sum selected,

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we're going to be
summing the items of 1,

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2, 3, 4, 5, and
6 together.

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We've got that selected.

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So the next thing you do

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is click this up arrow,

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which basically takes

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that pre-existing function

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and it kicks it up
to this numeric

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and expression box.

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The next thing that
we're going to do,

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we've already told

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the computer
that we're going

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to sum different
variables together,

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we need to tell it which

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variables to sum together.

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So the easy way
to do this is to

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click on the first

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item that you
want to include,

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and you'll notice
that this arrow

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switch sides from pointing

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to the left to
pointing to the right,

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click over 1,

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and we've already
moved over item 1.

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What you need to be
careful of is that you

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always have a comma
after each variable,

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except for the last one.

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So a comma is
already here,

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but what I usually do
is I just hit a comma,

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I go to item 2,

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kick that over, comma,

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item 3, kick that over,

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comma, item 4,
kick that over,

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comma, item 5,

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kick that over, comma,

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item 6, kick that over.

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Now, we know that item 6

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is the last one we have,

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the last variable
we're including,

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so what we're
going to do is

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just delete out
that question mark,

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we're going to delete
out that last comma,

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and then if we read
through this real quick

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just to make sure we

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don't have any problems,

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we've got creating
sumofitems,

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this is going to
be the sum of

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item 1, 2, 3,

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4, 5, and 6,

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and what we're going
to do now is click OK.

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An output window pops

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up and it basically tells

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you what the computer did.

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It computed the
sum of items,

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which was the
sum of item 1,

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2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,

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it gives us the
variable label,

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it gives us that
descriptive text I put in.

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I'm just going to
minimize this window,

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and if we look back here,

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you might notice that

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there's this new column,

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this new variable,
that sumofitems,

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that wasn't there
when we started,

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and that's because
SPSS computed that.

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And if we add
these together,

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if you add each row,

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we've got 1, 2, 1, 3, 5,

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1, that adds to 13,

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5, 1, 2,

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3, 5, 1 adds to 17.

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So it's done that
math for us.

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We didn't have to
manually do it.

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I know, yes, it'd
be pretty easy to

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manually do this
for 10 cases,

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but if you have a dataset
that has 500 cases,

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that would be very
time-consuming to do.

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And you could see
that this function of

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computing this
variable can

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save you a lot of time.

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It's also more accurate.

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It's going to
take any error

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out of the equation.

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And we know that often

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when we do things by hand,

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we can introduce
error into things,

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so we want to avoid that.

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That's one way to
computer a variable.

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I'm going to show
you a different type

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of variable that
we can compute.

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I'm going to go
back to Transform,

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I'm going to go back
to Compute Variable.

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I'm actually going
to clear this out.

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We're done with
someofitems,

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we don't need to
worry about it,

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we're not going to use
the same expression,

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so I'm going to click

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Reset in the bottom here.

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So what I want
to do is create

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the mean of the different
items that we have.

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Sometimes if
you're working

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with a pre-existing scale,

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it might tell you to add

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all the items
together and then

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that's what represents

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that theoretical concept
or that measure,

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sometimes it might tell
you to use the mean.

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So what I want to do
is compute both of

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these things because they

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both might be
helpful to me.

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So what I'm going to do is

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I'm going to type
meanofitems.

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And again, that very
quickly lets me

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differentiate between

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sumofitems and
meanofitems.

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Type & label, and again,

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I'm just going to put
mean of items 1 through

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6, click Continue.

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Just like we did
before, click on All,

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00:07:04,900 --> 00:07:06,380
and then we're
going to go down

235
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to mean, here's mean.

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And when I click
on that, again,

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it gives me that
sample text here.

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This is very similar
to what we did before.

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I'm going to click up, and

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we're going to
kick over 1,

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2, 3, 4, 5, and then 6.

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I'm making sure to not

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00:07:31,070 --> 00:07:33,835
include this last
one, this sumofitems.

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00:07:33,835 --> 00:07:35,250
And then just
like last time,

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00:07:35,250 --> 00:07:36,150
we're going to delete out

246
00:07:36,150 --> 00:07:37,280
that question mark,
that last comma.

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We're going to
read through

248
00:07:38,790 --> 00:07:40,505
it really quickly just
to avoid an error.

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00:07:40,505 --> 00:07:42,820
We've got a new
variable, meanofitems.

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00:07:42,820 --> 00:07:44,835
It's going to be
the mean of item 1,

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2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

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I'm going to
click OK. SPSS

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00:07:51,130 --> 00:07:53,895
again showed me the
syntax of what it did.

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I'm going to
minimize that.

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And then here we have
the mean of items.

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And if we really
quickly look at this,

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I'm going to pick this
one, for example,

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we've got 1,

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1, 3, 3, 1, 2,

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and a mean of 1.83 would,

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just eyeballing
it, make sense.

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If we look at this one,

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3.67, 2,

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3, 5, 4, 5, 3,

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that would roughly
make sense

266
00:08:16,990 --> 00:08:18,650
without having to
do the math of it,

267
00:08:18,650 --> 00:08:21,310
but this has computed
the average score,

268
00:08:21,310 --> 00:08:24,450
the mean score for all
six of those items.

269
00:08:24,450 --> 00:08:26,590
So that is very
quickly how to

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00:08:26,590 --> 00:08:28,810
compute a new
variable in SPSS.

271
00:08:28,810 --> 00:08:30,410
This is
particularly useful

272
00:08:30,410 --> 00:08:32,190
when you have
collected data using

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00:08:32,190 --> 00:08:34,610
a pre-existing measure
and that measure has

274
00:08:34,610 --> 00:08:36,310
instructed you to compute

275
00:08:36,310 --> 00:08:38,510
the sum of items and
run your tests on that,

276
00:08:38,510 --> 00:08:39,930
or maybe the mean of items

277
00:08:39,930 --> 00:08:41,450
and run your
tests on that.

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00:08:41,450 --> 00:08:43,130
But this is a useful way

279
00:08:43,130 --> 00:08:44,450
of understanding
how to create

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00:08:44,450 --> 00:08:48,190
new variables using
existing ones in SPSS.