1 00:00:00,660 --> 00:00:03,120 我们人类已知存在了数千年 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:05,341 仅仅看向我们周边的环境 3 00:00:05,341 --> 00:00:06,840 那里有不同的物质 4 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:08,600 而这些不同的物质往往 5 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:10,120 有不同的特性 6 00:00:10,120 --> 00:00:11,470 不仅它们有不同的特性 7 00:00:11,470 --> 00:00:13,400 一种可能以某一特定的方式反射光 8 00:00:13,400 --> 00:00:16,230 或不反射光,或特定的颜色,或 9 00:00:16,230 --> 00:00:20,390 在某一特定温度,成为液体或气体或固体 10 00:00:20,390 --> 00:00:22,290 但我们已开始观察它们如何 11 00:00:22,290 --> 00:00:25,030 在某些环境下相互反应 12 00:00:25,030 --> 00:00:27,410 而且这里是一些这些物质的图片 13 00:00:27,410 --> 00:00:29,070 在这里的是碳 14 00:00:29,070 --> 00:00:31,650 并且这里是它的石墨形式 15 00:00:31,650 --> 00:00:33,910 这个是铅 16 00:00:33,910 --> 00:00:36,030 这个是黄金 17 00:00:36,030 --> 00:00:38,750 并且还有我展示过的所有照片,在这里—— 18 00:00:38,750 --> 00:00:41,720 我从这个网站中获得它们,就在这里—— 19 00:00:41,720 --> 00:00:43,460 它们都处于其固体状态 20 00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:45,830 但我们也知道它看上去像 21 00:00:45,830 --> 00:00:49,240 某些类型的空气和某些类型的空气颗粒 22 00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:51,090 并且取决于何种种类的空气颗粒 23 00:00:51,090 --> 00:00:55,590 你正看着它,无论是碳或氧或氢 24 00:00:55,590 --> 00:00:57,790 似乎有不同种类的特性 25 00:00:57,790 --> 00:00:59,666 或者是还有其他可以是液体的东西 26 00:00:59,666 --> 00:01:02,360 或你将这些东西的温度升至足够高 27 00:01:02,360 --> 00:01:04,485 你可以做到,如果你将其温度升至足够高 28 00:01:04,485 --> 00:01:06,440 对金或对铅,你可以得到(它们各自的)液体形式 29 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:10,360 或者你点燃这些碳 30 00:01:10,360 --> 00:01:12,020 你可以使它变成气态 31 00:01:12,020 --> 00:01:13,690 你可以将之释放至大气层 32 00:01:13,690 --> 00:01:14,880 你可以打破它的结构 33 00:01:14,880 --> 00:01:18,530 所以这些是我们拥有的所有,有点,人性化 34 00:01:18,530 --> 00:01:21,000 已观察了数千年 35 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:22,530 但这影响了一个自然问题 36 00:01:22,530 --> 00:01:24,420 (它)曾经是一个哲学问题 37 00:01:24,420 --> 00:01:26,790 但现在我们可以更好一点地回答它 38 00:01:26,790 --> 00:01:31,320 并且那个问题是,如果你持续分解这些碳 39 00:01:31,320 --> 00:01:33,970 至小之又小的块,有 40 00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:38,930 这些东西的最小的块,最小的单元, 41 00:01:38,930 --> 00:01:43,314 对于这个物质而言,始终有碳原子的特性吗? 42 00:01:43,314 --> 00:01:44,730 如果你要,不知何故地,持续打破它 43 00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:46,271 不知如何,你将 44 00:01:46,271 --> 00:01:48,270 失去碳的这些特性 45 00:01:48,270 --> 00:01:50,380 然后答案是,这就是。 46 00:01:50,380 --> 00:01:52,030 所以只是为了得到我们的术语 47 00:01:52,030 --> 00:01:54,940 我们称这些不同的物质—— 48 00:01:54,940 --> 00:01:58,070 这些有其特定特性的纯净的物质 49 00:01:58,070 --> 00:01:59,960 在特定的温度和特定的反应条件下 50 00:01:59,960 --> 00:02:02,020 我们将之称作元素 51 00:02:05,210 --> 00:02:06,470 碳是一种元素 52 00:02:06,470 --> 00:02:07,570 铅是一种元素 53 00:02:07,570 --> 00:02:08,910 金是一种元素 54 00:02:08,910 --> 00:02:10,949 你可能说水是一种元素 55 00:02:10,949 --> 00:02:14,410 并且在历史上,人们将水当作元素 56 00:02:14,410 --> 00:02:18,250 但现在(我们认为)水是由更多基础的元素构成的 57 00:02:18,250 --> 00:02:21,100 是由氧元素和氢元素 58 00:02:21,100 --> 00:02:27,830 并且我们所有的元素都在元素周期表里列出了 59 00:02:27,830 --> 00:02:30,450 C 代表碳——我只想通过那些 60 00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:35,710 与人类息息相关的(元素),且随着时光流逝,你可能会逐渐熟悉这里所有的元素 61 00:02:35,710 --> 00:02:36,610 这是氧 62 00:02:36,610 --> 00:02:38,020 这是氮 63 00:02:38,020 --> 00:02:40,140 64 00:02:40,140 --> 00:02:42,090 65 00:02:42,090 --> 00:02:43,280 66 00:02:43,280 --> 00:02:49,380 67 00:02:52,620 --> 00:02:55,050 68 00:02:55,050 --> 00:02:56,940 69 00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,739 70 00:02:59,739 --> 00:03:01,530 71 00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,616 72 00:03:02,616 --> 00:03:04,490 73 00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:05,864 74 00:03:05,864 --> 00:03:08,000 75 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:09,450 76 00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:11,241 77 00:03:11,241 --> 00:03:13,560 78 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:17,110 79 00:03:17,110 --> 00:03:19,490 80 00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:21,600 81 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:24,690 82 00:03:24,690 --> 00:03:26,220 83 00:03:26,220 --> 00:03:27,750 84 00:03:27,750 --> 00:03:29,550 85 00:03:29,550 --> 00:03:33,320 86 00:03:33,320 --> 00:03:36,690 87 00:03:36,690 --> 00:03:40,840 88 00:03:40,840 --> 00:03:42,262 89 00:03:42,262 --> 00:03:43,970 90 00:03:43,970 --> 00:03:46,075 91 00:03:46,075 --> 00:03:46,700 92 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:48,280 93 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:50,270 94 00:03:50,270 --> 00:03:51,769 95 00:03:51,769 --> 00:03:55,820 96 00:03:55,820 --> 00:03:57,870 97 00:03:57,870 --> 00:04:00,040 98 00:04:00,040 --> 00:04:03,384 99 00:04:03,384 --> 00:04:04,800 100 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,540 101 00:04:07,540 --> 00:04:10,016 102 00:04:10,016 --> 00:04:10,780 103 00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:12,000 104 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:14,540 105 00:04:14,540 --> 00:04:17,579 106 00:04:17,579 --> 00:04:21,314 107 00:04:21,314 --> 00:04:22,730 108 00:04:22,730 --> 00:04:23,970 109 00:04:23,970 --> 00:04:26,860 110 00:04:26,860 --> 00:04:28,620 111 00:04:28,620 --> 00:04:31,300 112 00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:34,440 113 00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:37,450 114 00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:39,360 115 00:04:39,360 --> 00:04:41,110 116 00:04:41,110 --> 00:04:43,180 117 00:04:43,180 --> 00:04:46,860 118 00:04:46,860 --> 00:04:50,840 119 00:04:50,840 --> 00:04:54,220 120 00:04:54,220 --> 00:04:57,130 121 00:04:57,130 --> 00:04:58,570 122 00:04:58,570 --> 00:05:02,400 123 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:02,950 124 00:05:02,950 --> 00:05:07,671 125 00:05:07,671 --> 00:05:09,170 126 00:05:09,170 --> 00:05:12,870 127 00:05:12,870 --> 00:05:15,430 128 00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:18,430 129 00:05:18,430 --> 00:05:22,810 130 00:05:22,810 --> 00:05:25,480 131 00:05:25,480 --> 00:05:28,260 132 00:05:28,260 --> 00:05:30,365 133 00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:36,000 134 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:38,340 135 00:05:38,340 --> 00:05:40,610 136 00:05:40,610 --> 00:05:43,010 137 00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:45,702 138 00:05:45,702 --> 00:05:47,660 139 00:05:47,660 --> 00:05:50,490 140 00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:52,250 141 00:05:52,250 --> 00:05:55,140 142 00:05:55,140 --> 00:05:58,950 143 00:05:58,950 --> 00:06:03,120 144 00:06:03,120 --> 00:06:05,440 145 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:07,150 146 00:06:07,150 --> 00:06:09,300 147 00:06:09,300 --> 00:06:10,732 148 00:06:10,732 --> 00:06:12,940 149 00:06:12,940 --> 00:06:14,680 150 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:16,370 151 00:06:16,370 --> 00:06:17,705 152 00:06:20,240 --> 00:06:22,450 153 00:06:22,450 --> 00:06:25,549 154 00:06:25,549 --> 00:06:27,340 155 00:06:27,340 --> 00:06:30,260 156 00:06:30,260 --> 00:06:33,010 157 00:06:36,705 --> 00:06:38,080 158 00:06:38,080 --> 00:06:42,160 159 00:06:42,160 --> 00:06:46,050 160 00:06:46,050 --> 00:06:47,430 161 00:06:47,430 --> 00:06:51,780 162 00:06:55,390 --> 00:06:57,110 163 00:06:57,110 --> 00:07:01,320 164 00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,690 165 00:07:03,690 --> 00:07:04,976 166 00:07:04,976 --> 00:07:06,350 167 00:07:06,350 --> 00:07:08,430 168 00:07:08,430 --> 00:07:09,850 169 00:07:09,850 --> 00:07:11,710 170 00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:15,060 171 00:07:15,060 --> 00:07:19,660 172 00:07:19,660 --> 00:07:22,420 173 00:07:22,420 --> 00:07:24,110 174 00:07:24,110 --> 00:07:26,100 175 00:07:26,100 --> 00:07:27,940 176 00:07:27,940 --> 00:07:30,330 177 00:07:30,330 --> 00:07:31,830 178 00:07:31,830 --> 00:07:33,280 179 00:07:33,280 --> 00:07:36,480 180 00:07:36,480 --> 00:07:41,300 181 00:07:41,300 --> 00:07:43,300 182 00:07:43,300 --> 00:07:46,450 183 00:07:46,450 --> 00:07:48,910 184 00:07:48,910 --> 00:07:52,720 185 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:53,840 186 00:07:53,840 --> 00:07:56,510 187 00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:58,830 188 00:07:58,830 --> 00:08:00,760 189 00:08:00,760 --> 00:08:04,206 190 00:08:04,206 --> 00:08:05,580 191 00:08:05,580 --> 00:08:08,370 192 00:08:08,370 --> 00:08:11,870 193 00:08:11,870 --> 00:08:15,172 194 00:08:15,172 --> 00:08:16,630 195 00:08:16,630 --> 00:08:18,870 196 00:08:18,870 --> 00:08:21,550 197 00:08:21,550 --> 00:08:25,000 198 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:26,970 199 00:08:26,970 --> 00:08:29,040 200 00:08:29,040 --> 00:08:31,018 201 00:08:31,018 --> 00:08:32,559 202 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:34,950 203 00:08:34,950 --> 00:08:38,990 204 00:08:38,990 --> 00:08:41,419 205 00:08:41,419 --> 00:08:43,890 206 00:08:43,890 --> 00:08:47,690 207 00:08:47,690 --> 00:08:49,910 208 00:08:49,910 --> 00:08:52,190 209 00:08:52,190 --> 00:08:54,980 210 00:08:54,980 --> 00:08:57,380 211 00:08:57,380 --> 00:09:00,340 212 00:09:00,340 --> 00:09:02,930 213 00:09:02,930 --> 00:09:04,540 214 00:09:04,540 --> 00:09:06,790 215 00:09:06,790 --> 00:09:08,050 216 00:09:08,050 --> 00:09:10,460 217 00:09:10,460 --> 00:09:11,710 218 00:09:11,710 --> 00:09:13,900 219 00:09:13,900 --> 00:09:16,430 220 00:09:16,430 --> 00:09:18,680 221 00:09:18,680 --> 00:09:20,680 222 00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:22,100 223 00:09:22,100 --> 00:09:24,183 224 00:09:24,183 --> 00:09:26,570 225 00:09:26,570 --> 00:09:29,320 226 00:09:29,320 --> 00:09:32,740 227 00:09:32,740 --> 00:09:37,000 228 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:40,700 229 00:09:40,700 --> 00:09:43,850 230 00:09:43,850 --> 00:09:45,360 231 00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:47,570 232 00:09:47,570 --> 00:09:49,860 233 00:09:49,860 --> 00:09:54,570 234 00:09:54,570 --> 00:09:57,990 235 00:09:57,990 --> 00:10:01,874 236 00:10:01,874 --> 00:10:03,290 237 00:10:03,290 --> 00:10:04,690 238 00:10:04,690 --> 00:10:05,481 239 00:10:05,481 --> 00:10:07,020 240 00:10:07,020 --> 00:10:08,810 241 00:10:08,810 --> 00:10:10,670 242 00:10:10,670 --> 00:10:13,280 243 00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:14,890 244 00:10:14,890 --> 00:10:17,100 245 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:19,990 246 00:10:19,990 --> 00:10:21,520 247 00:10:21,520 --> 00:10:25,070 248 00:10:25,070 --> 00:10:30,700 249 00:10:30,700 --> 00:10:33,330 250 00:10:33,330 --> 00:10:36,340 251 00:10:36,340 --> 00:10:37,970 252 00:10:37,970 --> 00:10:42,470 253 00:10:42,470 --> 00:10:45,690 254 00:10:45,690 --> 00:10:48,630 255 00:10:48,630 --> 00:10:51,260 256 00:10:51,260 --> 00:10:54,380 257 00:10:54,380 --> 00:10:56,780 258 00:10:56,780 --> 00:10:59,690 259 00:10:59,690 --> 00:11:04,520 260 00:11:04,520 --> 00:11:08,220 261 00:11:08,220 --> 00:11:09,820 262 00:11:09,820 --> 00:11:12,710 263 00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:16,420 264 00:11:16,420 --> 00:11:19,140 265 00:11:19,140 --> 00:11:23,380 266 00:11:23,380 --> 00:11:26,400 267 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:27,860 268 00:11:27,860 --> 00:11:29,580 269 00:11:29,580 --> 00:11:33,990 270 00:11:33,990 --> 00:11:36,490 271 00:11:36,490 --> 00:11:41,180 272 00:11:41,180 --> 00:11:43,360 273 00:11:43,360 --> 00:11:46,700 274 00:11:46,700 --> 00:11:48,780 275 00:11:48,780 --> 00:11:51,370 276 00:11:51,370 --> 00:11:52,630 277 00:11:52,630 --> 00:11:55,230 278 00:11:55,230 --> 00:12:00,110 279 00:12:00,110 --> 00:12:03,180 280 00:12:03,180 --> 00:12:05,840 281 00:12:05,840 --> 00:12:09,780 282 00:12:09,780 --> 00:12:12,360 283 00:12:12,360 --> 00:12:14,010 284 00:12:14,010 --> 00:12:17,140 285 00:12:17,140 --> 00:12:19,540 286 00:12:19,540 --> 00:12:21,730 287 00:12:21,730 --> 00:12:25,370 288 00:12:25,370 --> 00:12:28,152 289 00:12:28,152 --> 00:12:30,110 290 00:12:30,110 --> 00:12:33,170 291 00:12:33,170 --> 00:12:34,530 292 00:12:34,530 --> 00:12:37,170 293 00:12:37,170 --> 00:12:39,210 294 00:12:39,210 --> 00:12:41,241 295 00:12:41,241 --> 00:12:42,990 296 00:12:42,990 --> 00:12:44,200 297 00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:46,241 298 00:12:46,241 --> 00:12:48,300 299 00:12:48,300 --> 00:12:52,937 300 00:12:52,937 --> 00:12:55,520 301 00:12:55,520 --> 00:12:58,800 302 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:00,630 303 00:13:00,630 --> 00:13:03,160 304 00:13:03,160 --> 00:13:05,880 305 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,466