0:00:00.660,0:00:03.120
我们人类已知存在了数千年

0:00:03.120,0:00:05.341
仅仅看向我们周边的环境

0:00:05.341,0:00:06.840
那里有不同的物质

0:00:06.840,0:00:08.600
而这些不同的物质往往

0:00:08.600,0:00:10.120
有不同的特性

0:00:10.120,0:00:11.470
不仅它们有不同的特性

0:00:11.470,0:00:13.400
一种可能以某一特定的方式反射光

0:00:13.400,0:00:16.230
或不反射光，或特定的颜色，或

0:00:16.230,0:00:20.390
在某一特定温度，成为液体或气体或固体

0:00:20.390,0:00:22.290
但我们已开始观察它们如何

0:00:22.290,0:00:25.030
在某些环境下相互反应

0:00:25.030,0:00:27.410
而且这里是一些这些物质的图片

0:00:27.410,0:00:29.070
在这里的是碳

0:00:29.070,0:00:31.650
并且这里是它的石墨形式

0:00:31.650,0:00:33.910
这个是铅

0:00:33.910,0:00:36.030
这个是黄金

0:00:36.030,0:00:38.750
并且还有我展示过的所有照片，在这里——

0:00:38.750,0:00:41.720
我从这个网站中获得它们，就在这里——

0:00:41.720,0:00:43.460
它们都处于其固体状态

0:00:43.460,0:00:45.830
但我们也知道它看上去像

0:00:45.830,0:00:49.240
某些类型的空气和某些类型的空气颗粒

0:00:49.240,0:00:51.090
并且取决于何种种类的空气颗粒

0:00:51.090,0:00:55.590
你正看着它，无论是碳或氧或氢

0:00:55.590,0:00:57.790
似乎有不同种类的特性

0:00:57.790,0:00:59.666
或者是还有其他可以是液体的东西

0:00:59.666,0:01:02.360
或你将这些东西的温度升至足够高

0:01:02.360,0:01:04.485
你可以做到，如果你将其温度升至足够高

0:01:04.485,0:01:06.440
对金或对铅，你可以得到（它们各自的）液体形式

0:01:06.440,0:01:10.360
或者你点燃这些碳

0:01:10.360,0:01:12.020
你可以使它变成气态

0:01:12.020,0:01:13.690
你可以将之释放至大气层

0:01:13.690,0:01:14.880
你可以打破它的结构

0:01:14.880,0:01:18.530
所以这些是我们拥有的所有，有点，人性化

0:01:18.530,0:01:21.000
已观察了数千年

0:01:21.000,0:01:22.530
但这影响了一个自然问题

0:01:22.530,0:01:24.420
（它）曾经是一个哲学问题

0:01:24.420,0:01:26.790
但现在我们可以更好一点地回答它

0:01:26.790,0:01:31.320
并且那个问题是，如果你持续分解这些碳

0:01:31.320,0:01:33.970
至小之又小的块，有

0:01:33.970,0:01:38.930
这些东西的最小的块，最小的单元，

0:01:38.930,0:01:43.314
对于这个物质而言，始终有碳原子的特性吗？

0:01:43.314,0:01:44.730
如果你要，不知何故地，持续打破它

0:01:44.730,0:01:46.271
不知如何，你将

0:01:46.271,0:01:48.270
失去碳的这些特性

0:01:48.270,0:01:50.380
然后答案是，这就是。

0:01:50.380,0:01:52.030
所以只是为了得到我们的术语

0:01:52.030,0:01:54.940
我们称这些不同的物质——

0:01:54.940,0:01:58.070
这些有其特定特性的纯净的物质

0:01:58.070,0:01:59.960
在特定的温度和特定的反应条件下

0:01:59.960,0:02:02.020
我们将之称作元素

0:02:05.210,0:02:06.470
碳是一种元素

0:02:06.470,0:02:07.570
铅是一种元素

0:02:07.570,0:02:08.910
金是一种元素

0:02:08.910,0:02:10.949
你可能说水是一种元素

0:02:10.949,0:02:14.410
并且在历史上，人们将水当作元素

0:02:14.410,0:02:18.250
但现在（我们认为）水是由更多基础的元素构成的

0:02:18.250,0:02:21.100
是由氧元素和氢元素

0:02:21.100,0:02:27.830
并且我们所有的元素都在元素周期表里列出了

0:02:27.830,0:02:30.450
C 代表碳——我只想通过那些

0:02:30.450,0:02:35.710
与人类息息相关的（元素），且随着时光流逝，你可能会逐渐熟悉这里所有的元素

0:02:35.710,0:02:36.610
这是氧

0:02:36.610,0:02:38.020
这是氮

0:02:38.020,0:02:40.140


0:02:40.140,0:02:42.090


0:02:42.090,0:02:43.280


0:02:43.280,0:02:49.380


0:02:52.620,0:02:55.050


0:02:55.050,0:02:56.940


0:02:56.940,0:02:59.739


0:02:59.739,0:03:01.530


0:03:01.530,0:03:02.616


0:03:02.616,0:03:04.490


0:03:04.490,0:03:05.864


0:03:05.864,0:03:08.000


0:03:08.000,0:03:09.450


0:03:09.450,0:03:11.241


0:03:11.241,0:03:13.560


0:03:13.560,0:03:17.110


0:03:17.110,0:03:19.490


0:03:19.490,0:03:21.600


0:03:21.600,0:03:24.690


0:03:24.690,0:03:26.220


0:03:26.220,0:03:27.750


0:03:27.750,0:03:29.550


0:03:29.550,0:03:33.320


0:03:33.320,0:03:36.690


0:03:36.690,0:03:40.840


0:03:40.840,0:03:42.262


0:03:42.262,0:03:43.970


0:03:43.970,0:03:46.075


0:03:46.075,0:03:46.700


0:03:46.700,0:03:48.280


0:03:48.280,0:03:50.270


0:03:50.270,0:03:51.769


0:03:51.769,0:03:55.820


0:03:55.820,0:03:57.870


0:03:57.870,0:04:00.040


0:04:00.040,0:04:03.384


0:04:03.384,0:04:04.800


0:04:04.800,0:04:07.540


0:04:07.540,0:04:10.016


0:04:10.016,0:04:10.780


0:04:10.780,0:04:12.000


0:04:12.000,0:04:14.540


0:04:14.540,0:04:17.579


0:04:17.579,0:04:21.314


0:04:21.314,0:04:22.730


0:04:22.730,0:04:23.970


0:04:23.970,0:04:26.860


0:04:26.860,0:04:28.620


0:04:28.620,0:04:31.300


0:04:31.300,0:04:34.440


0:04:34.440,0:04:37.450


0:04:37.450,0:04:39.360


0:04:39.360,0:04:41.110


0:04:41.110,0:04:43.180


0:04:43.180,0:04:46.860


0:04:46.860,0:04:50.840


0:04:50.840,0:04:54.220


0:04:54.220,0:04:57.130


0:04:57.130,0:04:58.570


0:04:58.570,0:05:02.400


0:05:02.400,0:05:02.950


0:05:02.950,0:05:07.671


0:05:07.671,0:05:09.170


0:05:09.170,0:05:12.870


0:05:12.870,0:05:15.430


0:05:15.430,0:05:18.430


0:05:18.430,0:05:22.810


0:05:22.810,0:05:25.480


0:05:25.480,0:05:28.260


0:05:28.260,0:05:30.365


0:05:33.020,0:05:36.000


0:05:36.000,0:05:38.340


0:05:38.340,0:05:40.610


0:05:40.610,0:05:43.010


0:05:43.010,0:05:45.702


0:05:45.702,0:05:47.660


0:05:47.660,0:05:50.490


0:05:50.490,0:05:52.250


0:05:52.250,0:05:55.140


0:05:55.140,0:05:58.950


0:05:58.950,0:06:03.120


0:06:03.120,0:06:05.440


0:06:05.440,0:06:07.150


0:06:07.150,0:06:09.300


0:06:09.300,0:06:10.732


0:06:10.732,0:06:12.940


0:06:12.940,0:06:14.680


0:06:14.680,0:06:16.370


0:06:16.370,0:06:17.705


0:06:20.240,0:06:22.450


0:06:22.450,0:06:25.549


0:06:25.549,0:06:27.340


0:06:27.340,0:06:30.260


0:06:30.260,0:06:33.010


0:06:36.705,0:06:38.080


0:06:38.080,0:06:42.160


0:06:42.160,0:06:46.050


0:06:46.050,0:06:47.430


0:06:47.430,0:06:51.780


0:06:55.390,0:06:57.110


0:06:57.110,0:07:01.320


0:07:01.320,0:07:03.690


0:07:03.690,0:07:04.976


0:07:04.976,0:07:06.350


0:07:06.350,0:07:08.430


0:07:08.430,0:07:09.850


0:07:09.850,0:07:11.710


0:07:11.710,0:07:15.060


0:07:15.060,0:07:19.660


0:07:19.660,0:07:22.420


0:07:22.420,0:07:24.110


0:07:24.110,0:07:26.100


0:07:26.100,0:07:27.940


0:07:27.940,0:07:30.330


0:07:30.330,0:07:31.830


0:07:31.830,0:07:33.280


0:07:33.280,0:07:36.480


0:07:36.480,0:07:41.300


0:07:41.300,0:07:43.300


0:07:43.300,0:07:46.450


0:07:46.450,0:07:48.910


0:07:48.910,0:07:52.720


0:07:52.720,0:07:53.840


0:07:53.840,0:07:56.510


0:07:56.510,0:07:58.830


0:07:58.830,0:08:00.760


0:08:00.760,0:08:04.206


0:08:04.206,0:08:05.580


0:08:05.580,0:08:08.370


0:08:08.370,0:08:11.870


0:08:11.870,0:08:15.172


0:08:15.172,0:08:16.630


0:08:16.630,0:08:18.870


0:08:18.870,0:08:21.550


0:08:21.550,0:08:25.000


0:08:25.000,0:08:26.970


0:08:26.970,0:08:29.040


0:08:29.040,0:08:31.018


0:08:31.018,0:08:32.559


0:08:32.559,0:08:34.950


0:08:34.950,0:08:38.990


0:08:38.990,0:08:41.419


0:08:41.419,0:08:43.890


0:08:43.890,0:08:47.690


0:08:47.690,0:08:49.910


0:08:49.910,0:08:52.190


0:08:52.190,0:08:54.980


0:08:54.980,0:08:57.380


0:08:57.380,0:09:00.340


0:09:00.340,0:09:02.930


0:09:02.930,0:09:04.540


0:09:04.540,0:09:06.790


0:09:06.790,0:09:08.050


0:09:08.050,0:09:10.460


0:09:10.460,0:09:11.710


0:09:11.710,0:09:13.900


0:09:13.900,0:09:16.430


0:09:16.430,0:09:18.680


0:09:18.680,0:09:20.680


0:09:20.680,0:09:22.100


0:09:22.100,0:09:24.183


0:09:24.183,0:09:26.570


0:09:26.570,0:09:29.320


0:09:29.320,0:09:32.740


0:09:32.740,0:09:37.000


0:09:37.000,0:09:40.700


0:09:40.700,0:09:43.850


0:09:43.850,0:09:45.360


0:09:45.360,0:09:47.570


0:09:47.570,0:09:49.860


0:09:49.860,0:09:54.570


0:09:54.570,0:09:57.990


0:09:57.990,0:10:01.874


0:10:01.874,0:10:03.290


0:10:03.290,0:10:04.690


0:10:04.690,0:10:05.481


0:10:05.481,0:10:07.020


0:10:07.020,0:10:08.810


0:10:08.810,0:10:10.670


0:10:10.670,0:10:13.280


0:10:13.280,0:10:14.890


0:10:14.890,0:10:17.100


0:10:17.100,0:10:19.990


0:10:19.990,0:10:21.520


0:10:21.520,0:10:25.070


0:10:25.070,0:10:30.700


0:10:30.700,0:10:33.330


0:10:33.330,0:10:36.340


0:10:36.340,0:10:37.970


0:10:37.970,0:10:42.470


0:10:42.470,0:10:45.690


0:10:45.690,0:10:48.630


0:10:48.630,0:10:51.260


0:10:51.260,0:10:54.380


0:10:54.380,0:10:56.780


0:10:56.780,0:10:59.690


0:10:59.690,0:11:04.520


0:11:04.520,0:11:08.220


0:11:08.220,0:11:09.820


0:11:09.820,0:11:12.710


0:11:12.710,0:11:16.420


0:11:16.420,0:11:19.140


0:11:19.140,0:11:23.380


0:11:23.380,0:11:26.400


0:11:26.400,0:11:27.860


0:11:27.860,0:11:29.580


0:11:29.580,0:11:33.990


0:11:33.990,0:11:36.490


0:11:36.490,0:11:41.180


0:11:41.180,0:11:43.360


0:11:43.360,0:11:46.700


0:11:46.700,0:11:48.780


0:11:48.780,0:11:51.370


0:11:51.370,0:11:52.630


0:11:52.630,0:11:55.230


0:11:55.230,0:12:00.110


0:12:00.110,0:12:03.180


0:12:03.180,0:12:05.840


0:12:05.840,0:12:09.780


0:12:09.780,0:12:12.360


0:12:12.360,0:12:14.010


0:12:14.010,0:12:17.140


0:12:17.140,0:12:19.540


0:12:19.540,0:12:21.730


0:12:21.730,0:12:25.370


0:12:25.370,0:12:28.152


0:12:28.152,0:12:30.110


0:12:30.110,0:12:33.170


0:12:33.170,0:12:34.530


0:12:34.530,0:12:37.170


0:12:37.170,0:12:39.210


0:12:39.210,0:12:41.241


0:12:41.241,0:12:42.990


0:12:42.990,0:12:44.200


0:12:44.200,0:12:46.241


0:12:46.241,0:12:48.300


0:12:48.300,0:12:52.937


0:12:52.937,0:12:55.520


0:12:55.520,0:12:58.800


0:12:58.800,0:13:00.630


0:13:00.630,0:13:03.160


0:13:03.160,0:13:05.880


0:13:05.880,0:13:08.466